XI + XII + JEE (Main / Advanced) JEE Main Paper 2 (B.

Arch) NEET
MATHEMATICS NEET Maths Foundation Only Boards (XI + XII) Special Batches for ISC, IB and
CBSE

Probability
(MCQ)
Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
Level -1
22.1 Types of events 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(Algebra of events, Concept of Probability) 18 12 6 36
1. The probability of an impossible event is 11. If in a lottery there are 5 prizes and 20 blanks,
1 then the probability of getting a prize is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
2 1 2
(a) (b)
2. The probability of a sure event is 5 5
1 4
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0 (c) (d) None of these
2 5
3. If E is any event associated with an experiment, then 12. A number is chosen at random from first ten
(a) P ( E )  0 (b) P ( E )  1 natural numbers. The probability that number
(c) P ( E )  0 (d) 0  P ( E )  1 is odd and perfect sqaure is
4. For any event A 2 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 
(a) P ( A)  P A  0
9 5 7
13. A single letter is selected at random from the
5

(b) P ( A)  P  A   1
word “PROBABILITY”. The probability that
the selected letter is a vowel is
(c) P ( A)  1 (d) P ( A)  1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
11 11 11
 
5. If A is a sure event, then P A is
14. Three mangoes and three apples are in a box.
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 2 If two fruits are chosen at random, then find
6. 4 coins are tossed. The probability that they are all the probability that one is a mango and other
heads is is an apple
1 2 3 4 2 3 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
16 9 10 15 3 5 3 15
7. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of cards. 15. From a group of 5 boys and 3 girls, three
The probability of getting a queen of club or king of persons are chosen at random. Find the
heart is probability that there are more girls than boys
1 1 1 2 3 4 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
52 26 13 13 8 7 8 7
8. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. 16. From 10,000 lottery tickets numbered from 1
The probability that the drawn card is a jack, a to 10,000, one ticket is drawn at random. What
queen or a king , is is the probability that the number marked on
3 3 4 3 the drawn ticket is divisible by 20
(a) (b) (c) (d)
52 13 13 26 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. The chance of getting a same number on 2 dice is 100 50 20 10
2 1 5 5 17. The probability that an ordinary or a non-leap
(a) (b) (c) (d) year has 53 sundays, is
3 6 6 36
10. Two dice are thrown. The probability that the sum 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
of numbers appearing is more than 10, is 7 7 7
1 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
18. Three letters are written to different persons, along simultaneously is 0.14. Find the probability
with their addresses on three envelopes. Without that neither A nor B occurs
looking at the letters, the probability that letters go (a) 0.39 (b) 0.41 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.31
into right envelopes is
1 1 23 9 26. The probability that at least one of A or B
(a) (b) (c) (d) occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur simultaneously
24 6 24 2
19. There are n letters and n addressed envelopes. The with probability 0.3, then P ( A ')  P( B ') is
probability that all the letters are not kept in the (a) 0.9 (b) 1.15 (c) 1.1 (d) 1.2
right envelope, is
1 1 27. The probabilities of a student getting first
(a) (b) 1  class or second class or third class in an
n! n!
2 3 1
1 1 1 (1) n examination are , , respectively. The
(c) 1  (d)   .....  7 5 10
n 2! 3! n! probability that the student fails is
20. Six dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability
that all of them show the same face, is 6 11 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
70 70 35 70
1 1 1
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) (d) 6 28. The probability that a card drawn at random
6
6 6 6 from a pack of 52 cards is a king or a heart is
22.2 Addition theorem and Conditional
Probability 1 1 1 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 52 4 52
1 1 5 29. A coin is tossed twice. If events A and B are
21. If P ( A)  , P ( B )  , P ( A  B )  , then
4 2 8 defined as :
P ( A  B ) is equal to A = head on first toss, B = head on second
3 1 2 5 toss. Then the probability of A  B 
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 1 1 3
8 8 8 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
22. If P ( A)  0.4, P ( B )  x, P ( A  B )  0.7 and the 4 2 8 4
events A and B are mutually exclusive, then x  30. If A and B are two independent events, then
3 1 2 1 A and B are
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) Not independent
10 2 5 5
(b) Also independent
23. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0. 5
(c) Mutually exclusive
respectively. The probabilities that A and B occur
(d) None of these
simultaneously is 0.15. Then the probability that A
31. If A and B are any two events associated with
or B occurs is
an experiment, then
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.61 (d) 0.72
24. If A and B are two events such that (a) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B ) if A and B are
independent
5 1 1
 
P ( A  B )  , P ( A  B )  and P B  , then
6 3 3
(b) P ( A  B )  1  P ( A ') P ( B ') if A and B
are independent
P  A  (c) P ( A  B )  P ( A) P ( B ) if A and B are
1 1 1 2 exclusive
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3 (d) P ( A  B ')  P ( A)  P( A  B )
25. Two events A and B have probability 0.28 and 0.55 32. Events A and B are independent if
respectively. The probability that A and B occur (a) P ( A  B )  P ( A / B )  P ( B )
2 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
(b) P ( A  B )  P ( B / A)  P ( A) What is the probability that none of them will
be selected
(c) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B )
1 1 1 2
(d) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B ) (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 12 4 3
33. If the events A and B are mutually exclusive, then
22.3 Baye’s theorem and Odds
P (A/B) =
40. A bag X cantains 2 white and 3 black balls
(a) 0 (b) 1
and another bag Y contains 4 white and 2 black
P( A  B) P( A  B) balls. One bag is selected at random and a
(c) (d) ball is drawn from it. Then the probability for
P ( A) P( B)
the ball chosen to be white is
34. A and B are two events such that
P ( A)  0.8, P ( B )  0.6 and P ( A  B )  0.5, then 2 7 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
the value of P ( A / B ) is 15 15 15 15
41. If the odds against an event be 2 : 3, then the
5 5 9 6 probability of its occurrence is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 8 10 5 1 2 3
35. If A and B are two events such that (a) (b) (c) (d) 1
5 5 5
3 5 3  A 42. For an event, odds against is 6 : 5. The
P ( A)  , P ( B )  and P ( A  B )  , then P   
8 8 4 B probability that event does not occur, is
2 2 3 5 5 6 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 5 2 6 11 11 6
43. In solving any problem, odds against A are
1 1 1
36. If P ( A)  , P ( B )  and P ( A  B )  then 4 to 3 and in favour of B in solving the same
2 3 4 is 7 to 5. The probability that problem will be
P (B / A) =
solved is
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) 5 16 15 69
2 3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
21 21 84 84
37. If P ( A  B )  0.15, P ( B ')  0.10, then P (A / B) = is Level - 2
1 1 1 1 22.1 Types of events
(a) (b) (c) (d) (Algebra of events, Concept of Probability)
3 4 5 6
1. Two coins are tossed. What is the probability
38. If A and B are two events such that
of getting 2 heads or 2 tails?
 A 1 1 1 3
P ( A)  0 and P ( B )  1, then P    (a) (b) (c) (d)
B
  2 3 4 4
2. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52
 A  A cards. The probability of getting red queen is
(a) 1  P   (b) 1  P  
B B 1 1 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1  P( A  B) P ( A) 3 26 2 13
(c) (d) 3. From a book containing 100 pages, one page
P( B) P( B)
is selected randomly. The probability that the
39. A man and a women appear in an interview for two sum of the digits of the page number of the
vacancies in the same post. The probability of man’s selected page is 11, is
1 1 2 9 11 1
selection is and that of the woman’s selection is . (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 25 100 100 100
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4. A digit is selected at random from either of the two 13 25
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
sets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9 . 36 36
What is the chance that the sum of the digits selected 13. Three horses H1, H2 and H3 are in a race which
is 10? is won by one of them. If H1 is twice as likely
to win as H2 and H2 is twice as likely to win
1 10 10 1 as H3, then their respective probabilities of
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 81 18 81 winning are
5. Six dice are thrown. The probability that different 4 2 1 2 4 1
numbers will turn up is equal to (a) , , (b) , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
5 5 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 2 4
36 324 324 324 (c) , , (d) None of these
7 7 7
6. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability
14. The letters of the word FATHER are written on
of getting the sum 2 or 8 or 12 is
separate cards, two cards are drawn at random.
5 7 7 5 Probability that both are vowels is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 36 18 36
2 1 3 1
7. Probability of getting a number between 1 and 100, (a) (b) (c) (d)
15 25 15 15
which is divisible by 1 and itself only, is
15. A box contains 10 sample watches, 2 of which
1 25 are defective. If 2 are selected at random, the
(a) (b)
4 99 probability that both selected are defective is,
25 2 9 1 1
(c) (d) None of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
98 25 20 25 45
8. There is an objective type question with 4 answer 16. A drawer contains 5 black socks and 4 blue
choices exactly one of which is correct. A student socks well mixed. A person pulls out 2 socks
has not studied the topic on which the question has at random from drawer. The probability that
been set. The probability that the student guesses the they match is
correct answer, is 5 4 5 41
1 1 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 9 9 81
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
2 4 8 17. From a pack of 52 cards, the cards are drawn
9. The probability that a leap year selected at random till an ace appears. Probability that an ace
will contain 53 Sundays is does not come in first 26 cards is,
1 2 2 3 4
C1 4
C1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 52 (b) 48
7 7 9 7 C26 C26
10. A coin is tossed once. If a head comes up, then it is
48
tossed again and if a tail comes up, a dice is thrown 1 C26
The number of points in the sample space of (c) 52
C26 (d) 52
C26
experiment is
18. A cricket club has 16 members out of which 6
(a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 8
can bowl. If a team of 11 members is selected.
Find the probability that the team will contain
11. Two dice are thrown. The number of sample points
exactly four bowlers
in the sample space when six does not appear on
either dice is 5 7
(a) (b)
(a) 11 (b) 30 (c) 18 (d) 25 146 1456
12. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probabiliy 5 75
of getting a total 13 (c) (d)
1456 182
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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
19. From 4 children, 2 women and 4 men, 4 are selected. 26. A group of 4 boys and 3 girls are arranged at
probability that there are exactly 2 children among the random, one after the other. Probability that
selected is, girls and boys occupy alternate seats is,
2 3 10 2 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 21 10 34 35 33 32
20. An organization consists of 25 members including 4 27. Mr. A gave his telephone number to Mr. B.
doctors. A committee of 4 is to be formed at random. Mr. B remembers that the first two digits
The probability that the committee contains at least 3 were 40 and the remaining four digits were
doctors is two 3s , and 6 and one 8. He is not certain
17 4 about the order of the digits. Mr. B dials
(a) (b) 403638. The probability that he will get A’s
2530 2300
house is
1 1
(c) (d) 1 1 1 1
12640 2300 (a) (b) (c) (d)
21. A person draws two cards with replacement from a 2 4 8 12
pack of 52 cards. What is the chance that he gets 28. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability
both cards of the same suit? that the same number will appear on each of
them is
1 3 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 1 1 3
4 13 16 13 (a) (b) (c) (d)
22. Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor 6 36 18 28
of an 8-floor house. Suppose that each of them 29. All the letters of the word HAMSANANDI
independently and with equal probability can leave are placed at random in a row. The probability
the cabin at any floor beginning with the first. The that the word ANAND occurs without getting
probability of all five persons leaving at different split is
floors, is 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7
C 7
C5  5! 42 60 420 329
(a) 55 (b) 30. A car is parked by an owner amongst 25 cars
7 57
in a row, not at either end. On his return he
7
C5  5! 5! finds the exactly 15 places are still occupied.
(c) (d) 5
7 5
7 The probability that both the neighbouring
23. A fair coin is tossed three times. The probability that places are empty is
there is atleast one tail is 15 15 15 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 3 7 99 92 184 25
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 8 8 31. Three different numbers are selected at
24. Three persons work independently on a problem. If random from the set A  1, 2,...,10 . The
the respective probabilities that they will solve it are
probability that the product of two of the
1/3, 1/4 and 1/5, then the probability that none can
numbers is equal to third is
solve it is
3 1 1 39
2 3 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these 4 40 8 40
5 5 3
32. In shuffling a pack of plying cards, four cards
25. Three numbers are chosen from 1 to 30. The probabi
are accidently dropped. The probability that
lity that they are not consecutive, is
the missing cards should be one from each suit is
142 144 143 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 4
145 145 145 145 (a) (b)
256 20825
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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
2197 4 (a) 28% (b) 38%
(c) (d)
20825 52 (c) 72% (d) 82%
22.2 Addition theorem and Conditional
Probability 41. The probability that a leap year will have 53
33. If P ( A)  0.4, P ( B )  x, P ( A  B )  0.7 and the Fridays or 53 Saturdays, is
events A and B are independent, then x = 2 3 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 2 7 7 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these 42. Three athletes A, B and C participate in a
3 2 3
race competition. The probability of
34. If A and B are two events such that
winning for A and B is twice of winning for
7 C. Then the probability that the race is won
P ( A  B )  P ( A  B )  and P(A) = 2P(B), then
8 by A or B, is
P(A) = 2 1 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5 17 3 2 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 24 12 24 43. There are two childrens in a family. The
35. If A and B are two mutully exclusive events such that probability that both of them are boys is
P ( B )  2 P ( A) and A  B  S , then P ( B ) is 1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 2 1 2 3 4 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 3 2
44. You are given a box with 20 cards in it. 10 of
36. The probability that in a throw of two dice we get, an
these cards have the letter I printed on them.
even sum or sum less than 5 is,
The other ten have the letter T printed on
1 1 2 5 them. If you pick up 3 cards at ramdom and
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 9 keep them in the same order, the probability
37. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number of making the word IIT is
obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the 9 1 4 5
number obtained is less than 5. Then, P ( A  B ) is (a) (b) (c) (d)
80 8 27 38
2 3 45. A letter is taken from the word MULTIPLE
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 and another letter is taken from the word
5 5
38. The event A is independent of itself if and only if P(A)= CHOICE, the probability that both letters
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0, 1 (d) 1, 1 chosen are vowels is
5 1 1 3
(a) 5 (b) (c) (d)
39. If two events A and B are such that 8 2 6 16
5 1 1 46. In a single throw of two dice, the probability
P ( A  B )  , P ( AB )  and P ( A)  , then the
6 3 2 of getting a total of 7 or 9 is
events A and B are 4 1 5 1
(a) Independent (a) (b) (c) (d)
18 3 18 18
(b) Mutually exclusive 47. There are two boxes. One box contains 3
(c) Mutually exclusive and independent white balls and 2 black balls. The other box
(d) None of these contains 7 yellow balls and 3 black balls. If a
box is selected at random and from it, a ball is
40. The chances to fail in Physics are 20% and the chances drawn, the probability that the ball is black is
to fail in Mahtematics are 10% .What are the
chances to fail in at least one subject 7 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20 5 20 3
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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
48. A class consists of 80 students 25 of them are girls 55. The probability that a man will live 10 more
and 55 boys. If 10 are rich and remaining poor and 1
also 20 of them are intelligent, then the probability of years is and the probability that his wife will
4
selecting intelligent rich girls is,
1
5 25 5 5 live 10 more years is . Then the probability
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
128 128 512 64
that neither will be alive in 10 years is,
3
49. If A and B are two events and P ( A)  , 5 1 7 11
8 (a) (b) (c) (d)
12 2 12 12
1 1 56. If the probabilities that A and B will die within
P ( B )  , P ( A  B )  , then P ( A '  B ') 
2 4 a year are p and q respectively, then probability
3 3 1 5 that only one of them will be alive at the end
(a) (b) (c) (d) of the year is,
8 4 4 8
(a) p  q (b) p  q  2 pq
1 1
50. If P ( A  B )  and P ( A ' B ')  , P ( A)  p and (c) p  q  pq (d) p  q  pq
2 3
57. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases and B in
P ( B )  2 p, then the value of P is 90% Percentage of cases in which they are
7 1 4 1 likely to contradict each other, while stating
(a) (b) (c) (d) the same fact, is
18 3 9 9
(a) 36 (b) 48 (c) 42 (d) 30
51. If A and B are two events. The probability that
exactly one of them occurs is equal to
58. Let E and F be two independent events. The
(a) P ( A)  P ( B )  2 P ( A  B ) probability that both E and F happens is
(b) P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B ) 1 1
(c) P ( A)  P ( B ) and probability that neither happens is .
12 2
(d) P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B ) Then,
52. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50 1 1
respectively. The probability that both A and B occur (a) P ( E )  , P( F ) 
13 4
simultaneously is 0.14. Then the probability that
neither A nor B occurs is 1 1
(b) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
(a) 0.39 (b) 0.375 2 6
(c) 0.49 (d) 0.59 1 1
(c) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
6 12
53. Out of 80 students in a class, 30 passed in
Mathematics, 20 in Electronics and 10 in both. If one 1 1
(d) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
student is selected at random. The probability that he 4 3
has passed in none of the subject is 59. If A and B are two independent events, then
3 1 3 1  A
(a) (b) (c) (d) P  
5 4 2 2 B
54. If P ( E1 )  p1 and P ( E2 )  p2 and E1 and E2 are (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) P ( A) (d) P ( B )
independent, then P ( neither E1 nor E2 )  60. If A and B are two events such that

(a) (1  p1 ) (1  p2 ) (b) 1  ( p1  p2 ) A  B, then P  A  

B
(c) p1  p2  p1 p2 (d) p1  p2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/ 2 (d) 1/ 3
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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
61. If A and B are two events such that 67. In an entrance test there are multiple choice
1 1 1 questions. There are four possible answers to
P ( A)  , P ( B )  and P ( A  B )  , then each question of which one is correct. The
3 4 5
probability that a student knows the answer to a
B question is 90%. If he gets the correct answer
P   to a question, then the probability that he was
 A
guessing, is
37 37 23 1 37 1 36 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
40 45 40 3 40 37 37 9
62. In a town 40% of the people have brown hair, 25% 68. A letter is known to have come either from
have brown eyes and 15% have both. If a person LONDON or CLIFTON; on the postmark
selected at random from the town has brown hair, only the two consecutive letters ON are legible.
the probability that he has brown eyes is, The probability that it came from LONDON is
1 3 1 2 5 12 17 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 8 3 3 17 17 30 5
63. If A and B are two events with 69. If the odds in favour of an event be 3:5, then the
1 1 1 probability of non-occurrence of the event is
P ( A)  , P ( A / B )  and P ( B / A)  then
4 4 2 3 5 3 5
(a) A and B are mutually exclusive (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 8 8
(b) A and B are independent
70. An event has odds in favour 4 : 5, then the
(c) A is sub-event of B
(d) B is sub-event of A probability that event occurs, is
1 4 4 5
22.3 Bayes’ theorem and Odds (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 9 9
71. One and only one of the two events must occur.
64. Bag A contains 4 green and 3 red balls and bag B
2
contains 4 red and 3 green balls. If the chance of one is of the other, then
One bag is taken at random and a ball is drawn 3
and noted it is green. The probability that it comes odds in favour of the other are
from bag B is (a) 1: 3 (b) 3 :1 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3: 2
2 2 3 1 72. In a horse race the odds in favour of three
(a) (b) (c) (d) horses are 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4. Thr probability
7 3 7 3
65. There are 3 bags which are known at contain 2 that one of the horse will win the race is
white and 3 black balls; 4 white and 1 black balls 37 47 1 3
and 3 white and 7 black balls respectively. A ball is (a) (b) (c) (d)
60 60 4 4
drawn at random from one of the bags and found 73. A purse contains 4 copper coins and 3 silver
to be a black ball. Then the probability that it was coins, the second purse contains 6 copper
drawn from the bag containing the most black balls is coins and 2 silver coins. A coin is taken out
7 5 3 7 from any purse, the probability that it is a
(a) (b) (c) (d) copper coin is
15 19 4 10
66. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. 4 37 3 3
He throws a die and reports that it is a six. The (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 56 7 4
probability that it is actually a six, is 74. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. A
3 1 3 1 gambler bets that it is a spade or an ace.
(a) (b) (c) (d) What are the odds against his winning this bet
8 5 4 4
8 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
(a) 17 : 52 (b) 52 :17 6. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the
(c) 9 : 4 (d) 4 : 9 probability of getting two numbers whose
product is even?
75. Three ships A, B and C sail from England to India. 1 3 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
If the ratio of their arriving safely are 2 : 5,3 : 7 and 4 4 12 12
6 : 11 respectively, then the probability of all the 7. The chance of throwing at least 9 in a single
ships for arriving safely is throw with two dice, is
18 6 3 2 1 5 7 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
595 17 10 7 18 18 18 18
76. The odds against a certain event is 5 : 2 and the 8. From the word ‘POSSESSIVE’, a letter is
odds in favour of another event is 6 : 5. If both the chosen at random. The probability of it to be S is
events are independent, then the probability that at 3 4 3 4
least one of the events will happen is (a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 6 6
50 52 25 63 9. If a coin is tossed n times, then probability that
(a) (b) (c) (d)
77 77 88 88 the head comes odd times is
1 1
Level - 3 (a) (b) n
2 2
22.1 Types of events
(Algebra of events, Concept of Probability) 1
(c) n1 (d) None of these
1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The 2
probability of obtaining a total score of 5 is 10. If 3 coins were tossed, then the probability of
1 1 1 1 getting 2 heads is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 2
9 18 36 12
(a) (b)
2. If two dice are thrown simultaneously, then the 8 8
probability that the sum of the numbers which come 1
up on the dice to be more than 5 is (c) (d) none of these
8
5 5 13 1 11. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. What is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 36 18 6 the probability of obtaining a total of 17 or 18
3. If two balanced dice are tossed once, the 1 1
probability of the event, that the sum of the integers (a) (b)
9 72
coming on the upper sides of the two dice is 9, is
7 5 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d) None of these
18 36 9 6 54
4. The probability of getting a total of 5 or 6 in a single 12. The corners of regular tetrahedrons are
throw of 2 dice is numbered 1,2,3,4. Three tetrahedrons are
tossed. The probability that the sum of
1 1 1 1 upward corners will be 5 is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 3 6
5 5 3 3
5. Two dice are thrown. The probability that the total (a) (b) (c) (d)
24 64 32 16
score is a prime number, is
13. A box contains 6 red marble numbers from 1
1 5 through 6 and 4 white marbles 12 through 15.
(a) (b)
6 12 Find the probability that a marble drawn ‘at
1 random’ is white and odd numbered.
(c) (d) None of these (a) 6 (b) 5
2
9 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
1 1 5 91 1 125
(c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 6 216 36 216
14. A box contains 6 nail and10 nuts. Half of the nails 23. The probability that an event will fail to happen
and half of the nuts are rusted. If one item is chosen is 0.05. The probability that the event will
at random, what is the probability that it is rusted or take on 4 consecutive occasions is
is a nail (a) 0.00000625 (b) 0.18543125
3 5 11 14 (c) 0.00001875 (d) 0.81450625
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 16 16
24. Probability of solving of sum correctly by A, B
15. Two integers are chosen at random and multiplied.
The probability that the product is an even integer is 1 1 1
and C is , and respectively. The probability
2 3 5
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) that at least one of them solves it correctly is
2 3 4 5
16. The probability that a number selected at random 11 4 1 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 20 20
from the set of number 1, 2, 3,.....,100 is a cube is
25. There are 5 red balls and x black balls. If two
1 2 3 4 balls are drawn at random, probability that the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25 5
balls drawn are red is , find the value of x ?
17. Two dice, one black and white are rolled. The 14
probability that sum of two no. is 7 and no. of (a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 3 (d) 6
black grater than the no. of white is 26. There are four machines and it is known that
1 1 1 1 exactly two of them are faulty. They are tested,
(a) (b) (c) (d) one by one, in a random order till both the faulty
12 6 4 2
18. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 machines are identified. Then the probability
cards. Find the probability that they are both Aces that only two tests are needed is
if the first card is not replaced? 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 4 3 3 6 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
169 221 13 13 27. In four schools B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 the percentage of
19. If the letters of the word PROBABILITY are girls students is 12, 20,13,17 respectively. From
written down at random in a row, the probability
a school selected at random, one student is
that two B, s are together is
picked up at random and it is found that the
2 10 3 6 student is a girl. The probability that the school
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11 selected is B2 is
20. 26 cards numbered from 1 to 26. One card is 6 10 13 17
chosen. Probability that it is not divisible by 4 is (a) (b) (c) (d)
31 31 62 62
3 4 2 10 28. Seven white balls and three black balls are
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13 randomly placed in a row. The probability that
21. A coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that at no two black balls are placed adjacently equals
least one head turns up is 1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 2 14 15 2 15 15 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 16 16 22.2 Addition theroem and Conditional
Probability
22. In a throw of three dice, the probability that at least 29. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4,
one die shows up 1, is P (A + B) = 0.7 and P ( AB )  0.2, then P(B) =
10 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.3 2 4 6 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 0.5 (d) None of these 5 5 5 5
30. Let A and B be two events such that P ( A)  0.3 and 4 2 1
38. If P ( A)  , P ( B ')  , P ( A  B )  , then
P ( A  B )  0.8. If A and B are independent events, 5 5 2
then P(B) = P ( A  B ') is equal to
5 5 3 2 3 1 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 7 5 5 10 5 5 2
31. If P ( A)  0.4, P ( B )  x, P ( A  B )  0.7 and the 39. If P ( A)  0.7, P( B )  0.4, P ( A  B )  0.3,
events A and B are mutually exclusive, then x = then P ( A  B ') 
3 1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) 1 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.42
10 2 5 5 5
32. The probabilities of three mutually exclusive events
40. Let A and B be events for which P ( A)  x,
2 1 1
are , and . The statement is P ( B )  y , P ( A  B )  z, then P ( A  B ) equals
3 4 6
(a) True (b) Wrong (a) (1  x) y (b) 1  x  y
(c) Could be either (d) Do not know (c) y  z (d) 1  x  y  z
33. For two given events A and B P ( A  B )  41. If P ( A)  0.25, P ( B )  0.50, P ( A  B )  0.14,
(a) Not less than P ( A)  P ( B )  1 then P ( A  B ) 
(b) Not greater than P ( A)  P( B ) (a) 0.38 (b) 0.39
(c) Equal to P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B ) (c) 0.40 (d) None of these
(d) All of the above 42. If P(A) = P(B) = x and P(A  B)  P(A ' B')
34. P ( A  B )  P ( A  B ) if and only if the relation 1
 , then x 
between P ( A) and P ( B ) is 3
(a) P ( A)  P ( A) 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(b) P ( A  B )  P ( A ' B ') 2 3 4 6
43. The probability of heppening of an event A is
(c) P ( A)  P ( B )
0.5 and that of B is 0.3. If A and B are mutually
(d) None of these exclusive events, then the probability of
35. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number heppening of neither A nor B is
obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the (a) 0.6 (b) 0.2
number obtained is less than 5. Then, P ( A  B ) is (c) 0.21 (d) None of these
2 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 44. If A and B are two independent event such
5 5
36. The probability of happening at least one of the that P ( A)  0.40, P ( B)  0.50. Find
events A and B is 0.6 If the events A and B happens P(neither A nor B)
simultaneously with the probability 0.2, then (a) 0.90 (b) 0.10 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.3
P ( A)  P ( B )  45. If the probability of X to fail in the examination
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.4 is 0.3 and that for Y is 0.2, then the probability
37. The probability that at least one of the events A and B that either X or Y fails in the examination is
occurs is 3/5. If A and B occur simultaneously with (a) 0.5 (b) 0.44
probability1/5, then P ( A ')  P ( B ') is (c) 0.6 (d) None of these
11 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
46. The probability that a man will live 10 more years is 1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 4 3 6 3
and the probability that his wife will live 10 more 53. Two aeroplane I and II bomb a target in
4
succession. The probabilities of I and II
1 scoring a hit correctly are 0.3 and 0.2 respe-
years is . Then the probability that neither will be
3 ctively. The second plane will bomb only if
alive in 10 years is the first misses the target. The probability
5 1 7 2 that the target is hit by second plane is
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 0.2 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.14
12 2 12 3
47. A coin is tossed three times. 54. A, B and C are any three events. If P ( S )
Event A: two head comes denotes the probability of S happening, then
Event B: last should be head Then A and B are P( A  ( B  C ) 
(a) independent (b) dependent (a) P(A)  P(B)  P(C)  P(A  B)  P(A  C)
(c) both (d) none of these
(b) P ( A)  P ( B )  P (C )  P ( B ) P (C )
2
48. If the events A and B are independent if P ( A)  (c) P ( A  B )  P ( A  C )  P ( A  B  C )
3
(d) None of these
2
and P ( B)  , then P ( A  B ) is equal to 1
7 55. If P(B)  3 , P(A  B  C)  1 , P(A  B  C)  ,
4 3 3
4 5 1 3 then P(B  C) 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 21 21 21 1 3 5 23
49. If A and B are independent events such that (a) (b) (c) (d)
12 4 12 60
2 56. Two cards are drawn one by one at random
P ( B )  , P ( A  B )  0.8, then P ( A) 
7 from a pack of 52 cards. The probability
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4 that both of them are king, is
50. For any two independent events E1 and E2 2 1 1 30
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 169 221 221
 
P ( E1  E2 )  ( E1  E 2 ) is 57. From a pack of 52 cards two are drawn with
replacement. The probability, that the first is
1 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) None of these a diamond and the second is a king, is
4 4 2
51. Let A and B be two events such that 1 17
(a) (b)
26 2704
1 1 1
P ( A  B )  , P ( A  B )  and P ( A)  , where 1
6 4 4 (c) (d) None of these
52
A stands for complement of event A. Then events A
58. A bag contains 3 black and 4 white balls. Two
and B are
balls are drawn one by one at random without
(a) mutually exclusive and independent
replacement. The probability that the second
(b) independent but not equally likely
drawn ball is white, is
(c) equally likely but not independent
(d) equally likely and mutually exclusive 4 1 4 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
52. If A and B are independent events of a random experi 49 7 7 49
1 1 59. The probability of India winning a test much
ment such that P ( A  B )  and P ( A  B )  ,
6 3 1
agaist West Indies is . Assuming independence
then P (A) is equal to 2
12 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
from match to macth, the probability that in a 5 1 1 1
students are , , respectively. Probability
match series India’s second win occurs at the third 2 4 6
test, is of question being solved will be
2 1 1 1 33 35 31 37
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4 8 48 48 48 48
4 67. If 4 P ( A)  6 P ( B )  10 P ( A  B )  1, then
60. The probability that A speaks truth is , while this
5
B
P  
3  A
probability for B is . The probability that they
4
2 3 7 19
contradict each other when asked to speak on a fact (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 10 60
4 1 7 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 68. If P ( S )  0.3, P (T )  0.4, S and T are indepe
5 5 20 20
ndent events, then P (S/T) =
61. ‘X’ speaks truth in 60% and ‘Y’ in 50% of the cases
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.12 (d) 0.4
The probability that they contradict each other
while narrating the same incident, is 7 17
69. If P ( A  B )  and P ( B )  , where P
1 1 1 2 10 20
(a) (b) (c) (d) stands for probability, then P (A/B) is equal to
4 3 2 3
62. A speaks the truth in 70% cases and B in 80% 17 1 7 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
cases. The probability that they will contradict each 20 8 8 17
other in describing a single event is 70. It is given that the events A and B are such that
(a) 0.56 (b) 0.42 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.38 1 1 2
P ( A)  , P ( A / B )  and P ( B / A)  .
4 2 3
63. In a certain town, 60% of the families own a car,
30% own a house and 20% own both a car and a Then, P (B) is
house. If a family is randomly chosen, what is the 2 1 1 1
probability that this family owns a car on a house (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 3
but not both? 71. If two events A and B are such that
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.9
P ( Ac )  0.3, P ( B )  0.4 and P ( AB c )  0.5,
64. A man and his wife appear for an interview for two then P [ B / ( A  B c )] is equal to
posts. The probability of the hasband’s selection is
1 1 1
1 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
and that of the wife’s selection is . What is the 2 3 4
7 5 72. A coin is tossed three times in succession. If E
probability that only one of them will be selected is the event that there are at least two heads
1 2 3 and F is the event in which first toss in a head,
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
7 7 7   E
then P  F  
65. A problem of mathematics is given to three students  
whose chances of solving the problem are 1/3, 1/4
3 3 1 1
and 1/5 respectively. The probability that the (a) (b) (c) (d)
question will be solved is 4 8 2 8
73. Ram is visiting a friend. Ram knows that his friend
2 3 4 3 has 2 children and 1 of them is a boy. Assuming
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 5 5 that a child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl,
66. The probability of solving a question by three then the probability that the other child is a girl, is
13 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
1 1 2 7 22.3 Baye’s theorem and Odds
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 10
74. One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets 79. A survey of people in a given region showed
numbered 00, 01, 02, ...., 49. Then the probability that 20% were smokers. The probability of
that the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, death due to lung cancer, given that a person
given that the product of these digits is zero, equals smoked, was 10 times the probability of death
1 1 5 1 due to lung cancer, given that a person did not
(a) (b) (c) (d) smoke. If the probability of death due to lung
14 7 14 50
cancer in the region is 0.006, what is the
75. If A and B are two events such that
probability of death due to lung cancer given
P ( A  B )  P ( A  B ), then the true relation is that a person is a smoker
(a) P ( A)  P ( B )  0 1 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
B 140 70 140 10
(b) P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A) P   80. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4
 A
times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six.
B The probability that it is actually a six, is
(c) P ( A)  P ( B )  2 P ( A) P  
 A 3 1
(d) None of these (a) (b)
8 5
76. For any two events A and B in a sample space
3
 A  P( A)  P ( B)  1 (c) (d) None of these
(a) P    , P ( B )  0 is always true 4
B P( B)
81. A bag ‘A’ contains 2 white and 3 red balls and
(b) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( A  B ) does not hold bag ‘B’ contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One
ball is drawn at random from a randomly
(c) P ( A  B )  1  P ( A) P ( B ), if A and B are disjoint
chosen bag and is found to be red. The probability
(d) None of these that it was drawn from bag ‘B’ was
77. If E and F are indpendent events such that
5 5 5 25
0  P ( E )  1 and 0  P ( F )  1, then (a) (b) (c) (d)
14 16 18 52
(a) E and Fc (the complement of the event F) are
82. A bag X contains 2 white and 3 balck balls and
independent
another bag Y contains 4 white and 2 black
(b) Ec and Fc are independent
balls. One bag is selected at random and a ball
 
E  E c
 is drawn from it. Then, the probability for the
(c) P    P  c   1 chosen ball to be white is
F F 
(d) All of the above 2 7 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
78. Consider two events A and B such that 15 15 15 15
83. A student answers a multiple choice question
1  B  1  A 1
P ( A)  , P    , P    . For each of the with 5 alternatives, of which exactly one is
4  A 2  B  4 correct. The probability that he knows the
following statements, which is true correct answer is p, 0  p  1. If he does not
3 know the correct answer, he randomly ticksone
I. P ( A c / B c ) 
4 answer. Given that he has answered the ques
II. The events A and B are mutually exclusive tion correctly, the probability that he did not tick
III. P ( A / B )  P ( A / B c )  1 the answer randomly, is
(a) I only (b) I and II 3p 5p
(a) 4 p  3 (b) 3 p  2
(c) I and III (d) II and III
14 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
5p 4p Evalutation Test
(c) 4 p  1 (d) 3 p  1
1. Three numbers are chosen from 1 to 30. The
84. In an entrance examination there are multiple choice probability that they are not consecutive is
questions. There are four possible answers to each 142 144 143 1
question of which one is correct. The probability (a) (b) (c) (d)
145 145 145 145
that a student knows the answer to a question is
2. Let E and F be two independent events. The
99%. If he gets the correct answer to the question,
probability that exactly one of them occurs is
then the probability that he was guessing is
11
1 36 1 37 and the probability of none of them occurring
(a) (b) (c) (d) 25
9 37 37 40
85. A person goes to office by a car or scooter or bus or 2
is . If P (T ) denotes the probability of
train, probability of which are 1/7, 3/7, 2/7 and 25
1/7 respectively. Probability that he reaches office occurrence of the event T, then
late, if he takes car, scooter, bus or train is 2/9, 1/9,
4 3
4/9 and 1/9 respectively. Given that he reached (a) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
office in time, the probability that he travelled by a 5 5
car is 1 2
(b) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
1 2 3 4 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7 2 1
(c) P( E )  , P( F ) 
86. A party of 23 persons take their seats at a round 5 5
table. The odds against two persons sitting together
6 1
are (d) P ( E )  , P ( F ) 
(a) 10 : 1 (b) 1 : 11 5 5
(c) 9 : 10 (d) None of these 3. One Indian and four American men and their
87. For a biased die the probabilities for different faces wives are to be seated randomly around a
to turn up are given below circular table. The conditional probability that
F ace:
the Indian man is seated adjacent to his wife
1 2 3 4 5 6
given that each American man is seated adjacent
P ro b a b ility: 0 .1 0 .32 0.2 1 0 .1 5 0.0 5 0 .1 7 to his wife, is
The die is thrown and you are told that either face 1 1 2 1
1 or 2 has turned up. Then the probability that it is (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 5
face 1, is 4. Four cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards.
5 5 4 The probability of drawing exactly one pair is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these (a) 0.4 (b) 0.5
21 22 21
88. Odds 8 to 5 against a person who is 40 years old (c) 0.8 (d) none of these
living till he is 70 and 4 to 3 against another person
now 50 till he will be living 80. Probability that one 5. Three numbers are chosen at random without
of them will be alive next 30 years replacement from 1, 2, 3, ... 10  . The
59 44 51 32 probability that the minimum of the chosen
(a) (b) (c) (d)
91 91 91 91 number is 3 or their maximum is 7, is
89. If odds against solving a question by three students 7 5
are 2 : 1, 5 : 2 and 5 : 3 respectively then probability (a) (b)
40 40
that the question is solved only by one student is
11
31 24 25 (c) (d) none of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these 40
56 56 56
15 Prof. Bhavin Ravasia :- 9833480572
 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
6. The probability that in a year of 22 century chosen
nd

at random, there will be 53 Sundays is

3 2
(a) (b)
28 28
7 5
(c) (d)
28 28
7. Let A, B and C be three events such that
P ( A)  0.3, P( B )  0.4, P (C )  0.8,
P ( A  B )  0.08, P ( A  C )  0.28,
P ( A  B  C )  0.09. If P ( A  B  C )  0.75,
then P ( B  C ) satisties
(a) P ( B  C )  0.23
(b) P ( B  C )  0.48
(c) 0.23  P ( B  C )  0.48
(d) 0.23  P ( B  C )  0.48

8. A signal which can be green or red with probability

4 1
and respectively, is received by station A and
5 5
then transmitted to station B. The probability of each
3
station receiving the signal correctly is . If the signal
4
received at station B is given, then the probability that
the original signal was green is
3 6
(a) (b)
5 7
20 9
(c) (d)
23 20

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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
Level - 1

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b)

9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c)

17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c)

25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (d)

33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b)

Level - 2

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)

9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b)

17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a)

25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (c)

33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c)

49. (b) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (b)

57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b) 61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (c)

65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (c) 71. (d) 72. (b)

73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (b)

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 Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology

Level - 3

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)

9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a)

17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a)

25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (b)

33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (b)

49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (c)

57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (b)

65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (d) 71. (c) 72. (a)

73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (a)

81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (a) 86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (b)

89. (c)

Evaluation Test Answer key

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c)

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