Teachers’ Copy

YISHUN INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE

2020 JC1 H2 CHEMISTRY
TUTORIAL 1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

A Properties of the Three Sub-atomic Particles

[Refer to lecture notes pages 8  10]

1. N10/P3/Q4(a) & (b)

(a) Describe what is meant by the term nucleon number.

(b) State two ways in which the behavior of electrons in an electric field differs from that of protons.

(a) Nucleon number is the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom or ion.

(b) The deflection of electrons will be toward the positive pole whereas the deflection of protons will be
toward the negative pole.

The deflection of electrons occurs with a greater magnitude / deflection angle as an electron is much
lighter than a proton.

2. N94/P3/1
Individual beams of different particles are subjected to an electric field as shown. Sketch on the
diagram below how beams of the following particles are affected by the electric field.

(a) neutrons

(b) protons

(c) electrons
JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 1: Atomic Structure

(d) 2 +
1H

Explain briefly the direction and the magnitude of angle of deflection of each beam.

(a) The neutrons will continue in a straight line OR are undeflected because they are electrically
neutral OR uncharged.

(b) The protons are deflected towards the negatively charged plates because they are positively
charged.

(c) The electrons are deflected towards the positively charged plates because they are negatively
charged. As the electrons are lighter than the protons, the angle of deflection is larger.

(d) 2
The 1H+ are deflected towards the negatively charged plates because they are positively
charged. However, as they are heavier than protons, the angle of deflection is smaller.

3. N02/P3/Q1
Atoms or ions that contain the same number of electrons are called isoelectronic. Those that
contain the same number of neutrons are called isotonic. Those that contain the same number of
protons are called isotopic.
The rest of this question is concerned with various properties of the following five ions.

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31 3 32 32 31  35
15 V 15 W2 16 X2 15 Y 17 Z
The symbols V, W, X, Y and Z are not the atomic symbols of the elements concerned.

(a) Which of the above ions are

(i) isoelectronic,

(ii) isotonic,

(iii) isotopic?

(b) Which of the ions would be deflected the most when a beam is passed through an electric
field?

(c) Which of the ions would be deflected the least when a beam is passed through an electric
field?
Which of the above ions are: (i) isoelectronic, (ii) isotonic, (iii) isotopic? [3]

Protons Neutrons Electrons 3

31
V 3 15 16 18 Isoelectronic : 31
15V , 32
16 X 2 and 35
17 Z
15
3
32
W 2 15 17 17 Isotonic: 31
15V , 32
16 X 2 and 31
15Y


15
3 32
Isotopic: 31
15V , 15W 2 and 31
15Y

32
16 X 2 16 16 18
31
15Y 15 16 16
35
17 Z 17 18 18

(a) (i) V3− , X2−, Z−

(ii) V3− , X2−, Y−

(iii) V3− , W 2−, Y−

(b) V3−.
charge
Since angle of deflection is proportional to the mass ratio, V3− has the highest charge (3−) and the
3
smallest mass (31), it has the largest 31 ratio and hence will be deflected the most.

(c) Z−.

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charge
Since angle of deflection is proportional to the mass
ratio, Z− has the smallest charge (1−) and the
1
biggest mass (35), it has the smallest 35 ratio and hence will be deflected the least.

4. N12/P3/Q4(a),(b)
Beams of charged particles are deflected by an electric field. If the particles are all travelling at the
same speed, through an electric field of constant strength, the angle of deflection is proportional to
their charge/mass ratio.
In a particular experimental set-up, protons are deflected through an angle of +15°.

(a) Assuming an identical set of experimental conditions, by what angles will the following
particles be deflected? (D is deuterium, 2H, and T is tritium, 3H)
 D−
 T+
 He2+

(b) Under identical conditions, a beam of particles, R, each having 12 times the mass of a proton,
was deflected by an angle of +5°.

(i) Suggest the overall charge on a particle of R.

(ii) Given that a particle of R contains 6 protons, deduce the number of neutrons and electrons
in a particle of R.

(a) Protons are basically hydrogen atoms which has lost its single electron: 11H+
charge
It has a mass ratio = +1, and is deflected by +15°.
{note that the positive sign denotes that the deflection is towards a particular direction (i.e. towards the
negative plate), and hence a negatively charged particle will have a negative angle of deflection (i.e. the
deflection is towards the positive plate)}
charge 1
 For D−, since it is 21H−, it has a mass ratio = 2 , and is deflected by −7.5°
(half the magnitude of deflection as a proton, and opposite in direction)

or mathematically using 11H+: +15o = k × 1; k = 15

1
angle of deflection for 21H− = 15 × 2
= −7.5°
charge +1
 For T+, since it is 31H+, it has a ratio = , and is deflected by +5°
mass 3
(one-third the magnitude of deflection as a proton, and the same direction)

+1
or angle of deflection for 31H+ = 15 × 3
= +5°

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charge +2 +1
 For He2+, since it is 42He2+(also known as alpha particles), it has a mass ratio = 4
= 2
, and is
deflected by +7.5°
(half the magnitude of deflection as a proton, and the same direction)

+1
or angle of deflection for 42He2+ = 15 × 2
= +7.5°

(b) (i) charge 1

Since particle R is deflected by +5°, it must have a ratio = + (see the discussion for T+)
mass 3
charge 1
 since its mass is 12 times that of a proton, 12
= +3
1
 charge on R = + 3 × 12 = +4

(ii) Since it has 6 protons, and overall charge is +4  it must contain 2 electrons.
Since its overall mass is 12 times that of a proton, and it contains 6 protons
 it must contain 6 neutrons.

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B Principal Quantum Shells, Sub-Shells and Orbitals

[Refer to lecture notes pages 13  20]

5. (a) (i) Describe the number of orbitals and the maximum number of electrons in each of the
principal quantum shell, n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.

(ii) Arrange the orbitals listed above in order of increasing energy.

(b) Using the Cartesian axes, like those shown in Fig. 1, draw fully-labelled diagrams of the
orbitals in third principal quantum shell. z

y
x

Fig. 1

(a) (i)
number of maximum no. of maximum no. of
n sub-shell orbitals in this electrons in this electrons in this
sub-shell sub-shell quantum shell

1 s 1 2 2

s 1 2
2 8
p 3 6

s 1 2

3 p 3 6 18

d 5 10

s 1 2

p 3 6
4 32
d 5 10

f 7 14

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(ii) 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 4d < 4f

(b)

3s 3px 3py 3pz

3dxy 3dxz 3dyz

3dx2  y2 3dz2

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6. Describe one similarity and one difference between

 a 1s and a 2s orbital,
 a 2s and a 2p orbital.

similarity difference
1s and 2s 2s orbital is more diffused
both are spherical in shape
orbital (larger) than 1s orbital
2s and 2p both are found in the same 2s is spherical in shape while
orbital principal quantum shell 2p is dumb-bell in shape

C Electronic Configuration
[Refer to lecture notes pages 20  26]

7. The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

For each of the particles stated below,

 determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons it has;
 write its full electronic configuration; and
 determine the number of unpaired electrons it contains.

35
(a) 12
C (c) 45
Sc (e) Cl+

15 32
(b) N (d) S2− (f) 55
Mn2+

You may wish to present your answers in a table.

number of number of
particle full electronic configuration unpaired
protons neutrons electrons electrons
12
C 6 6 6 1s2 2s2 2p2 2
15
N 7 8 7 1s2 2s2 2p3 3
45
Sc 21 24 21 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 1
32
S2− 16 16 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 0
35
Cl+ 17 18 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 2
55
Mn2+ 25 30 23 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 5

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D Ionisation Energy
[Refer to lecture notes pages 27  31]

8. The variation in the first ionisation energies of the elements sodium to potassium is shown by the
graph below.

(a) Define, with the aid of an equation, the first ionisation energy of aluminium.

Suggest reasons for

(b) (i) the general increase in first ionisation energies from Na to Ar,
(ii) the discontinuity between Mg and Al,
(iii) the discontinuity between P and S,
(iv) the difference between the first ionisation energies of Na and K,
(v) the large drop in the first ionisation energies between Ar and K.

(a) First ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of the outermost electrons
from one mole Al(g) to form one mole of Al+(g).
Al(g)  Al+(g) + e−

(b) (i) Going across the Period from Na to Ar, there is an increase in nuclear charge because of
the increasing number of protons but they have approximately the same shielding effect
due to the same number of inner electronic shells. Consequently, the effective nuclear
charge increases from Na to Ar. Therefore, the amount of energy required to remove the
electron increases.

(ii) The first ionisation energy Al is lower than Mg.

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The outermost electron in Mg is in the 3s subshell, while the outermost electron in A l is in

the 3p subshell. As the average distance from the nucleus of a 3p orbital is slightly
larger than that of a 3s orbital, less energy is required to remove the 3p electron in Al.

(iii) The first ionisation energy S is lower than P.

The electron to be removed in P is one of three 3p electrons and it is unpaired and the
mutual repulsion between these electrons is minimised.

However, in S, the electron to be removed in the p-orbital is paired and since these two
electrons experience inter-electronic repulsion, it is easier to remove one of them than
the p electron in S. Hence less energy is required to remove it.

(iv) The first ionisation energy of K is lower than that of Na.

K has more inner electronic shell and hence higher shielding effect as well as higher
nuclear charge than Na.

Although K has a higher nuclear charge than Na, its higher shielding effect outweighs it.
Consequently, the effective nuclear charge of K is lower than that of Na. Therefore,
lesser amount of energy is required to remove the electron in K than in Na.

(v) The first ionisation energy of K is much lower than that of Ar.

K has more inner electronic shell and hence higher shielding effect as well as higher
nuclear charge than Ar.

Although K has a higher nuclear charge than Ar, its higher shielding effect outweighs it.
Consequently, the effective nuclear charge of K is lower than that of Ar. Therefore,
lesser amount of energy is required to remove the electron in K than in Ar.

E Successive Ionisation Energies

[Refer to lecture notes pages 32 to 34]

−1
9. (a) The first eight ionisation energies in kJ mol for an element B are given as:
1000 2252 3357 4556 7004 8496 27107 31719
Determine which group of the Periodic Table does the element B belongs to and

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(a)
1000 2252 3357 4556 7004 8496 27107 31719
1252 1105 1199 2448 1492 18611 4612

There is a very big difference in ionisation energy between the 6th and 7th ionisation
energry. The 7th electron must have been removed from an inner principal quantum shell.
Hence there are 6 electrons in the outermost shell and this element B is from Group 16.

Valence shell electronic configuration: ns2 np4.

10. N2017/2/1(a)
Fig. 1.1 shows a sketch of the logarithm of the first fourteen ionisation energies, log (IE), of element
A against the number of electrons removed.

x
x
x x
x
x
x

log (IE) x
x
x
x
x
x

number of electrons removed

Fig 1.1.
(a) Write an equation for the second ionisation energy of element A.
(b) Explain the following features of Fig. 1.1.
 the general trend in ionisation shown in the graph
 the significant jump in values from the 7th to the 8th ionisation energy
(c) Element A is in Period 3.
Identify element A using information from Fig. 1.1 and complete its electronic
configuration.

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(a) A+(g)  A2+(g) + e−

(b)  There is an increase in the successive ionisation energies due the increasing positive charge
on the cation. As successive electrons are being removed, the same number of protons is
attracting fewer electrons. Consequently, there is an increase in the effective nuclear
charge of the cation and requiring more energy to remove the next electron. Also, there is a
decrease in the distance between the electron to be removed and the nucleus.

 The 8th electron is removed from the inner principal quantum shell while the 7th electron
is removed from the outer principal quantum shell.

While the nuclear charge remains the same, the shielding effect on the 7th electron is
much greater than that on the 8th electron. Consequently, there is an increase in the
effective nuclear charge and hence more energy is required to remove the 8th electron
in the inner principal quantum shell. Hence the difference between the 7th and 8th ionisation
energy is very large.

(c) A is chlorine

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

F Additional Questions

Electronic configurations
11. The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

For each of the particles stated below,

 determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons it has;
 write its full electronic configuration; and
 determine the number of unpaired electrons it contains.

28 52 56
(a) Si (d) Cr (g) Fe3+

79 56 64
(b) Se (e) Zn (h) Cu2+

18 37
(c) O2− (f) 24
Mg2+ (i) Cl

You may wish to present your answers in a table.

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number of number of
particle full electronic configuration unpaired
protons neutrons electrons electrons
28
Si 14 14 14 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 2
79
Se 34 45 34 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 2
18
O2− 10 10 8 1s2 2s2 2 p6 0
52
Cr 24 28 24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 6
66
Zn 30 36 30 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 0
24
Mg2+ 12 12 10 1s2 2s2 2p6 0
56
Fe3+ 26 30 23 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 5
64
Cu2+ 29 35 27 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 1
37
Cl 17 20 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1

Successive Ionisation Energies

[refer to lecture notes pages 32-34]
12. The successive ionisation energies in kJ mol–1 of an element A are as follows:
740, 1500, 7700, 10500, 13600, 18000, 21700
State, giving reasons, the group of the Periodic Table to which element A is likely to belong.

740, 1500, 7700, 10500, 13600, 18000, 21700

760 6200 2800 3100 4400 3700
There is a very big difference in ionisation energy between the 2nd ionisation energy and the
third ionisation energy. Hence, the third electron must have been removed from an inner
principal quantum shell. Hence there are 2 electrons in the outermost shell and this
element A is from Group 2.

Ionisation Energies
13. The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

(a) N97/P1/Q1(d)
Helium and neon are non-metals from Group 18 of the Periodic Table. These elements exist as
monoatomic gases and are commonly used in advertising tubes.
When a minimum potential difference of 24.0 V is supplied to an advertising tube containing
helium, the gaseous atoms gain sufficient energy to become ionised.
Estimate the minimum potential difference required to ionise neon in an identical advertising
tube.

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(b) By quoting relevant values from the Data Booklet, comment and explain the difference in the
first ionisation energy of chlorine and argon.

(Concepts from Topic 4 Lecture Notes page 21 to 25)

(a) From Data booklet, 1st I.E. of helium = 2370 kJ mol−1

1st I.E. of neon = 2080 kJ mol−1

Assuming that the minimum voltage required to ionise the gases is proportional to the
1st ionisation energy (since the voltage supplied will cause the gas to be ionised):
24.0
Minimum potential difference required = 2370 × 2080 = 21.1 V

(b) 1st I.E. of chlorine = 1260 kJ mol−1

1st I.E. of argon = 1520 kJ mol−1

The 1st ionisation energy of chlorine is lower than that of argon.

Chlorine has a lower nuclear charge than argon but they have approximately the same shielding effect.
Consequently, the effective nuclear charge of chlorine is lower than that of argon. Therefore, lesser
amount of energy is required to remove the electron in chlorine than in argon.

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14. The sketch below shows the second ionisation energies of eight consecutive elements, A to H,
in the Periodic Table. (These letters are NOT chemical symbols.)

Second ionisation energy / kJ mol1

Elements
A B C D E F G H

(a) Identify the group that element A belongs to. Hence, write down its valence electronic
configuration.

(b) Sketch a graph to show the successive ionisation energies of element A when the first eight
electrons are removed from it.

(c) Explain why the second ionisation energy of element B is higher than the second ionisation
energies of elements A and C.

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(a) Group 15
ns2np3

(b)
lg I.E.

number of electrons
removed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(c) The 2nd ionisation energy of B is higher (or less endothermic) than that of A.

B+ has a higher nuclear charge than A+ since it has more protons but they have approximately
the same shielding effect as both have 2 inner quantum shells. Consequently, the effective
nuclear charge of B+ is higher than that of A+. Therefore, greater amount of energy is
required to remove the electron in B+ than in A+.

The 2nd ionisation energy of B is higher (or less endothermic) than that of C.
The electron to be removed in C+ is paired while that in B+ is unpaired;
The paired electrons in C+ experiences inter-electronic repulsion and hence less energy is
required to remove the electron than in C+.

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