Teknik Pengolahan Isyarat Digital

(TE 3325)
© 2022-Teknik Elektro
Topic 7:
The Z -Transform and Its Application
to the Analysis of LTI Systems
@2022-Lecture slides prepared by Lasmadi
 Deskripsi Topik

• Transform techniques are an important tool in the analysis

of signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. In this
lecture we introduce the z- transform, develop its
properties, and demonstrate its importance in the analysis
and characterization of linear time-invariant systems.
 Capaian Pembelajaran

• Mampu memahami dan menjelaskan transformasi-z

• Mampu memahami konsep pole dan zero
 Contents

• The Direct z-Transform

• Characteristic Families of Signals with Their
Corresponding ROC
• Some Common Z-Transform Pairs
• Pole Location
 The Direct z-Transform
• Transformasi-z dari sinyal waktu diskrit x(n) didefinisikan sebagai deret pangkat:
∞
≡ ∑ ( ) −
atau
=−∞
• Karena transformasi z adalah deret pangkat tak terbatas, transformasi z hanya ada untuk nilai z
yang konvergennya deret ini. Daerah konvergensi (ROC) dari X(z) adalah himpunan semua nilai
z dimana X(z) mencapai nilai berhingga.
• Example:
• (a) x1(n) = (1, 2, 5, 7, 0,1)  X1(z) = 1 + 2z-1 + 5z-2 + 7z-3 + z-5, ROC: seluruh bidang-z kecuali z = 0

• (b) x2(n) = (2, 4, 5, 7, 0,1)  X2(z) = 2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z-1 + z-3, ROC: seluruh bidang-z kecuali z = 0 dan
z = ∞.
• Dari contoh ini mudah dilihat bahwa ROC dari sinyal durasi-hingga adalah seluruh bidang-z,
kecuali mungkin titik-titik z = 0 and/or z = ∞. Titik-titik ini dikecualikan, karena zk(k > 0) menjadi
tak terbatas untuk z = ∞ and z-k (k > 0) menjadi tak terbatas untuk z = 0.
Example 3.1.2
• Determine the z-transform of the signal

• Solution:
• …

We recall that;

1 −1
• Consequently, for < 1, or equivalently, for > 1, X(z) converges to;
2 2
• Let us express the complex variable z in polar form as,

• where r = |z| and θ = z. Then X(z) can be expressed as

n=0
Example 3.1.3
• Determine the z-transform of the signal

• Solution:
• 

• If |αz-1| < 1 or equivalently, |z| > |α|, this power series converges to 1/(1 – αz-1).
• Thus we have the z-transform pair;

1
Example 3.1.3
• Determine the z-transform of the signal:

• Solution:
• 

• If |αz-1| < 1 or equivalently, |z| > |α|, this power series converges to 1/(1 – αz-1).
• Thus we have the z-transform pair;

1
CHARACTERISTIC FAMILIES OF SIGNALS WITH
THEIR CORRESPONDING ROC
• .
 CHARACTERISTIC FAMILIES OF SIGNALS
WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING ROC
• .
 SOME COMMON Z-TRANSFORM PAIRS
• .
 Poles and Zeros
• Determine the pole-zero plot for the signal

• Solution: From Table we find that

• z

• Thus X(z) has one zero at z1 = 0 and one pole at p1 = a. The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 3.7.
Note that the pole p1 = a is not included in the ROC since the z-transform does not converge at a
pole.

Figure 3.7 Pole-zero plot for the causal

exponential signal x(n) = an u(n)
 Pole Location and Time-Domain Behavior for
Causal signal
having one zero at z1 = 0 and one
pole at p1 = a on the real axis.
• .

Fig. 3.11 Time-domain

behavior of a single-real pole
causal signal as a function of
the location of the pole with
respect to the unit circle.
Pole Location and Time-Domain Behavior for
signal Causal

 A causal real signal

with a double real pole

Figure 3.12 Time-domain

behavior of causal signals
corresponding to a double (m
= 2) real pole, as a Function
of the pole location.
 Pole Location and Time-Domain Behavior for
Causal Signals
•.

Fig. 3.13 A pair of complex-conjugate poles corresponds

to causal signals with oscillatory behavior.
 THE SYSTEM FUNCTION OF A LTI SYSTEM
• .
n=0
• Example.3.3.4:
• Determine the system function and the impuls response of the system described by
the difference equation

• Solution :

• Hence the system function is:

• We obtain the inverse transform:

This is the impulse
response of the system.
 Summary

• Dari tabel terlihat bahwa transformasi-z tidaklah unik untuk

suatu sinyal, tetapi yang membedakan adalah ROC-nya.
Misalnya untuk sinyal nomor 3 dan sinyal nomor 5,
transformasi-z dari keduanya adalah sama, tetapi ROC-nya
berbeda.
• Untuk keperluan praktis, biasanya untuk keperluan ini
dipakai transformasi-z satu sisi.
 Summary
• …
Thanks for your attentions