ACTIVITY NO.

BLOOD TYPING

Crime Scene Information: Blood Type

Blood type found at crime scene: A+

First Name Last Name Blood Type Screenshot of the Test Results

Alexandra Casas AB+

Frank Zheng B+

Hriditaa Dekate O+

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James Buckley A+

Karenna Rodriguez AB+

Kaz Burns O-

Lamin Leigh A-

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 Minh Diep B-

Rohan Valimbe A+

Tatyana Graesser AB-

Ruhit Roy O-

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 CONCLUSION
Who is the murderer and explain why.

*Roy’s Blood Type is O+ whereas the collected blood sample in the crime scene is A+. therefore, the
sample is not Roy’s Blood.
*Rohan and James have the same Blood Type as the sample found in the crime scene. Both suspect
is recommended to undergo further tests to determine who is the killer between the two.

ACTIVITY 7

MODULE 3
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SEMEN (MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE)

Introduction:

Microscopic examination of semen is confirmatory test in forensic serology to identify whether it is semen or not.
The experiment carried out by an expert follows a protocol and according to that, experiment takes place. The
collected samples are first sealed and sent to the forensic lab. Sample slides are prepared and examined under
Microscope. These prepared semen sample slides will be used as a forensic evidence for future investigation.
For forensic purposes, the composition of semen can be simplified into two components: seminal fluid and
spermatozoa. Microscopically identifying spermatozoa is an absolute indicator that semen is present on an item.

Forensic Significance:

It is useful because of the relative quantity of spermatozoa and epithelial cells can be assessed. This
determination becomes important during subsequent DNA analysis because spermatozoa contain male DNA
while most epithelial cells in a male–female sexual assault will contain female DNA from the complainant. It is
also useful because the relative quantity of spermatozoa and epithelial cells can be assessed. Many times in
sexual assault cases semen sample contain contamination like epithelial cell and dust. This can be solved by
microscopic examination of sample and also gives information on semen maturity.

Morphology of Sperm:

Sperm have a distinctive head, mid-piece, and tail region. The head of the sperm contains the extremely
compact haploid nucleus with very little cytoplasm. These qualities contribute to the overall small size of the
sperm (the head is only 5 μm long). A structure called the acrosome covers most of the head of the sperm cell
as a “cap” that is filled with lysosomal enzymes important for preparing sperm to participate in fertilization.
Tightly packed mitochondria fill the mid-piece of the sperm. ATP produced by these mitochondria will power the
flagellum, which extends from the neck and the mid-piece through the tail of the sperm, enabling it to move the
entire sperm cell. The central strand of the flagellum, the axial filament, is formed from one centriole inside the
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maturing sperm cell during the final stages of spermatogenesis.

Composition:

Most of the fluid in semen is made up of secretions from male reproductive organs. Semen contains citric acid,
free amino acids, fructose, enzymes, phosphorylcholine, prostaglandin, potassium, and zinc. 46 to 80 % of the
fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles, 13 to 33 % by the prostate gland, 5 % from the testicles and
epididymis, 2-5 % from Bulbourethral and urethral glands. The normal range of sperm in semen samples is 20
million/ml or more and a total count of 40 million or more.

Motility and viability:

The sperm need to be moving and living in order to achieve successful fertilization.
For the man to be fertile at least 50 % of the spermatozoa observed need to be
active. The movement of the sperms are in a straight-line after one hour of
ejaculation.

Semen Analysis:
Semen analysis plays a crucial role in forensic investigation. Samples are
collected within the 24hrs of the incident, and are analyzed by the forensic expert.
Mainly two types of Examination are performed for the Analysis of semen are: First, Preliminary test carried out
in two steps by Physical and chemical examination. In this mainly used staining methods are: Christmas tree
stain (Combination of Nuclear fast red and Picroindigocarmine), Eosine stain, etc.

Christmas tree Stain for Spermatozoa:

The nuclear material within the cell is stained red by the Nuclear Fast Red stain.
Sperm heads are usually well differentiated with the acrosome staining
significantly less dense than the distal region of the head. Epithelial membranes
and sperm tails are stained green by the Picric Indigo Carmine (PIC) stain; nuclei
inside epithelial cells appear purple. Yeast cells also stain red, However the stain
is uniform throughout the cell and extends into polyp-like structures that are
occasionally seen in yeast. Combination of Nuclear Fast Red and Picric Indigo
Carmine is Christmas tree stain.

ACTIVITY NO. 8

FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF HAIR

PRESENCE TEXTURE OTHERS

HAIR SAMPLE COLOR OF
MEDULLA

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 BROWN NONE FINE NONE

SAMPLE FROM CRIME SCENE

DARK BROWN NONE FINE NONE

GOYONG: The Action star

BROWN FRAGMEN MEDIUM/T NONE

TED HICK

ANNA: Goyong’s owner/manager.

Recently took out a large insurance
policy on Goyong.

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 BROWN/TRANSPA INTERRUP MEDIUM/T CONTAMINAT
RENT TED HICK ED?

SAM: Anna’s Ex
CLEAR CONTINUO MEDIUM/T NONE
US HICK

DR. ELSIE: Veterinarian to the Stars.

Has a gambling problem and owes
money to the wrong people

BROWN NONE FINE NONE

DOMINIQUE: Fellow JRT action star

owner. Has routinely lost gigs to
Goyong.

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 LIGHT BROWN FRAGMEN MEDIUM/T NONE
TED HICK

TAYLOR: Anna’s Neighbor. Sick and

tired of the poocharazzi in the
neighborhood because of Goyong

CONCLUSION:
State your CLAIM (whose hair could be at the scene) your EVIDENCE (describe what you looked at
to make that claim) & your REASONING (explain why you looked at what you looked at. In other words,
what differentiates one sample of hair from another). Remember, in your claim make sure you
acknowledge the limitations of this kind of analysis. How certain are you that the crime scene hair belongs
to X? What kind of follow up analysis would you do to strengthen your conclusion?
Dominique’s Hair matches the description of the sample found at the scene. Dominique is
subjected to further tests such as DNA to determine if he is the one who abduct Goyong. The limitation of
this analysis is that it only describes the properties of the hair sample without analyzing the DNA and other
possible samples that might be found in the scene such as footprints etc.

ACTIVITY NO. 9

VIRTUAL FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SEMEN

I. Questions

1. A fluid containing sperm______.

(A) Testosterone
(B) Bladder
(C) Semen
2. ________ part of the sperm which provide energy for its movement.
(A) Head
(B) Tail
(C) Middle piece
3. The actual genetic part of sperm is its___________.
(A) Tail
(B) Acrosome
(C) Head
4. Motile male gamete or sperm is also known as______.
(A) Antherozoid
(B) Ova
(C) Zygote
5. The ______ enzyme is present in seminal fluid originates in the prostate.
(A) Hexokinase

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 (B) DNA polymerase
(C) Acid Phosphatase
6. Which of the following staining method used to confirm semen in sample?
(A) Methylene blue
(B) The Christmas Tree Stain
(C) None of the above

ACTIVITY 10

GUNSHOT AND GUNSHOT RESIDUE

Gunshot Residue (GSR)

• A gunshot residue is generated once the primer and powder of the cartridge are combusted when
a gun is fired.
• At close proximity, it can be deposited on
• The skin and/or clothing of the person who fired the gun
• The entrance of the wound of the victim
• Other target materials at the scene
• Or other person near the person who fired the gun.
There are two types of GSR:
1. PRIMER GUNSHOT RESIDUE or pGSR
-comprises of fused particles of the elements Lead (Pb), Barium (Ba) and Antimony (Sb).
-used to associate a person with a firearm
2. POWDER GUNSHOT RESIDUE or GSR
- a pattern Evidence caused by un-burnt and partially burnt gunpowder that is evident on clothing
and entry wounds
-used to determine muzzle to target distance
Collection, Preservation and Packing of Evidence

• Sample must be obtained from a victim’s skin at the scene at the first opportunity.

• Delay in obtaining residues, movement, or washing of the body prior to autopsy will considerably
diminish or destroy gunshot residues.

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 • Clothing should always be retained on the body up to autopsy to be examined for gunshot
residues, analysis of entrance of wounds and aid in interpretation of the scene

Collection Procedure
1. Wear a pair of surgical gloves to ensure that you are not a transfer agent
2. Swab the back of the suspect’s left and right hand using cotton balls moistened with dilute nitric
acid. Perform the same on the palm areas. If a rifle or shotgun is involved, obtain also a swab of
the left and right facial cheek areas of the suspect.
3. Put the swabs in separate plastic bags labelled “HAND”,”PALM”, “CHEEK” accordingly marked
with your initials, the date and exhibit number.
4. Swabs don’t have to be collected if more than 72 hours lapsed.
5. 5. Make a control Swab. The Control Swab will be wet with diluted acid used, kept in a plastic
bag, and labeled “CONTROL SWAB”.
6. 6. Get a swab of the interior of a spent casing using water instead of acid. Put the swab in a
plastic bag marked as “CASING”.
7. 7. Put clothing evidence intended for gunshot residue testing inside a plastic bag. Mark the bag
with your initials, the date and exhibit number.
8. 8. Photograph the weapon before you handle it. Handle with surgical Gloves. Drop the firearms
inside a plastic bag, label accordingly and send to the laboratory. If unspent ammunition is
available, send it together with the weapon.
9. 9. DO NOT remove clothing from the victim’s body. Prior to examination for gunshot residue,
clothing will be subjected to photography for analysis of entrance wounds and gunshot range
determination.

Qualitative Test for Gunshot Residue

1. Brown Ring Test
2. Devarda’s Test
3. Diphenylamine Test
4. Sodium Rhodizonate Test
5. Harrison-Gilroy Test
6. Modified Greiss Test

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 Analytical Methods for Gunshot Residue

1. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy

3. Neutron Activation Analysis

4. Scanning Electron Microscope with energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis

5. Atomic Force Microscopy

6. Aspex GSR Analyzer

ACTIVITY NO. 11

Identification of Different Household Poisons

SOLUTION RED LITMUS PAPER BLUE LITMUS PAPER

ACIDIC SOLUTION STAYS RED TURNS RED
NEUTRAL SOLUTION STAYS RED STAYS BLUE
BASIC SOLUTION TURNS BLUE STAYS BLUE

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