DC Motors Edrolo Study Notes Annotated

HSC PHYSICS – MODULE 6: ELECTROMAGNETISM
APPLICATIONS OF THE MOTOR

EFFECT
Presented by Ken Silburn
© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 1

HSC PHYSICS – MODULE 6: ELECTROMAGNETISM – APPLICATIONS OF THE MOTOR EFFECT
DC MOTORS
Presented by Ken Silburn
Inquiry question: How has knowledge about the Motor Effect been applied to technological
advances?
Syllabus dot point:

• investigate the operation of a simple DC motor to analyse:
– the functions of its components
– production of a torque ! = "#$⊥& = "#$&sin'
– effects of back emf (ACSPH108)

What’s in this lesson?
Direct current (DC) electric motors
Calculating torque
Effect of back EMF on DC motors

DC motor (n.) Components of the DC motor
Any class of rotary A simple DC electric motor has six parts:
electrical machines • Rotor or armature
that converts direct • Commutator
current electrical • Brushes
energy into
• Axle
mechanical energy.
• Field producing magnet (stator)
DC stands for • DC power supply
direct current.

Simple DC motor
Constructing a simple DC Motor
explained How does this compare to a real electric motor?
www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=DsZCW34 On the diagram identify the following
LktU • Rotor
• Split – ring commutator
• Brushes
• Axle
• External magnet
• Armature

Multiple choice activity
An electrical motor is set up as shown.
When current is supplied the coil does not turn.
Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning?
A. The magnetic field must be increased.
B. The direction of the current must be reversed.
C. The magnitude of the current must be increased.
D. The starting position of the coil must be changed.
E. I don’t know.
© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 (2007 BOSTES Exam Section I Q6) 6
Multiple choice – Response
An electrical motor is set up as shown.
When current is supplied the coil does not turn.
Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning?
A. The magnetic field must be increased.
B. The direction of the current must be reversed.
C. The magnitude of the current must be increased.
D. The starting position of the coil must be changed.
E. I don’t know.
A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field !, so that the plane of the coil is parallel to the
field, as shown in the diagrams. The coil can move freely.
An electric current " flows around the coil in the direction shown.
In which direction does the coil begin to move as a consequence of the interaction between the external
magnetic field and the current?
A. B.
C. D.
E. I don’t know. © Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 (2002 BOSTES Exam Section I Q8) 8
A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field !, so that the plane of the coil is parallel to the
field, as shown in the diagrams. The coil can move freely.
An electric current " flows around the coil in the direction shown.
In which direction does the coil begin to move as a consequence of the interaction between the external
magnetic field and the current?
A. B.
C. D.
How the DC motor operates
The commutator provides points of contact between the rotor coils and the external electric
current. It reverses the current every half revolution of the motor and ensures that the torque on
each coil is always in the same direction

How the DC motor operates
The DC motor is turned through the production of torque. Torque is produced when the electric
current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, causing the magnetic force to produce it.
Diagram 1 Diagram 3
Diagram 2 Diagram 4
Source: © Lookang / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0

Understanding torque

The diagram shows a DC motor with a constant current flowing to the rotor.
Which pair of graphs best describes the behaviour of the force ! on wire "#, and the torque $ on the rotor
as functions of time %?
A. B.
C. D.
E. I don’t know.
The diagram shows a DC motor with a constant current flowing to the rotor.
Which pair of graphs best describes the behaviour of the force ! on wire "#, and the torque $ on the rotor
as functions of time %?
A. B.
C. D.
E. I don’t know.
Stator (n.) Changing the speed of a DC motor
Stationary outside The speed of the DC motor can be increased by increasing the torque acting the sides of the rotor:
part of a motor.
Electricity and magnetism
! = #$%&' = #$%' sin+
You can increase the force acting on the sides by:

• increasing the current.
• increasing the number of coils.
• increasing the magnetic field produced by the stator.
• including a soft iron core in the centre of the loop.
• increasing the width of the coil.

Calculating torque
Torque is defined as the turning moment of a force, that is:
! = #$% = #% &'()
Where ! is the torque, and # is the perpendicular distance from the axis to
the line of action of the force.
% is the component of the applied force perpendicular to the axis of

rotation.
Note the direction of the force is often described as acting in a clockwise or

anti clockwise direction about the axis of rotation.
! = (*+$, = (*+, &'()

Worked example
A rectangular coil, 5 cm x 3 cm, of 1000 turns is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 0.8 T.
A current of 0.5 A flows in the coil.

Electricity and magnetism
! = #$%&' = #$%' sin+
! = ,&- = ,- sin+
a. What is the relationship between the coil and the field when the torque is a maximum?
b. What is the maximum torque?

An electric DC motor consists of 500 turns of wire formed into a rectangular coil of dimensions
0.2 m x 0.1 m. The coil is in a magnetic field of 1.0 x 10-3T. A current of 4.0 A flows through the
coil.
What is the magnitude of the maximum torque, and the orientation of the plane of the coil relative
to the magnetic field when this occurs?
A. 0.04 N m, parallel to the field
B. 0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field
C. 0.4 N m, parallel to the field
D. 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field
E. I don’t know.
An electric DC motor consists of 500 turns of wire formed into a rectangular coil of dimensions
0.2 m x 0.1 m. The coil is in a magnetic field of 1.0 x 10-3T. A current of 4.0 A flows through the
coil.
What is the magnitude of the maximum torque, and the orientation of the plane of the coil relative
to the magnetic field when this occurs?
A. 0.04 N m, parallel to the field
B. 0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field
C. 0.4 N m, parallel to the field
D. 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field
E. I don’t know.
Electromagnetic The difference in emf and back emf
force is also known Electromagnetic force, also known as emf, is the voltage created by any source of electrical
as emf. energy, i.e. a battery in your laptop or phone. It is identified as the electrical potential for a source
in a circuit.
Recall Lenz’s law!
Back emf is electromotive force/voltage that opposes the change in current which induced it.
What does this mean?

Any induced emf will give rise to a current which, in turn, creates a magnetic field that opposes
the original change in flux. This demonstrates the Principle of Conservation of Energy.
How does back emf work?

A motor has coils turning inside magnetic fields which induces an emf. As we know, this is called
the back emf which acts against the applied voltage that is causing the motor to spin, and reduces
the current flowing through the coils of the motor.
According to Lenz’s law, the law opposes the supply emf. This limits the current flowing in the
motor which results in limiting the speed of the motor. Initially when a motor starts up, the back
emf will be small and so the supply current in the coil will be large. A starting resistance is often
used to limit the current at start up and hence stop the burning out the coil of the motor.

While drilling into a tough material, the DC motor in an electric drill is slowed significantly. This
causes its coils to overheat.
Why do the coils overheat?
A. The resistance of the coils increases significantly
B. The increased friction on the drill is converted to heat
C. The back emf decreases and so the current in the coils increases
D. The induced eddy currents increase and so more heat is produced
E. I don’t know.
While drilling into a tough material, the DC motor in an electric drill is slowed significantly. This
causes its coils to overheat.
Why do the coils overheat?
A. The resistance of the coils increases significantly
B. The increased friction on the drill is converted to heat
C. The back emf decreases and so the current in the coils increases
D. The induced eddy currents increase and so more heat is produced
E. I don’t know.
Why is the back emf induced in a motor greater when the motor is rotating faster?
A. A larger current is induced
B. It takes a greater emf to spin the motor
C. The rate of change of magnetic flux is greater
D. More magnetic field lines are being cut per rotation
E. I don’t know.
Why is the back emf induced in a motor greater when the motor is rotating faster?
A. A larger current is induced
B. It takes a greater emf to spin the motor
C. The rate of change of magnetic flux is greater
D. More magnetic field lines are being cut per rotation
E. I don’t know.
An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is allowed to run
at different speeds by adjusting a brake.
Which graph best shows how the current through the motor varies with speed?
A. B.
C. D.
An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is allowed to run
at different speeds by adjusting a brake.
Which graph best shows how the current through the motor varies with speed?
A. B.
C. D.
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We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however

there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us!

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HSC PHYSICS – MODULE 6: ELECTROMAGNETISM

APPLICATIONS OF THE MOTOR

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 1

Syllabus dot point:

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 2

Effect of back EMF on DC motors

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 3

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 4

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 5

When current is supplied the coil does not turn.

Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning?

A. The magnetic field must be increased.

B. The direction of the current must be reversed.

C. The magnitude of the current must be increased.

D. The starting position of the coil must be changed.

When current is supplied the coil does not turn.

Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning?

A. The magnetic field must be increased.

B. The direction of the current must be reversed.

C. The magnitude of the current must be increased.

D. The starting position of the coil must be changed.

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 10

Source: © Lookang / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 12

You can increase the force acting on the sides by:

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 15

% is the component of the applied force perpendicular to the axis of

Note the direction of the force is often described as acting in a clockwise or

! = (*+$, = (*+, &'()

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 16

A current of 0.5 A flows in the coil.

b. What is the maximum torque?

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 17

A. 0.04 N m, parallel to the field

B. 0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field

C. 0.4 N m, parallel to the field

D. 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field

A. 0.04 N m, parallel to the field

B. 0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field

C. 0.4 N m, parallel to the field

D. 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field

What does this mean?

How does back emf work?

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 20

Why do the coils overheat?

A. The resistance of the coils increases significantly

B. The increased friction on the drill is converted to heat

D. The induced eddy currents increase and so more heat is produced

Why do the coils overheat?

A. The resistance of the coils increases significantly

B. The increased friction on the drill is converted to heat

D. The induced eddy currents increase and so more heat is produced

A. A larger current is induced

B. It takes a greater emf to spin the motor

C. The rate of change of magnetic flux is greater

D. More magnetic field lines are being cut per rotation

A. A larger current is induced

B. It takes a greater emf to spin the motor

C. The rate of change of magnetic flux is greater

D. More magnetic field lines are being cut per rotation

We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however

© Ken Silburn & Edrolo 2019 27

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! = (+$, = (+, &'()