Light Dependent Non Cyclic • Photosystem I & II

Reaction Photophosphorylation • The electron – non cyclic

• Produced ATP and
Cyclic NADPH
Photophosphorylation
• Photosystem I
• Electrons pass along the
1
Photoexcitation ETC before back to
reaction centre of PSI
• Produced only ATP (when
When a chlorophyll pass through the ETC)
molecule absorbs a
photon of light; the
molecule’s electron
boosts to an orbital
of higher energy

Photosystem I (PSI)
Reaction centre: P700
Photosystem II (PSII)
Absorption peak: 700
Reaction center: P680
nm
Absorption peak: 680
2 nm
Photolysis of water 3
Photosystem

Photophosphorylation
Primary electron acceptor - Traps electrons
• To replace electron in released from the reaction centre complex
photosystem II Process of generating
• The proton (H+ ) are ATP from ADP and Reaction centre complex - organized association
used to reduced phosphate by of protein holding special pair of chlorophyll a
NADP+ into NADPH chemiosmosis • Using a molecules - accepting electron and become reduced
• Oxygen is given off proton motive force
or used in respiration generated across the
thylakoid membrane • Antenna molecule - Light harvesting complex
 Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation Light Dependent Reaction Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• The energy lost • At the bottom of this electron transport • NADP+ reductase
when these chain, the electrons fill an electron “hole” catalyse the transfer of
electrons pass in an oxidized P700 center electron from Fd to
along the electron • Hole is created when photons excite NADP+ 2 e- + NADP+ +
transport chain and electrons on the PSI 2H+ → NADPH
will used to form
ATP from ADP in
during the process
of chemiosmosis

• Photon (light) strikes pigment molecules in

light harvesting complex in PSII
• Electrons from
primary electron
acceptor of PSII
are pass along an • Electron excited and captured by primary
ETC, before electron acceptor.
ending up at an ▪ Chlorophyll molecules in the reaction
oxidized PSI centre loses an electron & come
reaction center oxidized

• The electrons pass along the electron

transport chain before back to reaction
centre of PSI •
• Enzyme catalyze • Photon(light) strikes pigment molecules in
• At the same time,
water splitting light harvesting complex in PSII
P700 absorbs photon
• Electrons from • Electron excited and captured by primary
and electrons are
hydrogen atom are • The energy lost when these electrons pass
emitted and accepted electron acceptor
transferred to along the transport chain and will be used
by primary electron • chlorophyll molecules in the reaction centre
P680 to form ATP from ADP by chemiosmosis
acceptor of PS I loses an electron & come oxidized
 Light Independent
Reaction
• CO combine with 5-carbon compound, ribulose
2
bisphosphate (RuBP). Reaction catalysed by enzyme
ribulose bisphoshate carboxylase (RuBISCO)
• CO2 combine with 5-carbon compound, ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP). Reaction catalysed by enzyme
ribulose bisphoshate carboxylase (RuBISCO)
• 6-carbon compound formed is unstable and
immediately split into 3—carbon molecules, 3-
phosphoglycerate(3C)

• Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives

additional phosphate group from ATP , become
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

• NADPH oxidised and reduce 1,3-

bisphosphoglycerate to form glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)

• 1 of G3P is used to make molecule of sugar

• (2 of G3P will form 1 molecule of glucose)

• The remaining of triose phosphate is converted into

5-carbon ribulose- phosphate
• Some of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to generate RuBP
• This is an important stage to ensure a continuous supply of RuBP for
the fixation of carbon dioxide
 ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM OF CARBON FIXATION

• A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases

• carbon dioxide and decreases photosynthetic output. Generally occur on hot, dry, bright days when stomata close
and the O2/ CO2 ratio in the leaves increase favouring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.”
•
•

C4 Plant – Hatch Slack Pathway •

•
CAM Plant
• In mesophyll cells, the
• enzyme PEP carboxylase
add carbon dioxide to
phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).
• Forming 4C product
oxaloacetate (OAA).

• Oxaloacetate reduce to
• During the night, stomata are open and CO2
malate
enters leaf tissue
• CO2 fixed with PEP catalysed by PEP carboxylase
to form OAA (Reduced to malate)
• Malate transported into
the bundle sheath
via plasmodesmata • Malate is transported into vacuole

In bundle-sheath cell, malate
release CO2 (decarboxylation)
• forming pyruvate
• CO2 enters Calvin cycle
• Pyruvate transported back to mesophyll
cell & phosphorylated to form PEP
• Allowing the following cycle to continue
• During day, stomata closed, malate moved into
chloroplast
• Malate undergo decarboxylation release CO2 and
form pyruvate back