CHAPTER 3: Becoming Content – refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior and

other information that are passed on by

a Member of Society
SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION
John Locke – A British enlightenment
philosopher who said that the human mind at
birth is nothing but a blank slate or tabula rasa.
Tabula Rasa – The human mind acquires
information about the outside world through
the senses.
Socialization – Refers to lifelong process of
social interaction. It is also considered as the
central process of social life.
Political Socialization – enables the
development of citizens to function effectively
within particular political system
Internalization – the process of accepting
norms, attitudes, roles and values transmitted
by people within society as one’s own.
Functionalist View – this means that the
members of society have not yet fully acquired
and learned what is expected from them.
Interpretivist view
– recognized socialization as an interactive
process between individuals and other
members of society.
– it gives importance to the independence of
the individuals
Synthesized View – proposed by William
Wentworth, considers how factors such as free
will, human autonomy, and social structures
and processes influence socialization.
members of society to the individual.
Process – the method of interaction that enable
the content to be given to the person
undergoing socialization.
Results – the outcome of socialization
Self-identity
– a significant result of socialization
– refers to the unique sense of identity and
awareness of how it relates to their society and
the world
Enculturation – the process of being socialized
into a specific culture. It helps individual
become functional members of society
Agents of Socialization – also called as
participants. Consists of persons, group, and
institutions that teach people essential
knowledge to participate in society
PROMINENT AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family – the primary agent of socialization of an
individual upon birth
School – has a critical and active role in
socialization
Peer groups – refers to people who share the
same interests or characteristics such as age
and social background
Mass media – a powerful agent of socialization
which is used by many institutions

THREE SIGNIFICANT ASPECT OF SOCIALIZATION:

Social Context – refers to the particular

circumstances of a society and consists of its
culture, language, and the social structures that
define social classes, ethnicity and gender.
VIEWS HOW MASS MEDIA INFLUENCE PEOPLE: 3. Internalization or acceptance
- It is motivated by the desire to be
Pluralist Model – portrays media and
right
ideological marketplace that enhances debate
and electoral choice.

Market Model – suggests that media reflects Deviance

the views of the general public, and that media
– a behavior that elicits a strong negative
presents what they think people want
reaction from group members
Dominant-Ideology Model – traces bias to links
– what may be considered normal behavior in
between media and political and social elite.
one culture may be considered deviant
Elite-values Model – recognizes media bias as a behavior in others
product of the personal views of media
Structural-Functionalist Framework – considers
crime and deviance as the result of structural
tensions and lack of moral regulation within
Religion and State – considered as the ultimate
society
source of authority
Anomie – by Emile Durkheim, refers to a
Religion – exerts a great influence on the views
condition where social control becomes
of the people
ineffective due to loss of shared values
The State – participates in socialization through
Structural strain theory – by Robert Merton,
laws and other regulations that reinforce
the tension and strains between socially-
appropriate behavior
approved goals and an individual’s ability to
Laws – defined by the values and attitudes of meet them will lead to deviance.
the citizens and citizens work together to
Subcultural View – points to the emergence of
enforce laws and other regulations in society.
deviant behavior within certain groups in
society

CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL Symbolic-interactionist view – considers

deviance as a socially constructed phenomenon
Conformity – the process of altering one’s
thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted Labeling Theory – believes that there is actually
behavior within his or her group or society no deviance in society.

Three types of conformity: Conflict perspective

1. Compliance – analyzes deviance in the framework of

- Refers to social pressure but competing interests between social groups
privately disagreeing with it
– considers deviance as a reflection of society’s
- Often motivated by the desire to
inequalities
gain reward or avoid punishment
2. Identification Control Theory – considers deviance as
- Refers to the individual adopting a emerging because of inadequate social controls
certain behavior
Broken Windows Theory – suggests a direct Asian – social harmony and cooperation
relationship between social disorder grounded on the values of loyalty, duty, and
respect for authority.
Social Control – it is define as any systematic
mean and practices used to maintain norms and
laws

Sanctions – are the most common means of

social control

 Formal Sanctions
- Provided by law and other
regulations in society
 Informal Sanctions
- There are no sets of laws or
regulations

Ostracism – an individual is forcibly isolated

from the rest of society for a certain time

Social Stigma – an individual remains within

society but is subject to isolation and rejection

Human Dignity – refers to the idea that a

person has the innate right to be valued

Human Rights – are legal, social, and ethical

principles that consider the human person as
deserving liberties and protections

Universal – belong to all human beings

Fundamental – it cannot be taken away from

human being

Indivisible – various rights are given equal

importance

Absolute – it cannot be qualified and are basic

necessities for living a genuine life.

UDHR – or Universal Declaration of Human

Rights is a major legal instrument that upholds
the recognition of human rights

The 1978 Philippine Constitution – Includes bill

of rights and where rights of Filipino citizens are
enumerated

Western – Primarily put emphasis on

individualism
 CHAPTER 4: How IN-GROUPS AND OUT GROUPS

Self-Categorization Theory – serves as a

Society is Organized
Similarities – could be the initial basis for
individuals to be drawn together and interact
Groups – are the smaller units that compose of
society
Social Group – a collection of individuals who
have relationships with one another
Interdependence – a necessary condition that
exists within a social group
relevant approach in understanding the
characteristics of social groups.
In-Group – a group to which one belongs and
which one feels a sense of identity
Out-Group – a group where ones does not
belong and may feel a sense of competitiveness
Fraternity – exclusive all male organization
Sorority – exclusive all female organization

Aggregates – do not necessarily influence our

social actions as there might be no direct Reference Groups – are the most significant
interaction and interdependence and influential social groups for an individual

Primary Group Network – refers to the structure of

relationships between social actors or groups
– a small, intimate, and less specialized group
Social Network – provides bigger pool from
– characterized by a deep relationship w/e
which people draw their possible sources of
– serves as the first agent of socialization identity.
Ex: Family, close friends, classmates

Secondary Group

– are larger, less intimate, and more specialized

– the level of interaction is not deep/significant

Emile Durkheim – argued that the shift from

the traditional to modern society will impact
how individuals relate to one another.