Data Management

Libeeth B. Guevarra
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

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 ”The quiet statisticians have changed our world; not
by discovering new facts or technical developments, but
by changing the ways that we reason, experiment, and
form opinions” - Ian Hacking

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 STATISTICS is an art of learning from the data. It is a
branch of knowledge which deals with collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data that are
subject for variability.

According to W.A. Wallis, it maybe defined as a body of

methods for making wise decisions in the face of
uncertainty.

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 The best way of understanding statistics is to do the
procedures by hand for a while.

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Application of Statistics

1 Determining the income distribution of Filipino

families.
2 Comparing the effectiveness of two therapy
techniques.
3 Prediction of daily temperatures
4 Evaluation of student performance

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Two Aims of Statistics

Statistics aims to uncover structure in data, to explain

variation.
1 Descriptive
2 Inferential

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Descriptive Statistics

It pertains to the methods dealing with the collection,

organization and analysis of a set of data without making
conclusions, predictions or inferences about a larger set.

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 Example
1 Presentation of the Trend of Mortality of COVD-19
from March 29, 2020 to July 2021 in the Philippines.
2 Last school year, 80% of the junior high school
students in the public school dropped out from
school.
3 All students took the midterm exam on time.

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Inferential Statistics

This pertains to the methods dealing with making

inferences, estimation or prediction about a larger set of
data (population) using the information gathered from
a subset of this larger set (sample).

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 Example
1 The efficay of the different vaccines for COVID-19 is
determined by a few sample data.
2 80% of the public jeepney drivers are considered
high risk of having COVID-19.

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Basic Statistical Terms
Universe or physical population is the set of all
individuals or entities under consideration or study.

Study: Suppose that a researcher is interested in the

stress level of basic education teachers during the
preparation for online classes.

What is the universe?

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 Variable is a characteristic or attribute of persons or
objects which assumes different values or label. This is a
thing that we measure, control or manipulate in a
research varying from unit to unit.
Example
Suppose we collect a dataset by measuring the resting
heart rate, score of an IQ test, favorite color of every
student in a class. The variables in this dataset would be
resting heart rate, score of an IQ test, favorite color.

If it can only assume one value, then it is called a

constant.

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 Types of data:
Qualitivative Data (categorical) occur when we
assign objects into labelled groups or categories.

Example
when we group people according to:
Marital Status, Socio-Economic Status, Religious
Sector, zip code, and military rank

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 Quantitative Data (either Discrete or Continuous)
occur when we count or measure.

Example
count the number of students in a classroom,
measure the weight and height of a respondent, and
count the monthly income of managers in pesos

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 Classification of data according to their dependence on
time:
Cross - sectional
Time series
Longitudinal
Classification of data based from its source:
Primary data
Secondary data

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 Statistical Populationis a collection of all cases in
which the researcher is interested in a statistical study.

The numerical measures that describe it are parameters.

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 Sample is a portion or a subset of the population from
which the information is gathered.

The numerical measures that describe it are statistic.

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 Some of the statistical measures and symbols are
presented in the table.

Descriptive Measure Parameter Statistic

Mean µ x̄
Standard deviation σ s
Variance σ2 s2
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ρ r
Number of Cases N n

(Parameters are denoted by Greek letters to honor the contribution

of ancient Greek philosophers. - Sir Ronald A. Fisher, father of
modern day Statistics.)

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Levels (Scales) of Measurement

Nominal Scale does not indicate an amount,

rather, it is used for identification, as a name.
Examples: gender, race, color, and savings account
number.

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 Ordinal Scale indicates rank order. There is no
equal unit of measurement separating each score.
Examples: socioeconomic status of families, Class
Standing (A to D), and Teacher’s Evaluation (Excellent
to Poor).

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 Interval scale indicates an actual quantity and
there is an equal unit of measurement separating
adjacent scores. Interval scales do not have a ”true”
0.
Examples: temperature, score in an exam, and IQ.

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 Ratio scale reflects the true amount of the variable
that is present because the scores measure an actual
amount, there is an equal unit of measurement, and
0 truly means that zero amount of the variable is
present.
Examples: time or space, height, weight, width, area,
and income.

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