ASSERSION – REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Note : In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason

is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
(iii) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(iv) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

Q121. Assertion : The total number of atoms present in a simple cubic unit cell is one.
Reason : Simple cubic unit cell has atoms at its corners, each of which is shared between eight
adjacent unit cells.

Q122. Assertion : Graphite is a good conductor of electricity however diamond belongs to the
category of insulators.
Reason : Graphite is soft in nature on the other hand diamond is very hard and brittle.

Q123. Assertion : Total number of octahedral voids present in unit cell of cubic close packing
including the one that is present at the body centre, is four.
Reason : Besides the body centre there is one octahedral void present at the centre of each of the
six faces of the unit cell and each of which is shared between two adjacent unit cells.

Q124. Assertion : The packing efficiency is maximum for the fcc structure.
Reason : The cordination number is 12 in fcc structures.

Q125. Assertion : Semiconductors are solids with conductivities in the intermediate range from
10–6 – 104 ohm–1m–1.
Reason : Intermediate conductivity in semiconductor is due to partially filled valence band.

E. CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Q126. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
In hexagonal system of crystals, a frequently encountered arrangement of atoms is described as a
hexagonal prism. Here, the top and bottom of the cell are regular hexagon and three atoms are
sandwiched in between them. A space-filling model of this structure, called hexagonal close
packed (hep), is constituted of a sphere on a flat surface surrounded in the same plane by six
identical spheres as closely as possible. Three spheres are then placed over the first layer so that
they touch each other and represent the second layer. Each one of these three spheres touches
three spheres of the bottom layer. Finally, the second layer is covered with a third layer that is
identical to the bottom layer in relative position.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(I) The number of atoms in this hep unit cell is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 17

(ii) The volume of this hcp unit cell is

 (a) 242√r3 (a) 24  (b) 162√r3 (b) 16  (c) 122√r3 (c) 12  (d) 6433√r3 (d) 643

2r3 2r3 2r3 3r3
 

(iii) The empty space in this hep unit cell is

(a) 74% (b) 47.6% (c) 32% (d) 26%

(a) in one unit cell there are 12 octahedral voids and all are completely inside the unit cell
(b) in one unit cell there are six octahedral voids and all are completely inside the unit cell
(c) in one unit cell there are six octahedral voids out of which three are completely inside
the unit cell and other three are from contributions of octahedral voids which are partially
inside the unit cell
(d) in one unit cell there are 12 tetrahedral voids, all are completely inside the unit cell.
(iv) In hexagonal close packing of spheres in three-dimensions

Q127. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Electron microscopic study of crystal defects enables us not only to reveal various structural
imperfections, but also to discover their formation, mechanisms and to understand their effects
on the properties of solid materials. There are commonly two types of imperfections: electronic
imperfections and atomic imperfections or point defects.

Electronic imperfections correspond to defects in ionic crystal due to the electrons. Atomic
imperfections or point defects correspond to the irregularity of atoms around a point or an atom.
The point defects in ionic crystals may be classified as : defects in stoichiometric crystals,
defects in non-stoichiometric crystals and impurity defects.

In stoichiometric crystals, generally two types of defects are observed: Schottky defect and
Frankel defect. Schottky defect arises when some of the atoms or ions are missing from their
normal lattice sites. Due to the schottky defect, density of ionic crystals decreases markedly. For
example NaCI, KCI, CsCI, AgBr ionic solids have schottky defects. It has been observed that in
NaCl, there are about 106 Schottky pairs per cm3 at room temperature. Frankel defect arises when
an ion is missing from its normal position and occupies an interstitial site between the lattice
points. It does not affect the density of the crystals.

In non-stoichiometric crystals, two types of defects are there; metal excess defects and metal
deficient defects. In metal excess defect, the positive ions are in excess whereas in metal
deficient defects, number of positive ions are less than the negative ions. Impurity defects arise
due to presence of some impurity ions at the lattice sites.
In these questions (i - iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

(i) Assertion: In any ionic solid [MX] with Schottky defects, the number of positive and
negative ions are same.
Reason: Equal number of cation and anion vacancies are present.

(ii) Assertion: Due to Frenkel defect there is no effect on the density of the crystalline solid.
Reason: In Frenkel defect, no cation or anion leaves the crystal.

(iii) Assertion: No compound has both Schottky and Frenkel defects.

Reason: Schottky defects change the density of the solid.

(iv) Assertion: NaCI and KCI show metal excess defect.

Reason: Zinc oxide is white in colour at room temperature and on heating it loses oxygen and
turns yellow due to metal excess defect.

Q128. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
In an assembly of atoms or molecules, a solid phase is formed whenever the interatomic
attractive forces significantly exceed the disruptive thermal forces and thus restrict the mobility
of atoms, forcing them into more or less fixed positions. From energy considerations, it is
evident that in such solids the atoms or molecules will always attempt to assume highly ordered
structures which are characterised by symmetry. Depending on the nature of the active
interatomic forces, all solids may be subdivided into the following categories:
Ionic solids: These solids consist of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in a regular
fashion throughout the solid. These solids are veryhard and brittle, have very high melting points
and have high enthalpies of vaporisation, e.g., NaCl, MgO, KCl, LiCl etc.
Covalent solids: In these solids, the constituent particles are atoms which are linked together by
a continuous system of covalent bonds. These bonds are strong and directional in nature. The
covalent crystals are hard, have high melting points, are poor conductors of electricity. Diamond
is a typical example of covalent solids.
Metallic solids : In these solids, the constituent particles are positive ions immersed in a sea of
mobile electrons. Metallic solids may be hard as well as soft. They are good conductors of heat
and electricity e.g., common metals such as nickel, copper and alloys.
Molecular solids : In these the constituent particles are molecules. The molecules are held
together by dispersion forces or London forces, dipole-dipole forces or hydrogen bonds.

In these questions (Q. No. i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

(i) Assertion: Molecular solids are characterized by low melting point.

Reason: Molecular solids are made up of covalent molecules.

(ii) Assertion: Ionic solids are characterized by high melting and boiling point.
Reason: Ionic solids have coulombic forces of attraction between their ions.

(iii) Assertion: Covalent solids are insulators of electricity.

Reason: Covalent solids are constituted by ions.

(iv) Assertion: Diamond and graphite do not have the same covalent structure.
Reason: Silicon carbide is typical example of network solid.

Q130. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Most important crystal lattices are the simple cubic, body centred cubic and face centred cubic.
In simple cubic lattice, all the atoms are present at all the corners of the cube. In body-centred
cubic lattice, atoms are present at all the corners and at the body-centre. In face-centred cubic
lattice, atoms are present at the corners and at the centers of all' six faces.
In the formation of crystals, the constituent particles get closely packed together. The closely
packed arrangement is that in which maximum available space is occupied leaving minimum
vacant space. The most efficient close packing, can be achieved in two ways, one which is called
hexagonal close packing (hcp) and the other, cubic close packing (ccp or fcc).

In these questions (i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

(i) Assertion: Face centred cubic cell has 4 atoms per unit cell.
Reason: In fcc unit cell, there are 8 atoms at the corners and 6 atoms at face centers.

(ii) Assertion: fee and hep have same packing efficiency.

Reason: bee and fee both have same number of atoms per unit cell and same arrangement.

(iii) Assertion: The total number of atoms present in a simple cubic unit cell is one.
Reason: Simple cubic unit cell has atoms at its corners, each of which is shared between eight
adjacent unit cells.

(iv) Assertion: The packing efficiency is maximum for the fcc structure.
Reason: The coordination number is 12 in fcc structures.

. CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Q187. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The concentration of a solute is very important in studying chemical reactions because it
determines how often molecules collide in solution and thus indirectly determine the rate of
reactions and the conditions at equilibrium.
There are several ways to express the amount of solute present in a solution. The concentration
of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of
solvent or solution. Concentration can be expressed in terms of molarity, molality, parts per
million, mass percentage, volume percentage, etc.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(i) The molarity (in mol L-1) of the given solution will be
(a) 1.56 (b) 1.89 (c) 0.263 (d) 1.44
(ii) Which of the following is correct relationship between mole fraction and molality?
 (a) x2=mM11+mM1 (a) x2=  (b) x2=mM11−mM1 (b) x2=
mM11+mM1 mM11−mM1
 (c) x2=1+mM1mM1 (c) x2=1  (d) x2=1−mM1mM1 (d) x2=1
+mM1mM1 −mM1mM1
(iii) Which of the following is temperature dependent?
(a) Molarity (b) Molality
(c) Mole fraction (d) Mass percentage
(iv) Which of the following is true for an aqueous solution of the solute in terms
of concentration?
(a) 1 M = 1 m (b) 1M > 1m
(c) 1M < 1 m (d) Cannot be predicted
Q188. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
At 298 K, the vapour pressure of pure benzene, C6H6 is 0.256 bar and the vapour pressure of pure
toluene C6H5CH3 is 0.0925 bar. Two mixtures were prepared as follows:
(i) 7.8 g of C6H6 + 9.2 g of toluene
(ii) 3.9 g of C6H6 + 13.8 g of toluene
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(i) The total vapour pressure (bar) of solution 1 is
(a) 0.128 (b) 0.174 (c) 0.198 (d) 0.258
(ii) Which of the given solutions have higher vapour pressure?
(a) I (b) II
(c) Both have equal vapour (d) Cannot be
pressure predicted
(iii) Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase in solution 1 is
(a) 0.128 (b) 0.174 (c) 0.734 (d) 0.266
(iv) Solution I is an example of a/an
(a) ideal solution (b) non-ideal solution with positive deviation
(c) non-ideal solution with negative deviation (d) can't be predicted

Q189. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
An ideal solution may be defined as the solution which obeys Raoult's law exactly over the entire
range of concentration. The solutions for which vapour pressure is either higher or lower than
that predicted by Raoult's law are called non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions can show either
positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law depending on whether the A-B interactions in
solution are stronger or weaker than A - A and B - B interactions.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(i) Which of the following solutions is/are ideal solution(s)?
(i) Bromoethane and iodoethane (ii) Acetone and chloroform
(iii) Benzene and acetone (iv)n-heptane and n-hexane
(a) only 1 (b) I and II (c) II and III (d) I and IV
(ii) Which of the following is not true for positive deviations?
(a) The A-B interactions in solution are weaker than the A -A and B -B interactions.
(b) PA<P∘AxA and PB<P∘BxBPA<PA∘xA and PB<PB∘xB
(c) Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform mixture is an example of positive deviations.
(d) All of these
(iii) For water and nitric acid mixture which of the given graph is correct?
 (C) Both of these (d) None of these
(iv) Water- HCl mixture
I. shows positive deviations  II. forms minimum boiling azeotrope
III. shows negative deviations  IV. forms maximum boiling azeotrope
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and IV (d) III and IV

Q190. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles but not on
the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering in vapour pressure is
also an example of colligative properties. For an experiment, sugar solution is prepared for which
lowering in vapour pressure was found to be 0.061 mm of Hg. (Vapour pressure of water at 20°C
is 17.5 mm of Hg.)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is
(a) 0.00348 (b) 0.061 (c) 0.122 (d) 1.75
(ii) The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of solution will be
(a) 17.5 (b) 0.61 (c) 17.439 (d) 0.00348
(iii) Mole fraction of sugar in the solution is
(a) 0.00348 (b) 0.9965 (c) 0.061 (d) 1.75
(iv) The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450
g of water is
(a) 17.2 (b) 17.4 (c) 17.120 (d) 17.02

Q191. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Few colligative properties are:
(a) relative lowering of vapour pressure: depends only on molar concentration of solute (mole
fraction) and independent of its nature.
(b) depression in freezing point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solution.
(c) elevation of boiling point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solute.
(d) osmotic pressure: it is proportional to the molar concentration of solute.
A solution of glucose is prepared with 0.052 g at glucose in 80.2 g of water. (Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-
1
 and Kb = 5.2 K kg mol-1)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
(i) Molality of the given solution is
(a) 0.0052 m (b) 0.0036 m (c) 0.0006 m (d) 1.29 m
(ii) Boiling point for the solution will be
(a) 373.05 K (b) 373.15 K (c) 373.02 K (d) 372.98 K
(iii) The depression in freezing point of solution will be
(a) 0.0187 K (b) 0.035 K (c) 0.082 K (d) 0.067 K
(iv) Mole fraction of glucose in the given solution is
(a) 6.28 x 10-5 (b) 1.23 x 10-4 (c) 0.00625 (b) 0.00028