INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY

15B1NHS433

Semester -1 (Batch 2022-2025

Assignment

Submitted to:- Ms. SHIKHA KUMARI

Submitted by: Vibhav

Enrollment No.

BBG220131

CLASS : BBA-3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY THANKS
OF GRATITUDE TO MY SOCIOLOGY
TEACHER “DR. SHIKHA KUMARI’’ FOR
THEIR GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT IN
COMPLETING MY PROJECT.

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXTEND MY

GRATITUDE TO OUR (HOD) “DR.
RAJNISH KUMAR MISHRA’’ AND
(COURSE COORDINATOR) “DR.
ARCHANA SRIVASTAV’’ FOR PROVIDING
ME WITH ALL THE FACILITY THAT IS
REQUIRED.

DATE: Vibhav
19/12/2022 BBA SECTION-3

Social Class and Social Mobility:-

Multidimensional
 analysis of classes with the Occupation,
Education, Income, and Wealth variable.

Abstract
This research examines the various approaches taken by economists and sociologists for
analyzing intergenerational mobility. Social mobility models based on social classes
arising from an occupational classification scheme are analysed. A test for the statistical
validity of classification schemes is proposed and tested using Danish sample survey
data that was first collected in 1976 and augmented in 2000. This is referred to as a
homogeneity test and is a likelihood ratio test of a set of linear restrictions which define
social classes. For Denmark it is shown that this test fails for an Erikson–Goldthorpe
classification system, raising doubts about the statistical validity of occupational
classification systems in general. We also estimate regression models of occupational
earnings, household earnings, and educational attainment using family background
variables as covariates controlling for unobservables, measurement error, and
simultaneous equation bias. In these models homogeneity tests are also rejected. We
conclude from these results that the individual's family background has a small but
significant impact on lifetime chances which is not captured by the Erikson–Goldthorpe
classification scheme.

1. Social class, also called class, a group of people within a society who possess
the same socioeconomic status. Besides being important in social theory, the
concept of class as a collection of individuals sharing similar economic
circumstances has been widely used in censuses and in studies of social mobility.
Class refers to the people at the same economic level, who may or may not be
aware of their common interests. Class systems work best in industrial societies
that have market economics, because these offer more opportunities for
achieving wealth and status than do societies with centralized economies.

2. Social mobility, movement of individuals, families, or groups through a

system of social hierarchy or stratification. If such mobility involves a change in
position, especially in occupation, but no change in social class, it is called
"horizontal mobility." An example would be a person who moves from a
managerial position in one company to a similar position in another. If, however,
the move involves a change in social class, it is called "vertical mobility and
involves either "upward mobility" or "downward mobility. An industrial
worker who becomes a wealthy businessman moves upward in the class system;
a landed aristocrat who loses everything in a revolution moves downward in the
 system. In modern societies, social mobility is typically measured by career and
generational changes in the socioeconomic levels of occupations.

3. OCCUPATION, Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on

similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. These
factors affect how much power and prestige a person has. For example, in a
classroom if based on the professional profile we have two levels of distributions
that is students and teacher.

An Indiana University study has found that social class can account for differences in
how parents coach their children to manage classroom challenges. In general, middle-
class children get more attention from their instructors because they actively seek it,
while working-class children tend to stay silent through any of their educational
struggles so as not to be a bother. The differences in how parents teach their children to
deal with problems in school stem primarily from parents' level of involvement in their
children's schooling. Middle-class parents are more plugged into the school, so they
know what teachers expect in the classroom. Working-class parents don't think it's
their place to be involved, so they tend to be less aware of what teachers expect today.

1. Education, is a major component of social class, both directly and indirectly.

Direct individuals from higher social classes are more likely to have the means to
attend more prestigious schools, and are therefore more likely to receive higher
educations Education is often seen as a strong driver of social mobility. Social
mobility may be reduced in more unequal countries because educational scores
and resources are on average lower in such type of countries and education
improves incomes more for those at the bottom of the income spectrum than for
those further up.

2. INCOME, Individuals tend to form relationships with others in their own

class, and to consequently acculturate to, or learn the values of behaviors of,
their own class. This process strengthens distinctions between classes as each
group establishes a unique class culture. Due to class mobility, in some cases
individuals

may also acculturate to the culture of another class when ascending or descending in the
social order
As conducting an analysis with the Occupation, Education, Income and Wealth as
variable and taking into account parents, grandparents and myself as example there is
lot of change over the generation with respect to social class but very less change is
observed in social mobility

My grandfather served as a Commissioner in LIC. My father is working as a professor

in a government university and my mother is in a teaching profession. I am interested in
going into research field, which is again a field of academics. So, as it can be seen from
my family profession that there is no mobility of profession between me and my parents.
But there is a difference of values between the all three generations. As grandparents"
self-control is the pivotal parental value for their children but as the part of the next
generation the self-control is of a lesser concern. As using the Longitudinal Study of
Generations, they found that each successive generation has higher occupational
attainment than the one before. Research has shown that the rate of upward mobility
has slowed across the generations. Moreover, the association between the parents
socioeconomic stratum and children's socioeconomical stratum has weakened,
suggesting a decline in the family transmission of social position to offspring in many
cases.

So constant changes in society also bring social mobility over generations as it can be
clearly seen from the above given example.

 References

1. Social Mobility Across Three Generations by Timothy J. Biblarz, Vern L. Bengtson

and Alexander Bucur

2. Vandegrift, Darcie (2015-07-24). "We don't have any limits: Russian young adult life
arratives through a social generations lens. Journal of Youth Studies. 221-236