Emissions Inventory for Cities:

Building and Strengthening Eco-Cities

through Improved Air Quality Management
Engr. Sheila Flor Dominguez-Javier
National Center for Transportation Studies
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City

Clean Air Asia

Outline
•Introduction
•Air Quality Management?
•Emissions Inventory (EI)?
•Clean Air for Smaller Cities
•Strategies, Challenges and Opportunities in EI
 Pollution is a reality in
Hangzhou City, China

Source: http://www.morehangzhou.com/cover-story/clearing-the-air:-the-skinny-on-air-pollution-in-hangzhou.html
Are we ready for this?

Source: http://www.morehangzhou.com/cover-story/clearing-the-air:-the-skinny-on-air-pollution-in-hangzhou.html
More than one-half of the population of the
world are living in cities (54.5 % as of 2016)
World's cities only cover approximately
2-3 percent of global land cover.
Cities Contribution to GHG Emissions
Cities have to realize their potential to identify
and measure where their emissions come from --
YOU CAN’T CUT WHAT YOU DON’T COUNT.
What is Air Quality Management?

AQM - all activities that are aimed at

creating and maintaining clean air to protect
human health and provide protection for
ecosystems.
Source: https://www.epa.gov/air-quality-management-process/air-quality-management-process-cycle
 Source: NAQSR 2012-2013

The development of a complete emission inventory is

an important step in an air quality management process
What is Emissions Inventory (EI)?
• Emissions Inventory (EI) is a comprehensive listing of
pollutants from all sources in a geographical area
during a period of time.

• EI can be given for a single year, but inventories for

more years (time-series) are needed for most
applications
What is Emissions Inventory (EI)?

•Emissions inventories should, therefore, be

annually compiled and updated

•To conduct an EI: activity data and emission

factors are required
Primary Uses of EI
•Development of strategies and regulations
•Evaluation of emission trends
•Use in air quality models
•Review of impact of new sources of pollution
•Assuring compliance with regulatory / legal
decisions and actions
•Revising current air quality regulations and
strategies
 Considered Pollutants (1/2)

Pollutants to be
inventoried:
• Primary
• Precursor Air Pollutants
Considered Pollutants (2/2)
•CO – Carbon Monoxide
•NOx - nitrogen oxides
•SO2 – sulfur dioxide
•Pb - lead
•PM (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5)
•O3 - ozone
•VOCs – volatile organic compounds
General planning and management
considerations (1/6)
•It is good practice to ensure the overall
process is managed by an appointed
‘Coordinator and/or Inventory Manager’,
who can be an individual or a committee.
General planning and management
considerations (2/6)
Responsibility of inventory manager:
- establish and lead an emissions inventory team
- work planning & timeline
- management of resources
- data acquisition, supervision of collection
- internal and external communication
- reporting
- administrative issues
General planning and management
considerations (3/6)

Inventory Manager

Request
Data data
Providers: Inventory Compiler
e.g.
•DIW Clean
•PCD Raw
Raw Compilation
Air
•Factories data
data
estimate Emissions Report
Emissions
•Municipality emissions Action
•Transport Plan
Dep.
Deliver
•….
data
General planning and management
considerations (4/6)

• The ‘Inventory Compiler’ decides which data have

to be collected and how they are processed to
obtain emissions of each source.

Note: inventory manager and inventory compiler

have different functions that may or may not be
performed by the same institute or individual.
General planning and management
considerations (5/6)

Step 1:
• Name an Inventory Manager and Inventory
Compiler
• Establish a project team
• Identify competent officers from national
offices and scientists from universities and
agree on cooperation
EI Development Approaches (1/4)
• “Top-down” approach: typically used when local
data are not available, the cost to gather local
information is prohibitive. Regional or national
estimates use extrapolated data on population,
land use, fuel used etc.

• “Bottom-up” approach: when source specific

activity or emission data are available. This method
produce more accurate estimates than a top-down
approach.
EI Development Approaches (2/4)
Emission Factor is an estimate of the rate at
which a pollutant is released to the
atmosphere per unit of the activity level from
an emission source.
Usually expressed as a weight of the
pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume,
distance, or duration of activity emitting the
pollutant (e.g. kg particles per kg fuel
burned)
EI Development Approaches (3/4)
Activity data or activity rate consists of
information on the consumption of
specific quantities of fossil fuel, biomass
density, solid waste production, etc.
(e.g. amount of fuel burned, amount of
raw materials processed, or the number
of product units produced)
EI Development Approaches (4/4)
The emission can be estimated by a simple formula:

E = EF x AD x (100-CE)/100
Where E: Emission Load
EF: Emission Factor
AD: Activity Data
CE: Control Efficiency
Clean Air for Smaller Cities
Clean Air for Smaller Cities
Project Objective
To develop clean air plans for smaller cities and support implementation
Indicators:
1. At least 11 smaller and medium sized cities (0.2-1.5M inhabitants)
have developed CAPs
2. In at least 7 cities, CAPs are under implementation
3. At least 3 cities that were not beneficiary cities of the project
implement clean air measures
4. Two national environmental agencies developed a concept to
strengthen the legal basis to improve air quality
5. Four regional institutions have included one or more training
modules of “Train –for-Clean-Air” in their training programme and
market it professionally
6. The project results are anchored in the ASEAN region through a
regional NGO
Clean Air for Smaller Cities
Cambodia Myanmar
• City of Phnom Penh
Thailand
Indonesia • City of Chiang Mai
• City of Palembang • City of Korat
• City of Solo
Philippines
Lao PDR • City of Iloilo
• Vientiane Capital City • City of Cagayan de Oro

Malaysia Vietnam
• City of Melaka • City of Bac Ninh
• City of Can Tho
Train for Clean Air (T4CA) Training Courses
Top 6 Priority Courses Target Population Duration
T4CA1 General AQ management for Mayor, Chief 0.5 – 1 day
decision makers of smaller Administrative
cities Officer
T4CA2 Air Quality Management for Technical Officer 3 days
smaller cities
T4CA3 Emission Inventory for 4 days
Smaller Cities
T4CA4 General AQM for NGOs in Influencers (e.g. 2 days
smaller cities NGOs, Media, Civil
T4CA5 Effective Communication for Society) 2 days
NGOs on Air Quality
Management
T4CA6 Developing Strategies to Technical Officer 3 days
Curb Emissions based on
Fleet Profiles of Motorized
2&3-Wheelers in Smaller
Cities
Emission Inventory for Smaller Cities

Goal:
• To develop, continuously refine and regularly
update emission inventory

Target Population:
• City technical officers (environment, transport,
health, urban planning, industry, energy,
agriculture, forestry, waste management,
sanitation)
 Example EI (Mobile Source) in
Cagayan de Oro City
Methodology:
1. Traffic Survey: volume count, vehicle
classification and spot speed
2. Vehicle types: Public and Private
3. Survey Time: Peak and Non-Peak Time
4. Survey Sites:
28 Roads
3 in-facility (residential,
airport, industrial sites)
1 construction firm
Source: http://cleanairasia.org/
Example EI in Cagayan de Oro City
Challenges in EI Data Gathering
•Data Collection and Processing
•Consolidation of Interim Reports
•Continuing collaboration with LGUs
Lesson Learned
•Quality Feedback
•Information Transparency
•Strong Cooperation
•Continuing Capacity Building
The Case of Iloilo City
•Emission Inventory provided
important insights that became the
central basis of the city’s
Clean Air Plan

http://cleanairasia.org/ccap/wp-content/themes/CCAP-
2015/pdf/05%20Norlito%20Bautista_Emissions%20Inventories%20rev3.pdf
Benefits of the Emission Inventory
•Emission Inventory helped the City develop
its first ever Clean Air Plan
•Basis to determine strategic initiatives :
a) Social Marketing Information and Education
Campaign
b) Roadside Air Quality Monitoring
c) Number Scheme for Jeepneys and Private Cars
d) Pilot Mass Transit in Select Areas of the City
e) Anti-smoke Belching Program
f) Massive SMIEC (Awareness) in all the barangays
g) On-shore Power Sourcing
http://cleanairasia.org/ccap/wp-content/themes/CCAP-
2015/pdf/05%20Norlito%20Bautista_Emissions%20Inventories%20rev3.pdf
After the Emission Inventory
The Emission Inventory inspired stakeholders to
initiate related studies :
a) Rapid Assessment on the Impacts of Air Pollution
on Traffic Policemen - confirmed health impacts of
roadside air pollution
b) Baseline Pulmonary Profile of the City’s Traffic
Enforcer - baseline data for validation in 2015 to
study impacts of roadside air pollution on city’s
traffic aide
c) Jeepney Study - a comparative study on
performance of old diesel engine (Isuzu &
Mitsubishi - Circa 1960s, 1970s) and latest diesel
(Euro IV)
http://cleanairasia.org/ccap/wp-content/themes/CCAP-
2015/pdf/05%20Norlito%20Bautista_Emissions%20Inventories%20rev3.pdf
After the Emission Inventory
• Emission Inventory and the Clean Air Plan provided the
basis for drafting two city regulation ordinances:
a.) ordinance regulating volume of public utility jeepneys within
the city
b) anti-smoke belching ordinance
• Emission Inventory and Clean Air Plan :
a) brought together 3 universities who are now considering to
establish a Clean Air Institute
b) helped in securing funds for the Social Marketing
Information and Education Program
c) helped in securing smoke testing machine for city’s anti-
smoke belching program

http://cleanairasia.org/ccap/wp-content/themes/CCAP-
2015/pdf/05%20Norlito%20Bautista_Emissions%20Inventories%20rev3.pdf
Success Factors of Emission
Inventory in Philippine Cities
•Effective dissemination activities
•Strong leadership of the environment
management offices of the cities
•Support of the mayor and the local
government
•Good relationship with regional EMB and
linkages with the airshed.
Challenge….
“The battle against
climate change is in the
cities. Cities can be the
PROBLEM or cities can be
the SOLUTION. But what
we need to know is what’s
going on in the cities.
What you measure, you
treasure… “
What do you want to be? Problem
or Solution?

Thank you very much…