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1. INTRODUCTION
In 1895, Korteweg and de Vries [1] developed the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation to model weakly
nonlinear waves. It has been used in several different fields to describe many areas of physical sciences.
The KdV-Burgers (KdVB) equation which is derived by Su and Gardner [2] appears in the study of the weak
effects of dispersion, dissipation and nonlinearity in waves propagating in a liquid-filled elastic tube.
The Korteweg-de Vries-Burger (KdVB) equation is the partial differential equation which describe the
relationship and interaction of 𝛼 controls the nonlinearity effect, 𝛽 gives the effect of dissipation and 𝜇 the
dispersion effect is controlled. The non dimensionalized version of the equation is of the form:
(1)
(2)
We have Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) and when 𝜇 = 0 lead to
(3)
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Eq. (3) becomes Burgers equation which determine the motion of a pressure-less fluid subjected to
dissipation.
Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) Eq. (2) is a generic model for the study of weakly nonlinear long
waves, incorporating leading-order nonlinearity and dispersion. For example, it describes surface waves of
long wavelength and small amplitude on shallow water[9] and internal waves in a shallow density-stratified
fluid [10]. The solitary-wave solution of the KdV equation, thus named because it consists of a single humped
wave has a number of special properties [11]. Numerically examined the nonlinear interaction of a large
solitary-wave overtaking a smaller one. It was found that, after interaction, the solitary waves retained their
original shapes the only effect of the collision being a phase shift and [11] discussed the soliton interaction
for the extended Korteweg-deVries equation.
The aim of the study is to employ New Iterative Algorithm and Homotopy Perturbation Algorithm
discussed [12] and [13] respectively to study the Korteweg-deVries-Burgers equation we use to describe
our model appears in a great number of other applications [14]. Thus, we obtain (𝑥, 𝑡) which describes the
elongation of the wave at the place 𝑥 at time 𝑡.
This paper is organized as follows. In section 1 described brief introduction to the Korteweg -
deVries-Burgers equation, section 2 presents descriptions of new iteration method and Homotopy
perturbation method to formulate new iterative algorithm and Homotopy perturbation algorithm. In section
3, the computational experiment was carried on Eq. (1), Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) couple with suitable initial
condition (13) and results are presented and 3D and 2D plots, discussion and conclusion are presented
in section 4 and section 5.
2. RELATED WORKS
2.1 New Iterative Method
New Iterative Method (NIM) as a numerical technique for solving functional equations. Consider
a non-linear functional equation [15];
(𝑥̅) = ƒ(𝑥̅) + 𝑁(𝜑(𝑥̅))
(4)
where 𝑁a nonlinear operator from a Banach is space 𝐵 → 𝐵 and ƒ(𝑥̅) is a known function.
𝑥̅ = (𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, . . ., 𝑥𝑛). We need to obtain the solution (𝑥̅) of Eq. (4) having the series of the form;
(5)
The nonlinear operator which is on the right-hand side of Eq. (5) can be decomposed as follow:
(6)
Substituting equations Eq. (4) and Eq.(5) into the equation Eq. (4) and becomes:
(7)
The recurrence relation is given by
(8)
Then,
(9)
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and
(10)
The 𝑞 −term approximate solution of Eq. (4) is given by;
𝜑 = 𝜑0 + 𝜑1 + ⋯ + 𝜑𝑞−1 (11)
In this section, we consider Eq. (1) couple with initial condition and Eq. (4) to Eq. (11) and formulate five
steps algorithm using MAPLE 18 commands to solve Eq. (1) as follows:
restart:
Step 1:
𝛼 ≔ ℝ;
𝛽 ≔ ℝ;
𝜇 ≔ ℝ;
𝑁 ≔ ℝ;
(𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥);
[0] ≔ (𝑥, 0);
Step 2:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡 𝑜0 𝑑𝑜
[𝑘 + 1] ≔ 𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑢e(i 𝑘𝑡(𝛼 ∗ 𝜑[𝑘] ∗ 𝑑i ƒƒ(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥) + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑑i ƒƒ(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥, 𝑥) + 𝜇 ∗
𝑑iff(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑥), 𝑡 = 0. . 𝑡));
end do
Step 3:
ƒo𝑟 𝑘 ƒ𝑟o𝑚0 𝑡o 𝑁 + 1 𝑑o
[𝑘] ≔ [𝑘];
en𝑑 𝑑o
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝜑 ≔ ([j]), j = 0 … 𝑁 + 1;
𝑆i 𝑚𝑝𝜑 ≔ 𝑠i 𝑚𝑝𝑙 i ƒ(𝑦𝑠𝑢𝑚𝜑);
𝜑 ≔ e𝑣𝑎𝑙 ƒ(𝑠i 𝑚𝑝𝜑);
e𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜 (12)
Step 4:
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0]); e𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.1, 𝑡 = 0.1]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.2, 𝑡 = 0.2]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.3, 𝑡 = 0.3]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.4, 𝑡 = 0.4]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑡 = 0.5]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.6, 𝑡 = 0.6]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.7, 𝑡 = 0.7]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.8, 𝑡 = 0.8]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.8, 𝑡 = 0.8]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.9, 𝑡 = 0.9]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 1.0, 𝑡 = 1.0]);
Step 5:
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𝐿 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 0);
𝑅 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 1);
𝑆 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 2);
𝑇 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 3);
𝑉 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 4); W ≔ e𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝜑, 𝑡 = 5);
𝑃𝑙ot ([𝐿, 𝑅, 𝑆, 𝑇, 𝑉, W]);
In this section, we present the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) as a numerical technique for
solving functional equations. Consider a non-linear differential equation of the form [13]:
(𝜑) − ƒ(𝜎) = 0, 𝜎 C Ω (13)
With boundary conditions:
(14)
Where 𝐴 is a general operator, 𝐵 is a boundary operator, ƒ(𝜎) is a known analytic function, and Γ is
the boundary of the domainΩ. 𝐴 can further be divided into two parts 𝐿 and 𝑁 where 𝐿 is the linear
part of 𝐴 and 𝑁 if the nonlinear part of 𝐴. Eq. (13) can now be expressed as;
(𝜑) + (𝜑) − ƒ(𝜎) = 0, 𝜎CΩ (15)
By constructing the Homotopy (𝜎, 𝑝): Ω × [0,1] → ℝ, which satisfies;
(𝑣, 𝑝) = (1 − 𝑝)[𝐿(𝑣) − 𝐿(𝜑0)] + 𝑝[𝐴(𝑣) − ƒ(𝜎)] = 0, 𝑝C[0,1], 𝜎CΩ (16)
𝜑0 is the initial approximation Eq. (13), the Homotopy parameter is then used to expand;
(17)
Take p = 1, then
(18)
In order to formulate Homotopy perturbation algorithm, we consider Eq. (1) couple with initial condition and
Eq. (13) - Eq. (18) using MAPLE 18 commands as follows:
restart:
Step 1:
𝛼 ≔ ℝ;
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𝛽 ≔ ℝ;
𝜇 ≔ ℝ;
𝑁 ≔ ℝ;
(𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥);
[0] ≔ (𝑥, 0);
Step 2:
for 𝑛 from 0 𝑡𝑜 0 𝑑𝑜
𝑝𝑑e ≔ 𝛼 ∗ [𝑘] ∗ 𝑑i ƒƒ(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥) + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑑i ƒƒ(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥, 𝑥) + 𝜇 ∗ 𝑑i ƒƒ(𝜑[𝑘], 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑥);
[𝑘 + 1] ≔ 𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑢e(𝐼 𝑘𝑡(𝑝𝑑e, [𝑡 = 0. . 𝑡]));
end do
Step 3:
ƒo𝑟 j ƒ𝑟o𝑚0 𝑡o 𝑁 + 1
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝜑 ≔ ([j]), j = 0 … 𝑁 + 1;
𝜑 ≔ e𝑣𝑎𝑙 ƒ(𝑠i 𝑚𝑝𝜑);
e𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜
Step 4:
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0]); e𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.1, 𝑡 = 0.1]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.2, 𝑡 = 0.2]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.3, 𝑡 = 0.3]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.4, 𝑡 = 0.4]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑡 = 0.5]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.6, 𝑡 = 0.6]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.7, 𝑡 = 0.7]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.8, 𝑡 = 0.8]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.8, 𝑡 = 0.8]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 0.9, 𝑡 = 0.9]);
e(𝜑, [𝑥 = 1.0, 𝑡 = 1.0]);
Step 5:
𝐿 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 0);
𝑅 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 1);
𝑆 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 2);
𝑇 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 3);
𝑉 ≔ e(𝜑, 𝑡 = 4); W ≔ e𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝜑, 𝑡 = 5);
𝑃𝑙o t ([𝐿, 𝑅, 𝑆, 𝑇, 𝑉, W]);
Output: See Tables 1, Tables 2, Tables 3 and Figures (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) where N is the computational
length and ℝ is positive integers
3. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT
In order to implement the formulated algorithms (NIA and HPA) for the assessment of the effects of
nonlinearity 𝛼, dissipation 𝛽 and dispersion 𝜇 on Eq. (1), Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) subject to initial condition
given [15]
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Applying algorithms (12) and (19) to examine the three assumptions parameters, we obtain the
following solutions for equation (1) subject to initial condition (20).
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Case 2. Presents the numerical experiment of Korteweg-de Vries Eq. (2) (KdV) when
nonlinearity 𝛼 is fixed and dissipation effect 𝛽 = 0.
Applying algorithms (12) and (19), we obtain the following solutions for Eq. (2) subject to initial
condition Eq. (13).
Case 3. Presents the numerical experiment of Burgers equation (3) when nonlinearity 𝛼 is fixed
and dispersion effect 𝜇 = 0
Applying algorithms (12) and (19), we obtain the following solutions for equation (3) subject to
initial condition (13).
Table 3. Numerical solution Burger Equation Case 3
𝑎 = 2, 𝖰 = 0. 0001, 𝜇 = 0
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Figure 1. 3D-plot profiles when dissipation effect 𝛽 is less than dispersion 𝛼 𝛽 < Korteweg-De Vries-
Burgers Equation (KDVB-E) Case 1
Figure 2. 2D-plot for time distribution profiles from initial time 0 𝑠e𝑐 to 5 𝑠e𝑐 when dissipation
effect 𝛽 is less than dispersion effect 𝛼 𝛽 < 𝛼 (KDVB-E) Case 1
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Figure 3. 3D-plot profiles when dissipation effect 𝛽 is greater than dispersion effect 𝛼 𝛽 > 𝛼 Korteweg-
De Vries-Burgers Equation (KDVB-E) Case 1
Figure 4. 2D-plot for time distribution profiles from initial time 0 𝑠e𝑐 to 5 𝑠e𝑐 when dissipation
effect 𝛽 is less than dispersion effect 𝛼 𝛽 > 𝛼 (KDVB-E)
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Figure 6. 2D-plot for time distribution profiles from initial time 0 𝑠e𝑐 to 5 𝑠e𝑐 when dissipation effect
𝛽 is equal to dispersion effect 𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼 (KDVB-E)
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Figure 7. 3D-plot profiles when dissipation effect 𝛽 is equal to zero 𝛽 = 0 Korteweg-de Vries equation
(KdV) Case 2
Figure 8. 2D-plot for time distribution profiles from initial time 0 𝑠e𝑐 to 5 𝑠e𝑐 when dissipation
effect 𝛽 is equal zero 𝛽 = 0 Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) Case 2
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Figure 9. 3D-plot profiles when dispersion effect 𝜇 is equal to zero 𝜇 = 0 Burgers Equation Case 3
Figure 10. 2D-plot for time distribution profiles from initial time 0 𝑠e𝑐 to 5 𝑠e𝑐 when dispersion
effect 𝜇 is equal to zero 𝜇 = 0 Burgers Equation Case 3
4.1 Discussion
We have investigated the Korteweg-de Vries-Burger (KdVB) equation which arises from ferro
electricity and obtain (𝑥, 𝑡) which describes the elongation of the wave at the place 𝑥 at time 𝑡.
From Table 1, the volume of 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) elongation of the wave at the place 𝑥 at time 𝑡 under the following
assumptions: Dissipation effect 𝛽 is less than dispersion effect 𝜇 , dispersion effect 𝜇 is greater than
dissipation effect 𝛽 and dissipation effect 𝛽 is equal to dispersion effect 𝜇 respectively.
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Table 2 shows the amount of (𝑥, 𝑡) elongation of the wave at the place 𝑥 at time 𝑡of Korteweg-de
Vries equation (KdV) when dissipation effect 𝛽=0 (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝜇 = 0.1). Table 3 shows the amount
of (𝑥, 𝑡) elongation of the wave at the place 𝑥 at time 𝑡 of Burgers equation when dispersion effect 𝜇
= 0 (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝜇 = 0.1). Moreover, Figure 1, Figure 3, Figure 5, Figure 7, Figure 9 show the 3D
plots elongation of the waves profiles while Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 6, Figure 8, Figure 10 show
2D plots which depicttime distributions profiles from initial time 0 to 5 which profile are presented in
red, black, purple, blue, yellow and green respectively.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we formulate two computational algorithms (AIM and HPA) using new iterative method and
Homotopy perturbation method. A user friendly MAPLE 18 software commands are develop to
implement the numerical schemes in order to investigate the effects of nonlinearity 𝛼, dispersion 𝜇 and
dissipation 𝛽 of nondimensionalized Korteweg-de Vries-Burger (KdVB) equation. The study further
studied the relationship between KdV and Burgers equation using the same parameters usedfor (KdVB).
From computational point of view, NIA is fairly better than HPA. We conclude that the present
computational approaches can be a good mathematical tools in solving linear and nonlinear problems
in mathematical physics.
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