Madam Samia Sajid

SOLIDS
SOLVED EXERCISE
Q.1.Four answers are given for each question. Select the correct one.
i). Crystalline solids are also called:
(a)True solids (b) Pseudo solids
(c)Glasses (d) Amorphous solids
ii). Which of the following is Amorphous solid?
(a)Sucrose (b) NaCl
(c)Rubber. (d) SiC
iii). Solid is made up of:
(a)Atoms (b) Ions
(c)Molecules (d)All of them
iv). The process is in called in which same compound is present in more than one crystalline
form is called:
(a) Allotropy (b) Anisotropy
(c) Isomorphism (d) Polymorphism
v) Isomorphs have:
a) Same physical properties (b) Different physical properties
(c) Same chemical properties (d) Different ratio of atoms
vi). Solids that can be drawn into thin wires are called:
(a) Ductile (b) Malleable
(c) Brittle (d) Flexible
vii) Which one of the following has the highest value of lattice energy?
(a) NaI (b) NaBr
(c)NaCl (d) NaF
viii) Which one of the following is a polar molecular solid?
(a) Dry ice (b) Ice
(c) Phosphorus (d) Sulphur
ix) In 0 Cubic system, the angles:
(a) α ≠ β ≠ ϒ ≠ 90° (b) α = β = ϒ ≠ 90°
(c) α = β = ϒ = 90° (d) α = β = 90°, ϒ ≠ 90°
x) Which of the following is NOT the property of solid?
(a) The definite melting point
(b) The high density
(c) The extremely low state of diffusion
(d) The high expansion on heating
ANSWERS

i) a. True solids ii) c. Rubber

iii) d. All of them iv) d. Polymorphism
v) c. same chemical properties vi) a. Ductile
vii) d. NaF viii) b. Ice
ix) a. α ≠ β ≠ ϒ ≠ 90° x) d. The high expansion on
heating

Q.2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words given in the brackets.
i) The word amorphous means ……………………….(motionless/shapeless)
ii) Cleavage is an ……………………….property. (isotropic/anisotropic)
iii) Sugar crystallizes in …………………. Shape.(cubic /monoclinic)
iv) All the lengths are ………………….in rhombohedral system.(equal /unequal)
v) Crystalline solids have ordered…..……………………….dimensional arrangement of particles. (One
/three)
vi) The orderly arrangement of particles in crystalline solids is ……………………….. in different
direction.(same/different)
vii) The cubic crystals of sodium chloride change to needle like if 10%…..……………………….is
added to the solution as impurity. (urea/lime)
viii) In ……………………...solids, the atoms in the lattice are displayed easily with respect to each
other.(ionic/metallic)
ix) In ……………………...solids, the electrons are localized in the bonds.(metallic/covalent)
x) Wax is the example of ……………………...solid. (crystalline/amorphous)
ANSWERS

i) Shapeless ii) Anisotropic

iii) Monoclinic iv) Equal
v) Three vi) Same
vii) Urea viii) M etallic
ix) Covalent x) Amorphous solids

Q.3.Label the following statements as True or False:

i). Solids particles have low kinetic energy as compared to liquids.
iii. Heat is absorbed when a liquid is changed to solid.
iii). Plastic is the example of crystalline solid
iv) Crystalline solids can be divided into seven crystal systems.
v). Six parameters of unit cell are called crystallographic elements.
vi). The branch of science in which we study about crystals is called crystallography.
vii). The particles in solids have translational motion.
viii). Transition temperature is for compounds only.
ix). At melting point, the solids and liquid phases exists in equilibrium.
x). The molecular solids are good conductors of electricity in the molten state.
ANSWERS

i) T ii) F iii) F iv) T v) T

vi) T vii) F viii) F ix) T x) F

Q. 12. Give examples of some crystalline and amorphous solids that are used in your
community.
Uses of Some Crystalline Solids in our Community:
i). Table Salt(NaCl) is used to flavor foods.
ii). Diamond is used to engrave stones and metals.
iii). Graphite is used as a lubricant in locks.
iv). NaF is added to toothpastes to prevent tooth decay.
v). Silver and Gold are used in ornaments and jewelry.
vi). Iron is used as structural material and is an essential ingredient in our diet.
Uses of Some Amorphous Solids in our Community:
i). Rubber is used in tires and rubber balls.
ii). Plastic has many industrial and commercial uses and is used in the manufacture of CDs,
DVDs, footwear and fluid containers such as milk or oil.
iii). Glass is used to make tumbler, mirrors, dishes, eyeglasses, windows and for laboratory
equipment such as beaker, test tube, reagent bottle etc. Amorphous semiconductors are used
in solar cells, laser printers, flat-panel television and monitor screens.
Q.19. Why the ceramic bowl breaks and aluminum bowl do not breaks when dropped into
the concrete floor?
Ceramics Bowl
Ionic and covalent bonds are the two most common bonds that are present in ceramics.
Ceramics don’t have the ability to move atoms to a new position when under stress. If you
apply force to an ionic material, any shift in crystal lattice will force positive ions to meet
positive ions which doesn’t work, and the material (ceramic bowl) breaks along the crystal
planes when dropped onto the concrete floor.
Aluminum Bowl
On the other hand metal (aluminum) consists of layer of atoms that can slide over one another
when under stress. That is why aluminum bowl does not break when dropped onto the
concrete floor.
Q.19. Ionic crystals are brittle but not malleable,why?
They are highly brittle but not malleable and are shatter when struck by a hammer. When ionic
solids are broken down into small pieces by hitting them with hammer, the ions are driven
down a layer and the same charge ions come next to each other and because of this the same
charge ions repel each other that split the solid.
 Ionic crystals are Brittle

Q.24. Classify each of the following substances as conductor, semiconductor and non-
conductor:
(a) Germanium……..Semi-conductor
(b) Sulphur-------------Non-Conductor
(c) Silver----------------Conductor
Q.10. Describe various types of crystal systems and draw the shapes of the unit cells of
various crystal systems
Seven Crystal systems OR Crystals and their classifications:
A crystal system can be identified by the dimensions of its unit cell along its three axis a,b,c and
three angles α, β and ϒ .The seven crystal systems are described below:
1 Cubic System:
In cubic system, the entire three axis are of equal lengths and all
angles are of 90°
a=b=c and α = β = ϒ = 90°
Examples: NaCl, Diamond, Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu),CsCl, Gold
2 Tetragonal System:
In Tetragonal system, two axis are of equal lengths and the third one is
different. It may be shorter or longer than the other two. All angles are of 90°
a=b≠c and α = β = ϒ = 90°
Examples: SnO2 , MnO2, White tin(Sn),NH4Br
3 Orthorhombic System:
In Orthorhombic system, all the lengths are unequal lengths and all the angles are of
90°
a≠b≠c and α = β = ϒ = 90°
Examples: BaSO4 , CaCO3, FeSO4.7H2O , ZnSO4.7H2O , KNO3, I2,Rhombic Sulphur
4 Trigonal or Rhombohedral System:
All the lengths are equal but none of the angle is 90° .They lie between 90° and 120°
a =b=c and α = β = ϒ ≠˃ 90° and ˂ 120°
Examples: NaNO3 , CaCO3 , HgS, KNO3, Bi ,Al2O3
5 Hexagonal System:
Two axis ( a and b ) lengths are of equal lengths and third (c) is different in
length. Two angles are of 90° but third angle is of 120° .
a =b≠c and α = β =90° , ϒ =120°
Examples: ZnO , CdS, graphite.
 6 Monoclinic System:
All the lengths are unequal. Two angles of 90° and the third one is greater than 90°
a ≠b≠c and α = β = 90° and ϒ= ˃ 90°
Examples: Na2CO3.10H2O ,Na2B 4O7. 10H2O
7 Triclinic System:
All the lengths are unequal and all the angles are unequal
a ≠b≠c and α ≠ β≠ϒ≠90°
Examples: CuSO4.5H2O , K2Cr2O7. H3BO3

Q.24. Define coordination number. What is the coordination number of each atom in face
centered cubic structure, body centered cubic structure and hexagonal close packing
structure?
The number of atoms, ions or molecules around a central atom in a crystalline solid is called
coordination number. The coordination number of an atom is obtained by counting the
number of atoms attached to it. The coordination number of atoms in various types of
structure are:
i. The coordination number of each atom in a face centered cubic structure is 12.
ii. The coordination number of each atom in a body centered cubic structure is 12.
iii. The coordination number of each atom in a face Hexagonal close packing is 12.
Q.24. What do you know about close packing of metal? Discuss three major types of crystal
structures.
Strucutre of Metals:
A pure metal is a crystalline solid in which metal atoms are closely packed in a crystal lattice
(metallic lattice).A metal may be regarded as an assembly of positive ions usually considered as
spheres, which are packed together to fill space as completely as possiblTo understand the
close packing of atoms in metal structure, let us consider the structure of balls. If a number of
solid spheres (or metallic balls) are packed in a box as shown in Fig.(a),when the box is well
shaken, the balls will rearrange as shown in Fig.(b) is more stable and more closely packed than
(a)
 Figure (a) Figure (b)
Metals have three major types of crystal structures:
(1). Face centered cubic structure.
(2). Body centered cubic structure.
(3).Hexagonal close packing structure.
FACE CENTERED CUBIC (FCC) STRUCTURE.
There are eight atoms at each corner of the unit cell. Each atom is share by eight unit cell.
Hence each atom contributes one eighth to the unit cell .There are six atoms in the center of
each face and each atom is shared by two unit cells. So each atom contributes to one half to
the unit cell. The total number of atoms per unit cell is ( 1/8 х 8 + 1/2 х 6 = 1+3 = 4) four.

Figure. Face centered cubic structure.

Each atom in the crystal is bonded with twelve neighbors and the coordination number is
12.In this case 74% of the available volume is occupied by the spheres. Examples are Ag, Ca, Au,
Co and Ni.
BODY CENTERED CUBIC (BCC) STRUCTURE.
In body centered-cubic structure, there is one eighth of an atom at each corner of the unit cell
and only one atom at the center of unit cell. The total number of atoms per unit cell is :

(1/8 х 8 + 1 х 1 = 1 + 1 = 2) two.
 Figure. Body centered cubic structure.

The coordination number is 8.In this case only 68% of the available volume is occupied by the
spheres. Examples are Li, Na, and K.
HEXAGONAL CLOSE PACKING (HCP) STRUCTURE.
Let us consider, the atoms of metal are arranged in the form of layers. In HCP, the top and
middle layers have seven atoms where six atoms arrange themselves in the shape of a hexagon
and a seventh atom sit in the middle of the hexagon. The atoms of the top layer (third layer)
are exactly above the bottom layer(first layer).The middle layer has three spherical atoms. The
spherical atoms of the fourth layer are exactly above the middle (second) layer and so on.

Figure. Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP) structure

The packing efficiency is 74%.Every atom is bonded with twelve neighbors and the coordination
number is 12.For example, Ba,Ca,Mg and Zn are crystallizes in HCP