Answer to the question number (03)

IT Infrastructure emerges the changes in IT infrastructure we have just described have resulted
from developments in computer processing, memory chips, storage devices, telecommunications
and networking hardware and software, and software design that have exponentially increased
computing power while exponentially reducing costs. Let’s look at the most important
developments.
They are five evaluation should be follow IT infrastructures are:-
1. Electronic accounting machine era (1930-1950): The use of large, cumbersome machines
with hardwired software for sorting, adding, and reporting data.

2. General-Purpose Mainframe and minicomputer era (1959-present): The introduction and

continued use of mainframes. Mainframes were the first powerful computers that could provide
time sharing, multi-tasking, and virtual memory, and became powerful enough to support
thousands of remote terminals. The mainframe era was a period of highly centralized computing
controlled by programmers and system operators. 

3. Personal computer era (1981-present): The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981 is usually

considered the beginning of the PC era because this machine was the first to be widely adopted
by American businesses. 95 percent of today's 1 billion computers are Wintel PCs,
using Windows software and Intel microprocessors. PCs were standalone systems until PC
operating system software in the 1990s made it possible to link them into networks.

4. Client server era (1983-present): In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers

called clients are networked to server computers that provide the clients with services and
capabilities. Computer processing work is split between these two types of machines. The client
is the user point of entry, whereas the server typically processes and stores shared data, serves up
Web pages, or manages network activities. The term server refers to both the software
application and the physical computer on which the network software runs. The server could be a
mainframe, but today server computers typically are more powerful versions of personal
computers.

In two-tiered client/server architecture, a client computer is networked to a server with

processing split between the two. In multi-tiered (N-tier) client/server architecture, the work of
the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers. Distributing work across a
number of smaller inexpensive machines cost much less than minicomputers or mainframes.

5. Enterprise Internet (1992-present): The Internet networking technology Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite enables enterprises to link disparate devices
and local area networks (LANs) into single enterprise-wide networks. Integrated computing
environments allows for much faster and seamless gathering and distribution of data.
 Answer to the question number (04)
IT infrastructure can be deployed within a cloud computing system, or within an organization's
own facilities. These components include hardware, software, networking components, an
operating system (OS), and data storage, all of which are used to deliver IT services and
solutions.
Typically, a standard IT infrastructure consists of the following components: Hardware: Servers,
computers, data centers, switches, hubs and routers, and other equipment. Software: Enterprise
resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), productivity applications
and more.
IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware, software, network resources and services
required for the existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT environment.
IT infrastructure allows an organization to deliver IT solutions and services to its employees,
partners and/or customers and is usually internal to an organization and deployed within owned
facilities.
Answer to the question number (05)
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate,
retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data
format, field names, record structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and
manipulate this data. A database is a data structure that stores organized information.
For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial
records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information
stored in the table.
Document management systems (DMS) are defined as "the use of a computer system and
software to store, manage and track electronic documents and electronic images of paper based
information captured through the use of a document scanner." DMS technology can help
companies reduce paperwork and the associated expenses, as well as increase productivity.
A database management system (DBMS) solves these problems with software that permits
centralization of data and data management so that businesses have a single, consistent source
for all their data needs. Using a DBMS minimizes redundant and inconsistent files.
Answer to the question number (07)
Data resources: Responsibilities include developing information policy, planning for data,
overseeing logical database design and data dictionary development, and monitoring how
information systems specialists and end-user groups use data. Large organizations often require a
formal data administration function.
As an IT manager, Data quality is a measure of the condition of data based on factors such as
accuracy, completeness, consistency, reliability and whether it's up to date. Measuring data
quality levels can help organizations identify data errors that need to be resolved and assess
whether the data in their IT systems is fit to serve its intended purpose. The emphasis on data
quality in enterprise systems has increased as data processing has become more intricately linked
with business operations and organizations increasingly use data analytics to help drive business
decisions. Data quality management is a core component of the overall data
management process, and data quality improvement efforts are often closely tied to data
governance programs that aim to ensure data is formatted and used consistently throughout an
organization.