SECTION -I

OBJECTIVE
LEVEL -I
Multiple Choice Questions with one correct Answer :

1. The probability that a card drawn from a pack of 52 cards will be a diamond or king is
4 4
(A) (B)
52 13
1 2
(C) (D
52 13
2. Three mangoes and three apples are in box. If two fruits are chosenandom, the probability that one
is a mongo and the other is an apple is
2 3
(A) (B)
3 5
1
(C) (D none of these
3
3. Three letters are written to different persons, and addresses on three envelopes are also written.
Without looking at the addresses, the probability that the letters go into right envelopes is
1 1
(A) (B)
27 6
1
(C) (D none of these
9
4. You are given a box with 20 cards in it. 10 of these cards have the letter I printed on them. The
other ten have the letter T printed on them. if you pick up 3 cards at random and keep them in the
same order, the probability of making the word IIT is
9 1
(A) (B)
80 8
4 5
(C) (D
27 38
5. In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 are defective. What is the probability that out of a sample of 5
bulbs, none is defective?
5
1
(A) 10 5 (B)  
 2
5
 9   9
(C)   (D  
 10   10 
6. A number is chosen at random among the first 120 natural numbers. The probability of the number
chosen being a multiple of 5 or 15 is
1 1
(A) (B)
5 8
1
(C) (D none of these
6
7. In suffling a pack of cards 3 are accidentally dropped, then the chance that missing card should be
of different suits is
169 261
(A) (B)
425 425
104
(C) (D none
425
8. From 4 childreen, 2 women and 4 men, 4 are selected. The probability that there are exactly 2
children among the selected is
11 9
(A) (B)
21 21
10
(C) (D none of these
21
9. A five digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. The probability that the number has
even digit at both ends is
2 3
(A) (B)
7 7
4
(C) (D none of these
7
10. Two bags contain 3 white, 2 black and 2 white, 4 black balls respectively. A ball is chosen at
random then the probability of its being black is
8 2
(A) (B)
15 3
6
(C) (D none of these
4
 LEVEL-II

Multiple Choice Questions with one or more than one correct Answers :

1. If M and N are any two events, the probablility that exactly one of them occur is
(A) P  M   P  N   2P  M  N  (B) P  M   P  N   P  M  N 

(C) P  M   P  N   P  M  N  (D P  M  N   P  M  N 

2. Let 0  P  A   1, 0  P  B   1 and P  A  B   P  A   P  B   P  A  P  B  , then

(A) P  B / A   P  B   P  A  (B) P  A  B   P  A   P  B 

(C) P  A  B   P  A  P  B  (D P  A / B   P  A 
3. Let P(n) be the probability of getting n heads when a coins is tossed m times, if P(4), P(5), P(6) are
in A.P., then the possible values of m could be
(A) 10 (B) 11
(C) 7 (D 14
4. Cards are drawn one by one without replacement untill two aces are drawn. Let P(m) be the
probability that the event occurs in exactly m trials, then P(m) must be zero at
(A) m = 2 (B) m = 50
(C) m = 51 (D m = 52
5. A number is chosen at random from the set of integer 1, 2, 3, . . . n. Let A and B be the events that
the number drawn is divisible by 2 and 3 respectively. Then
(A) A and B are always independent (B) A and B are independent if n = 6k
(C) A and B are dependent if n = 10 (D A and B are independent if n= 6k + 2
6. Let p be the probability the in a pack of playing cards two kings are adjacent and q be the
probability that no two kings are together, then
(A) p = q (B) p < q
48  47  46
(C) p + q = 1 (D q 
52  51 50
7. Which of the following statements are true?
12!
(A) The probability that birthday of twelve people will fall in 12 calender months =
126
(B) The probability that birthday of six people will fall in exactly two calender months is

12
C2
2 6
2 
612
(C) The probability that birthday of six people will fall is exactly two calender months is

12
C2
2 6
2 
6
12
 365
Pn
(D The probability that birthday of n (n  365) people are different is
 365 n
8. A bag contains N tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, . . ., N. If r tickets are drawn one by one with
replacement then the probability that all different numbers are drawn is
N
Cr N  N  1 N  2  . . .  N  r  1
(A) N (B)
Pr Nr

Pr 1
(C) r (D
N r!
9. Which of the following statements are true for two events A and B of the same sample space?
(A) P  A  B   0 , if A and B are independent

(B) P  A  B   0 , if A and B are mutually exclusive.

(C) P  A  B   P  A   P  B   1

(D P  A  B   P  B / A 
10. A die is thrown twice. Let X1 and X2 be the outcomes of these trials. Consider the following events
A1 = {X1 is divisible by 2, X2 is divisible by 3}
A2 = {X1 is divisible by 3, X2 is divisible by 2}
A3 = {X1 is divisible by X2}
A4 = {X2 is divisible by X1}
A5 = {X1 + X2 is divisible by 2}
A6 = {X1 + X2 is divisible by 3}
Then
(A) A1 and A2 are independent (B) A1 and A5 are independent
(C) A3 and A4 are independent (D A3 and A6 are independent
 SECTION -II
LEVEL–I

1. A ten digit number is formed using the digits from 0 to 9, every digit being used exactly once. Find
the probability that the number is divisible by 4.
2. In a box, there are 8 alphabets cards with the letters : S, S, A, A, A, H, H, H. Find the probability
that the word 'ASH' will form if :
(i) the three cards are drawn one by one and placed on the table in the same order that they
are drawn.
(ii) the three cards are drawn simultaneously.
3. Three persons A, B and C in order cut a pack of playing cards, replacing them after each cut, on
the condition that the first who cuts a card of spade shall win a prize. Find their respective chances.
4. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is rolled four times. Find the probability that
out of four face values obtained, the minimum face value is not less than 2 & the maximum face
value is not greater than 5.

5. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at random. Find the probability that the
triangle with these three vertices is equilateral.

6. A cube with all six faces coloured is cut into 64 cubical blocks of the same size which are thoroughly
mixed. Find the probability that the 2 randomly chosen blocks have 2 coloured faces each.

7. Two points P and Q are taken at random on a line segment OA of length a. Find the probability
that PQ > b, where 0 < b < a.

8. In a game of skill between two players A and B, the probability of A winning a game is 2/5, if he
looses the previous game and 3/5 if he wins the previous game. Find the probability that in middle
of series of games, A wins the next two games in succession.

9. For any two events A and B, prove that P  A  B   P  A   P  A  B   P  A   P  B  . Let A

3 5
and B be two events such that P(A) = and P(B) = . Show that
4 8
3 3 5 1 3
(i) P  A  B  (ii)  P  A  B  (iii)  P  A  B  .
4 8 8 8 8

10. Each of the 'n' passengers sitting in a bus may get down from it at the next stop with probability p.
Moreover, at the next stop either no passenger or exactly one passenger boards the bus. The
probability of no passenger boarding the bus at the next stop being po. Find the probability that
when the bus continues on its way after the stop, there will again be 'n' passengers in the bus.
 LEVEL – II
1. Six boys and six girls set in a row randomly. Find the probability that the boys and girls sit
alternately

2. An antiaircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second, third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1
respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits the plane ?

3. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in IIT. The probability that A is selected is 0.5 and
the probability that both A and B are selected is almost 0.3.Is it possible that the probability of
B getting selected is 0.9 ?

4. A, B, C are events such that

Pr(A) = 0.3, Pr(B) = 0.4, Pr(C) = 0.8
Pr(AB) = 0.08, Pr(AC) = 0.28, Pr(ABC) = 0.09
I f Pr (A  B  C)  0.75 , then show that Pr(BC) lies in the interval 0.23  x  0.48 .

1
5. A and B are two independent events. The probability that both A and B occur is and the
6
1
probability that neither of them occurs is . Find the probability of the occurrence of A.
3

6. In a multiple-choice question there are four alternative answers, of which one or more are correct.
A candidate will get marks in the question only if he ticks the correct answers. Candidate decide
to tick the answer at random. If he is allowed upto three chances to answer the question, find
the probability that he will get marks in the question.

7. A lot contains 20 articles. The probability that the lot contains exactly 2 defective articles is 0.4
and the probability that the lot contains exactly 3 defective articles is 0.6. Articles are drawn from
the lot at random one by one without replacement and are tested till all defective articles are
found. What is probability that the testing procedure ends at the twelfth testing.

8. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backwards with probability 0.6. Find the
probability that at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from the starting point.

9. An urn contains 2 white and 2 black balls. A ball is drawn at random. If it is white, it is not replaced
into the urn, otherwise it is replaced along with another ball of the same colour. The process is
repeated. Find the probability that the third ball drawn is black.

10. A box contains 2 fifty paise coins, 5 twenty five paise coins and a certain fixed number
N( 2) of
ten and five paise coins. Five coins are taken out of the box at random. Find the probability that
the total value of these 5 coins is less than one rupee and fifty paise.
 SECTION -III-A

Matrix–Match Type
This section contains 3 questions. Each question contains statements given in two column which have to be
matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in Column II.
The answers to these questions have to be appropriately bubbles as illustrated in the following example.
If the correct matches are A–p, A–s, B–q, B–r, C–p, C–q and D–s, then the correctly bubbled 4 × 4 matrix
should be as follows :
p q r s
A p q r s

B p q r s

C p q r s

D p q r s

1. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed by

replacing the elements of the subset P. A subset Q of A is again chosen at random. The probability
that
List - I List-II
A. PQ   (p) n(3n – 1)/4n
B. P  Q is a singleton (q) (3/4)n
2n
C. P  Q contains 2 elements (r) Cn/4 n
D. |P| = |Q| (s) 3n – 2(n – 1)/2(4n)
where |X| = number of elements in X

2. A player tosses a coin and is to score one point for every head and two points for every tail turned
up. He is to play unitl his score reaches or passes n. Pn is the chance of obtaining exactly a score
of n, then
Column I Column II
(A) P1 equals to (p) 5/8
(B) P2 equals to (q) 1/2
(C) P3 equals to (r) 3/4
(D) P4 equals to (s) 9/16
 SECTION -III-B

Linked Comprehension Type

This section contains 2 paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions have to be
answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

I. There are n urns numbered1, 2,, ....., n each containing (n + 1) balls. Urn i contains i white balls and
(n + 1 – i) red balls, i = 1,2, .....n. An urn is selected and a ball is drawn at random from it. Let Ui
denote the event that urn numbered i is selected and let W denote the event that a white ball is
drawn from the selected urn. Further, suppose that E denotes the event that an even numbered urn
is selected
1. If P(Ui)  i, i = 1,2,....., n, then lim
n 
P(W) equals

2 1
(A) (B)
3 2
1
(C) (D) 1
3
2. If P(Ui) = c, i = 1, 2,.....,n, where c is a constant, then P(Un/W) equals
i 2
(A) (B)
n 1 n 1
n
(C) (D) 1
n 1
1
3. If P(Ui)  , i = 1, 2, ..... , n, then nlim

P(w) equals
n
1 1
(A) (B)
2 3
1
(C) (D) does not exist
4
II. A commander of an army battalion is punishing two of his soldiers X and Y. He arranged a duel
between them. The rules of the duel are that they are to pick up their guns and shoot at each other
simultaneously.
If one or both hit, then the duel is over. If both shot miss then they repeat the process. Suppose
that the results of the shots are independent and that each shot of X will hit Y with probability 0.4
and each shot of Y will hit X with probability 0.2. Now answer the following questions.
4. The probability that the duel ends after first round is
(A) 11/25 (B) 12/25
(C) 13/25 (D) none of these
5. The probability that X is not hit, is
(A) 3/25 (B) 7/25
(C) 5/13 (D) 8/13
6. The probability that both the soldiers are hit, is
(A) 5/13 (B) 2/13
(C) 8/13 (D) none of these

III. Let E1, E2, E3 , ….. En be a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and A be an event, then
A
n
A P(E j ).P  
E  F
P(A) =  P(Ei ).P  E  and P  E j    j  for j = 1, 2, … n, where P   , denotes
i 1  i   G
A P(A)
the probability of occurring the event F given that G has already occurred. There are two bags of
red and yellow colours. Red bag contains 4 fair coins and 3 biased coins and yellow bag contains
5 fair coins and 7 biased coins. Biased coin has tail on both sides. Two coins are transferred from
red bag to yellow bag and then a coin is taken from yellow bag and tossed.

7. Probability that both coins, transferred from red bag to yellow bag, were fair, is
(A) 1/7 (B) 3/7
(C) 4/7 (D) 2/7

8. Probability that both coins, transferred from red bag to yellow bag, were of mixed type, is
(A) 3/7 (B) 4/7
(C) 2/7 (D) 1/7

9. If both coins transferred from red bag to yellow bag were biased, then the probability that tossing
of coin results in head, is
(A) 23/28 (B) 9/28
(C) 5/28 (D) 19/28
 SECTION -III-B

Linked Comprehension Type

This section contains 2 paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions have to be
answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

Instructions:
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement–2 NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False
(D) Statement –1 is False, statement–2 is True.

1. Consider the system of equations ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d {0, 1}

STATEMENT–1: The probability that the system of equations has a unique solution is 3/8
and
STATEMENT–2: The probability that the system of equations has a solution is 1.
2. Let A and B be two independent events of a random experiment.

Statement–1 : P  A  B  = P  A   P(B) .

Statement–2 : P  A  B  = 1 – P(A)  P(B).

3. A fair die is rolled once.

1
Statement–1 : The probability of getting a composite number is .
3
Statement–2 : There are three possibilities for the obtained number (i) the number is a prime
number (ii) the number is a composite number (iii) the number is 1, and hence probability of
1
each possibility is .
3

3 2
4. Let A and B are two events such that P(A) = and P(B) = , then
5 3

4 3
Statement–1 :  P  A  B  .
15 5

2 A
Statement–2 :  P    1.
5 B
 PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVE
1. Two fair dice are tossed. Let x be the event that the first die shows an even number and y be the
event that the second die shows an odd number. The two events x and y are :
(A) mutually exclusive (B) independent and mutually exclusive
(C) dependent (D) none of these

2. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability that both
A and B occur simultaneously is 0.14. Then the probability that neither A nor B occurs is

(A) 0.39 (B) 0.25

(C) 0.11 (D) none of these

3. The probability that an event A happens in one trial of an experiments is 0.4. Three independent
trials of the experiment are performed. The probability that the event A happens at least once is
(A) 0.936 (B) 0.784
(C) 0.904 (D) none of these
4. If A and B are two events such that P(A) > 0, and P( B)  1 , then P(A / B ) is equal to

P(A ) 1  P(A  B)
(A) 1 – P(A/B) (B) 1 – P(A / B ) (C) (D)
P( B ) P(B)

5. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1,2,........15, respectively. Seven coupons are selected at random
one at a time with replacement. The probability that the largest number appearing on a selected
coupon is 9, is
6 7 7
9 8 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) none of these
 16   15  5
6. One hundred identical coins, each with probability, p, of showing up heads are tossed once. If
0 < p < 1 and the probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to that of heads showing on 51
coins, then the value of p is
1 49 50 51
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 101 101 101
7. India plays two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any match the probabilities of
India getting points 0, 1 and 2 are 0. 45, 0.05 and 0.50 respectively. Assuming that the outcomes
are independent, the probability of India getting at least 7 points is
(A) 0.8750 (B) 0.0875 (C) 0.0625 (D) 0.0250

8. Let 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 and P( A  B)  P ( A)  P ( B)  P ( A).P( B) , then
(A) P(B/A) = P(B) - P(A) (B) P( A c  Bc )  P ( A c )  P ( Bc )
(C) P(( A  B) c )  P (A c )  P ( Bc ) (D) P(A/B) = P(A)
9. The probability of India wining a test match against West Indies is 1/2. Assuming independence
from match the probability that in a 5 match series India's second win occurs at the third test is

(A) 1/8 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/3

10. For the three events A, B and C, P(exactly one of the events A or B occurs) = P(exactly
one of the events B or C occurs) = P(exactly one of the events C or A occurs) = p and
P(all the three events occur simultaneously ) = p2, where 0 < p < 1/2. Then the probability
of at least one of three events A, B and C occurring is
3p  2p 2 p  3p 2 p  3p 2 3p  2p 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 2 4
11. 7 white balls and 3 black balls are randomly placed in a row. The probability that no two black
balls are placed adjacently equals :
(A) 1/2 (B) 7/15 (C) 2/15 (D) 1/3

12. Two number is selected randomly from the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}without replacement one by
one. The probability that minimum of the two numbers is less than 4 is
1 14 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 5 5

3 1 1
13. If P(B) = , P(A  B  C )  and P( A  B  C )  , then P( B  C) is
4 3 3
(A) 1/12 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/15 (D) 1/9

14. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the first 100 natural numbers, then the
probability that all three are divisible by both 2 and 3 is
(A) 4/25 (B) 4/35 (C) 4/33 (D) 4/1155

15. A six faced fair die is thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1 comes in even number of
trials is
(A) 5/11 (B) 5/6 (C) 6/11 (D) 1/6

16. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and B be two non-empty events of the
experiment. If A consists of 4 outcomes, the number of outcomes that B must have so that A and B
are independent, is
(A) 2, 4 or 8 (B) 3, 6 or 9 (C) 4 or 8 (D) 5 or 10
 SUBJECTIVE

1. Suppose the probability for A to win a game against B is 0.4. If A has an option of playing either a
" best of 3 games " or a " best of 5 games " match against B, which option should he choose so that
the probability of his winning the match is higher ? (No game ends in a draw).
2. In a test an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice question
1
with four choices. The probability that he make a guess is and the probability that he copies the
3
1 1
answer is . The probability that his answer is correct given that he copied it, is . Find the
6 8
probability that he knew the answer to the question given that he correctly answered it.
3. Numbers are selected at rando m, one at a time, from the two digit numbers
00, 01, 02, ............ ,99 with replacement. An event E occurs if and only if the product of the two
digits of a selected number is 18. If four numbers are selected, find the probability that the
event E occurs at least 3 times.
4. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the
number obtained by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the result is a tail, a card
from a well shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4,.........,12 is picked and the number
on the card is noted. What is the probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8.
5. In how many ways 3 girls and 9 boys can be seated in two vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in
the front and 4 at the back ? How many seating arrangements are possible if 3 girls should
sit together in a back row on adjacent seats ? Now, if all the seating arrangements are equally
likely, what is the probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats ?

6. p and q are chosen randomly from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}with replacement.
Determine the probability that the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are real.
7. 3 players A, B and C toss a coin cyclically in that order (that is A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B,........) till a
head shows. Let p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let ,  and  be respectively

the probabilities that A, B and C gets the first head. Prove that   (1  p)  . Determine ,  and
 (in terms of p).
8. A coin has probability 'p' of showing head when tossed. It is tossed 'n' times. Let Pn denote the
probability that no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that p1 = 1, p2 = 1 - p2 and
pn = (1 - p)pn - 1 + p(1 - p)pn - 2 , for all n  3 .
9 An urn contains 'm' white and 'n' black balls. A ball is drawn at random and is put back into the urn
along with K additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at
random. What is the probability that the ball drawn now is white?
10. An unbiased die, with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is thrown n times and the list of n numbers
showing up is noted. What is the probability that among the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 only three
numbers appear in the list.
11. A box contains n coins, m of which are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting a
head when a fair coin is tossed is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawn
from the box at random and is tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second time it
shows tail. What is the probability that the coin drawn is fair ?

12. For a student to qualify, he must pass at least two out of three exams. The probability that he will
pass the 1st exam is p. It he fails in one of the exams then the probability of his passing in the next
p
exam is otherwise it remains the same. Find the probability that he will qualify..
2

13. A is targeting to B, B and C are targeting to A. Probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are
2 1 1
, and respectively. If A is hit then find the probability that B hits the target and C does not.
3 2 3

14. There are 18 balls, 12 red and 6 white. Six balls are drawn one by one without replacement. If at
least 4 are white, find the probability that next two draw will result in one red and one white ball.

15. A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or train, the probability of which being
1 3 2 1
, , and respectively. Probability that he reach office late, if he takes car, scooter, bus or
7 7 7 7
2 1 4 1
train is , , and respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then what is the
9 9 9 9
probability that he travelled by a car?
 ANSWERS
SECTION-I
LEVEL-I
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (C)
6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (A)

LEVEL-II

1. (A), (C), (D 2. (C), (D 3. (C), (D 4. (C), (D 5. (B), (C), (D

6. (C), (D 7 (A), (B), (D 8. (B), (C) 9. (B), (D 10. (A)

SECTION-II
LEVEL–I
20 16 12 9 16
1. 2.(i) 3/56 (ii) 9/28 3. , , 4.
81 37 37 37 81

 a  b 2
24
1 C2 23
5. 6. 64 or 7. 8. 3/10
10 C2 168 a2

10. (1 - p)n - 1 . [ po (1 - p) + np (1 - po) ]

LEVEL-II
1 1
1. 2. 0.6976 3. No. 5. P(A) 
462 2
1 23 10( N  2)
6. 7. 0.052 8. 462(0.24)5 9. 10. 1 
5 30 N  7 C5

SECTION-III-A
1. (A-q), (B-p), (C-s), (D-r) 2. (A-q), (B-r), (C-p), (D-s)

SECTION-III-B

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (B)

7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (C)
SECTION-III-C

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (B)

 PROBLEMS

OBJECTIVE
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (D)
6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (A)
16. (D)

SUBJECTIVE
24
1. Best of 3 games 0.353, Best of 5 games 0.317 2. 3. 97/(25)4
29
4. 193/792 5. P12, 4  3! 11P9 , 1 / 91
14
6. 0.62
6 n n
p (1  p)p (1  p) 2 p m C 3 (3  3.2  3)
7.   ,   ,   9. 10. n
1  (1  p)3 1  (1  p) 3 1  (1  p) 3 mn 6
9m 1
11. 12. 2p2 – p3 13.
m  8n 2
 10 C  2C1 12 C 2  6C 4 11 C1  1C1 12 C1  6 C5  1
14.  121  18  12  18  12
 C2 C6 C2 C6  C 2  C4  C1 6 C5 12 C0 6 C 6
6 12

1
15.
7