VerificationManual en

STAAD Foundation Advanced
CONNECT Edition V9 Update 6 (v9.6)
Verification Manual
Last Updated: August 25, 2021
Table of Contents
Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

Chapter 1: Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004]) .............................................................6
1.1 AS Isolated Foundation 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................6
1.2 AS Isolated Foundation 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................9
1.3 AS Combined Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
1.4 AS Combined Foundation 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
Chapter 2: British Code (BS8110-1-1997) .................................................................................. 28
2.1 BS Isolated Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
2.8 BS Combined Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 79
2.9 BS Combined Foundation 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
2.10 BS Mat Combined Foundation ....................................................................................................................................................... 91
2.11 BS Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity ..............................................................................................................................101
Chapter 3: Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004) ...........................................................................110
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 110
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 116
3.3 CSA Isolated Foundation 3 ............................................................................................................................................................122
3.9 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 170
3.10 CSA Combined Foundation 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 178
Chapter 4: Indian Code (IS 456 -2000) ..................................................................................... 181
4.1 IS Isolated Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................181
4.6 IS Isolated Foundations 6 ..............................................................................................................................................................200
4.8 IS Combined Foundation 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 213
STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

4.12 IS Pilecap Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 236
4.13 IS Pilecap Foundation 2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 243
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 251
4.15 IS Mat Foundation Sliding & Overturning Check ................................................................................................................ 254
4.16 IS Ribbed Combined Foundation 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 258
Chapter 5: United States Code (ACI 318) ................................................................................. 268
5.1 US Isolated Foundation 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 268
5.10 US Pedestal Design 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................317
5.11 US Combined Foundation 1 ..........................................................................................................................................................322
5.12 US Combined Foundation 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................329
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................337
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................................367
5.17 US Mat Foundation Punching Shear Check .......................................................................................................................... 373
Chapter 6: European Code (Eurocode EC2) ..............................................................................376
6.1 EN Combined Foundation 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 376
6.2 EN Combined Foundation 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 384
6.3 EN Isolated Foundation 1 ..............................................................................................................................................................395
6.4 EN Isolated Foundation 2 ..............................................................................................................................................................406
6.5 EN Pilecap Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 409
Chapter 7: Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005) .........................................................................435
7.1 Deadman Guy Anchor 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 435
7.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................444
Chapter 8: Drilled Pier Foundations ........................................................................................ 475
8.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API ..................................................................................................................................................... 475
8.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API ..................................................................................................................................................... 480
8.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA ............................................................................................................................................... 485
8.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA ............................................................................................................................................... 490
8.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic ..................................................................................................................................................495
8.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic ..................................................................................................................................................499
Chapter 9: Plant Foundations ................................................................................................. 505

9.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1 ........................................................................................................................................505
9.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 3 .......................................................................................................................................527
9.5 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1 ............................................................................................................................546
9.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1 ................................................................................................................................ 555
9.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 561
9.21 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................... 577
9.22 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation Eccentricity 1 ..................................................................................................... 590
9.23 Tank Foundation Design 1 ............................................................................................................................................................601
Chapter 10: Chinese Code (GB50007-2011) ............................................................................. 614
10.1 Stepped Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1 ........................................................................................... 614
10.2 Stepped Footing design per the Chinese code – example 2 ........................................................................................... 627
10.3 Tapered (sloped) Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1 ........................................................................ 641
10.4 Tapered (sloped) Footing design per the Chinese code – example 2 ........................................................................ 653
10.5 Combined Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 664
10.6 Combined Foundation 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 675
Chapter 11: Technical Support .............................................................................................. 686
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 687
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................695

Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD Foundation Advanced verification
problems. These verification problems files can be found under Example > Verification on the Start Page.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or particular foundation
type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation).
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program results is provided
for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Throughout this manual, for examples on isolated footing, a method involving the average of the pressures at
various locations on a footing have been used for calculating the bending moments and shear forces. Note that
this method is used solely for demonstration purposes, meaning, to show the value of those results to be used in
concrete design.
But in the program, the average pressure method is not used. Instead, the method implemented in the program
is the following.
The area of the footing in contact with the soil is approximated into several thousand rectangular (or square)
cells. The pressure bulb is then digitized into a number of parallelopipeds whose plan dimensions are equal to
the sides of the rectangular (or square) cells and height equal to the average of the 4 soil pressures at the
corners of the cells. The shear force and bending moment are then calculated for each direction from the force
contributed by each parallelopiped.
The average pressure method is used in the hand calculations because
1. it produces shears and moments that are very close to the exact value if the footing is entirely in contact with
the soil
2. if the four corners have four different pressures, as in many of those examples, an exact approach is not
readily available.
Due to the voluminous calculation involved in the method used in the program, it would be impractical to
publish the detailed calculations generated by that method.

Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])
1
1.1 AS Isolated Foundation 1
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 450 kN , Fx = 5 kN, Fz = 5 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 400 mm x 400 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.45,
FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 500 mm, Water table
level is 1,000 mm below GL.
Surcharge= 10 kN/m2
Unit weight of soil = kN/m3

AS Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation
Approximate area of footing required = 450/120 m2 = 3.75 m2

Assuming 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.400 x 25 kN = 62.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.8 x 25 kN = 3.2 kN
Weight of above soil = (2.5 x 2.5 - 0.4 x 0.4) x 0.500 x 18 kN = 54.81 kN
Load from surcharge = (2.5 x 2.5 - 0.4 x 0.4) x 10 kN = 60.9 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 0 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing, P1 = (450 + 62.5 + 54.81 + 60.9 + 3.2) kN = 631.41 kN
Total load on the footing (for stability check) , P2 = (450+ 62.5 +5 4.81 +3.2 ) KN = 570.51 kN
Mx = 5 × 1.2 kN .m = 6 kNm

Mz = -5 × 1.2 kN.m = -6 kNm

Zx = Zz = 2.5 × 2.52 /6 = 2.60417 m3
631.41 6 6
So, maximum pressure = 2.5 × 2.5
+ 2.60417
+ 2.60417
= 105.634 kN/m 2
631.41 6 6
minimum pressure = 2.5 × 2.5
− 2.60417
− 2.60417
= 96.4176 kN/m 2
max. pressure, 105.634 kN/m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)

min. pressure, 96.4176 kN/m2 > 0 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 5 kN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total dead load of service state on foundation = 631.41 - 60.9 = 570.51 kN
Hence Max Possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.45 × 570.51 = 256.729 kN
FOS Sliding = 256.729/5 = 51.3458 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.45 × 570.51 = 256.729 kN
FOS Sliding = 256.729/5 = 51.3458 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Resultant Direction
Sliding force = 52 + 52 = 7.071 kN

Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.45 × 570.51 = 256.729 kN
FOS Sliding = 256.729/7.071 = 36.3073 > 1.5
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 6 kN·m
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 × 2.5 × 570.51 = 713.137 kN·m
FOS Sliding = 713.137/6 = 118.856 > 1.5
Hence OK

WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 × 2.5 × 570.51 = 713.137 kN·m
FOS Sliding = 713.137/6 = 118.856 > 1.5
Hence OK
Comparison
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Advanced Result Percent Difference
General Mode Toolkit Mode
Maximum Bearing 105.634 105.6336 105.6336 Negligible

Pressure, kN/m2
Resisting force for 256.729 256.730 256.73 Negligible

sliding (x), kN
Resisting Moment 713.137 713.12 713.12 Negligible

for Overturning (z),
kN·m
Resisting force for 256.729 256.730 256.73 Negligible

sliding (z), kN
Resisting Moment 713.137 713.12 713.12 Negligible

for Overturning (x),
kN·m
1.2 AS Isolated Foundation 2

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 kN, Mz=50 kN·m, Mx=50 kN·m, fc = 25 N/m2, fy =
450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 600 mm x 600 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 kN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5 (Include SW Net Pressure for Factored
Design)
Unit weight of soil = 18 kN/m3

Figure 2: Plan and Elevation
Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

Tot Moment wrt Z =50 kNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 kNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Total Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of footing = (4 m x 4 m) (0.6 m) (25 kN/m3) = 240.0 kN
Self wt of pedestal = (0.6 m x 0.6 m) (0.8 m) (25 kN/m3) = 7.2 kN
Weight of soil = 0.5 m (4 m x 4 m - 0.6 m x 0.6 m)(18 kN/m3) = 140.76 kN
Column reaction load = 1,500 kN

Total Vertical load V = 1,887.96 kN

Zz = Z · X2/6 = 4 x 42/6 =10.67 m3
Zx = Z · X2/6 = 4 x 42/6 =10.67 m3
Mx= 50 kNm
Mz = 50 kNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 117.9975 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 108.6225 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 117.9975 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 127.3725 kN/m2
Max stress = 127.9975 kN/m2 <150 kN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,887.96 kN) = 943.98
kN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,887.96 kN) = 943.98
kN
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,887.96 kN) = 3,775.92 kNm
Hence FOS = 3,775.92/50 = 75.52 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Overturning Moment =50 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,887.96 kN) = 3,775.92 kNm
Hence FOS = 3,775.92/50 = 75.52 > 1.5
Hence OK

Factored Design
Axial Load = 387.96 kN + 1.4(1,500 kN) = 2,487.96 kN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 kNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 kNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 155.4975 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 142.3729 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 155.4975 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 168.6221 kN/m2
Check for Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 162.06 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 148.936 kN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.49 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.52 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = (162.06+156.49)x0.5x1.7x4x
(156.49+2x162.06)x1.7/(3x(156.49+162.06)) = 926.025 kNm
the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right) = (148.936+154.52)x0.5x1.7x4x (154.52+2x148.936)x1.7/
(3x(154.52+148.936)) = 871.83 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(Z) = 926.025 kNm
Now, Reducing for self weight, Mu(Z) = 785.8743 KNm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Kumax = 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3,891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 3,523.988 kNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 148.936 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 162.06 kN/m2 (right end)
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = 871.83 kNm
the moment at the left critical section Mu (Right) = 926.025 kNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(X) = 926.025 kNm

Now, Reducing for self weight, Mu(X) = 785.8743 kNm

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3,891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 3,523.988 kNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Area of Steel Required

Along X Direction
Per AS3600-2009, 8.1.6.1
Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

532
) 20.6 25
450
= 0.001696
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.001696 · b · d = 0.001696× 4,000 × 532 = 3,609 mm2
calculated Steel = 4,173 mm2
So Take 4,173 mm2

Provide 12 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c

So, provided area of steel = 4,409 mm2
Along Z Direction
Per AS3600-2009, 8.1.6.1
Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

532
) 20.6 25
450
= 0.001696
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.00170 · b · d = 0.001696× 4,000 × 532 = 3,609 mm2
calculated Steel = 4,173 mm2
So Take 4,173 mm2
Provide 12 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c
Check for One-Way Shear

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 148.936 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 162.06 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (148.936 + 152.769) × 0.5 × 1.168 m × 4 kN = 704.783 kN
SF at the right critical section:
F = (162.06 + 158.228) × 0.5 × 1.168 m × 4 kN = 748.193 kN
Critical shear is 748.193 kN
Now, reducing the self weight effect, F = 634.909 kN

Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 532/1,000) = 1.175
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ × β1 × β2 × β3
3 Ast × f c
b×d
( )( )( )3 4,4, 000
= 0.7 1.175 1 1
409 × 25
× 532
= 0.3066 N/mm2
τv < τc and τv < τc,max

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Hence, the SF at the left critical section
F = (162.06 + 158.228) × 0.5 × 1.168 m × 4 kN = 748.193 kN
SF at the right critical section
F = (148.936 + 152.769) × 0.5 × 1.168 m × 4 kN = 704.783 kN
Critical shear is 748.193 kN
Now, reducing the self weight effect, F = 634.909 kN

Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 532/1,000) = 1.175
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ × β1 × β2 × β3
3 Ast × f c
b×d
( )( )( )3 4,4, 000
= 0.7 1.175 1 1
409 × 25
× 532
= 0.3066 N/mm2
τv < τc and τv < τc,max

Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 538 mm
u = 4,552 mm, a = 600+538 = 1,138mm
Vmax = (42- (1.138)2 × (155.49 - 24) = 1,933.55 kN
τv = Vmax/(u × d) = 1,933.55 (10)3/(4,552 × 538) = 0.789 N/mm2

fcv = 0.34 fc = 0.34 25 = 1.7 N/mm2

Punching shear stress capacity
/ /
1.0 + u × M u,max 1 + 4, 552 × 785.87(10)6
τc = ϕfcv 8V max × a × d
= 0.7(1.7) 8 × 1, 933, 000 × 1, 138 × 538
= 0.8639 N/mm2
τv < τc
Hence safe
Comparison
Corner Pressure, 117.9975 117.9975 117.9972 Negligible

kN/m2
108.6225 108.6225 108.6225
117.9975 117.9975 117.9778
127.3725 127.3725 127.3725

AS Combined Foundation 1
Resisting Moment 3,775.92 3,775.85 3,775.85 Negligible

for Overturning,
kNm 3,775.92 3,775.85 3,775.85
Shear Force (One- 634.909 638.28 638.28 0.5%

Way), kN
634.909 638.28 638.28
Resisting Shear 0.3066 0.3066 0.302 Negligible

Stress (One-Way),
N/mm2 0.3066 0.3066 0.302
Shear Force (Two- 0.789 0.789 0.790 None

Way), kN
Resisting Shear 0.8639 0.863 0.863 Negligible

Stress (Two-Way),
N/mm2
Governing Flexural 785.87 788.33 788.33 0.3%

Moment, kNm
785.84 788.33 788.33
Resisting Flexural 3,523.988 3,523.89 3,523.89 Negligible

Moment, kNm
3,523.988 3,523.89 3,523.89
1.3 AS Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 kN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height = 500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,000 mm.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm
GWT is at a depth of 250 mm from GL
Unit weigh of soil = 18 kN/m3

Approximate area of footing required = 2(600)/105 m2 = 11.43 m2

Assuming 5 m x 2.95 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 (2.95) (0.600) (25) = 221.25 kN
Weight of pedestal=2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [5(2.95) - 2(0.3)(0.3)] · 0.450 · 18 = 118.017 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5(2.95) · (0.45 + 0.6 - 0.25) · 9.81 kN = 115.76 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing (Dry) = (2 · 600 + 221.25 + 2.25 + 118.017) KN = 1,541.5 kN
Total load on the footing (Wet) = (2 · 600 + 221.25 + 2.25 + 118.017 - 115.76) kN = 1,425.757 kN
Maximum pressure= 1,541.5 /(5 · 2.95) = 104.509 kN/ m2
104.509 kN/ m2 < 105 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Sliding force =0

max Resisting force = µ x

Total Service load on foundation (wet) = 1,425.757 kN
Hence Max Possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.4 x 1,425.757 = 570.3 kN
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m · 1,425.757 kN /2 = 3,564.392 kNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 2.95 m · 1,425.757 kN /2 = 2,102.991 kNm
Hence OK
Comparison
Bearing Pressure, 104.509 104.5096 104.5096 Negligible

kN/m2
Resisting Force for 570.3 570.318 570.318 Negligible

Sliding, kN

for Overturning (Z),
kNm

for Overturning (X),
kNm
1.4 AS Combined Foundation 2

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two col., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height = 500 mm and C/C column distance=3000 mm .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 11.5 m2

Assuming 5 m x 3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m · 3 m · 0.500 m · 25 = 187.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600 + 550 + 187.5 + 2.25) KN = 1,339.8 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1,339.8 KN/(5 m · 3 m) = 89.3 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5 m from left end
CG of load = (1 m · 600 KN + 4 m · 550 KN)/(600 KN + 550 KN) = 2.435 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.435 = 0.065 m
So Moment Mz = P · e = 1,150 KN (0.065 m) = 75 KNm
Zz = 3 · 52/6 = 12.5 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 75 KNm/12.5 m3 = 6 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 89.3 + 6 = 95.3 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A - M/Z = 89.3 - 6 = 83.3 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
95.3 KN/m2 < 100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth

Moment About Z Axis (sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 123.72 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83
N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,893 N/mm2 · 3,000 mm · (432 mm)2]10-6 = 1,743.67
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 201.58 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24

Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83

N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,892.83 N/mm2 · 3,000 mm · (444 mm)2]10-6 =
1,743.67 KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (3 - 0.3)/2 = 1.35 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux =489.72 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83
N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,892.83 N/mm2 · 5,000 mm · (432 mm)2]10-6 =
2,906.11 KNm
Mu < Mumax Hence OK

Along X Direction (Bottom)
Astx = 1,083 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.002 · b · d = 2,592 mm2
Provided area = 2,592 mm2
Along X Direction (Top)
Astx = 1,268 mm2
Along Z Direction (Bottom)
Therefore, Astz = 3,096 mm2

Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces

Developed shear stress V = 292.97(10)3/(3,000 · 432) = 0.225 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2

ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2848
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.332 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face.
Pm = 4 · (300 mm + 432 mm) = 2,928 mm
Vmax = (840+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 783.52kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 783.52 KN · 1000/(2,928 mm · 432 mm) = 0.619 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
τv < τc , Hence safe
For Column Two
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
Pm = 2,976 mm
Vmax = (770+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 713.52kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 713.52 KN · 1000/(2,928 mm · 432 mm) = 0.564 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
Comparison
Bearing Pressure, 95.3 95.17 95.17 Negligible

KN/m2
83.3 83.17 83.17
Governing Moment, 123.72 124.398 124.391 0.54%

KNm
201.58 201.26 201.249
489.72 489.055 489.069

Resisting Moment, 1,743.67 1,742.72 1,742.72 Negligible

KNm
2,906.11 2,904.53 2,904.53
Shear Force (One- 293 303.36 303 3.4%

Way), KN
Shear capacity (One- 0.332 0.331 0.331 Negligible

Way), N/mm2
Shear Force (Two- 783.52 778.838 778.838 0.6%

Way), KN
713.52 714.328 714.328
Shear capacity 1.19 1.19 1.19 None

(Two-Way), N/mm2

for Overturning (Z),
KNm

for Overturning (X),
KNm

British Code (BS8110-1-1997)
2
2.1 BS Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J. MacGinley & B.S.Choo, Page 333 and Example: 11.1.
Problem
A column 400 mm × 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The safe bearing
pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement
is grade 460.
Figure 6: Bending section considered

BS Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 7: One-way shear section considered
Figure 8: Two-way shear section considered
Size of base
Assuming that the thickness of the footing is 600 mm,
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 × 2.5 × 0.6 × 25 = 93.75 kN
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 93.75) kN = 1,193.75 kN
Area required = 1,193.75 kN / 200 kN/m2 = 5.96875 m2
Make the base 2.5 m × 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 × 800) + (1.6 × 300) = 1,600 kN.

Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 × 2.5) = 256 kNm2

To obtain the true ultimate pressure at the base of the footing, we have to include the pressure due to footing
weight, soil and surcharge. For the sake of this example, if we assume that the height of soil above footing is zero,
the ultimate pressure will come to
256 + 25 × 0.6 = 271 kN/m2
The additional pressure due to weight of footing and soil is a self-equilibrating system, thus, the concrete design
will be based on the pressure caused by column reaction alone, namely, 256 kN/m2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 × (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) × 2.5 × 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Try an overall depth of 600 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 600 - 40 - 20 - 10 = 530 mm.
M 352.8 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.0144 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,500 × 5302 × 35
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.984d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 352.8 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 530
= 1,603.42mm2
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 × B × d = 0.0015 × 2500 × 530 = 1,987.5 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
One Way Shear

The critical section Y1 Y1 at d = 530 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.2.
Design shear force, VU = 256 × (2.5 /2 - 0.53 - 0.4 / 2) × 2.5 = 332.8 kN
Design shear stress, v = 332.8(10)3 / (2500 × 530) = 0.251 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{
5
0.8 f CU
= 4.7328N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
100 × 2,512 1/3
0.79 min 2,500 × 530
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 430
1
35 1/3
25
( )
1.25
0.79(0.19)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.407N/mm2 > v

(Hence Safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Effective depth, d = 600 - 40 - 20 -10 = 530 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 795 mm from the column face. The critical perimeter is shown
in Figure 6.3.
Perimeter = (400 + 795 + 795) × 4 = 1,990 × 4 = 7,960 mm
Shear = 256 × (2.52 - 1.992) = 586.21 kN
v = 586.21 × 103 / (7,960 × 530) = 0.139 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Spacing
We provided 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 × 2 - 20) / (8 -1) = 342.86 mm.
Comparison
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison
Effective Depth 530 530 530 None

(mm)
Governing Moment 352.8 352.79 352.79 None

(kN·m)
Area of Steel 2,512 2,513 2,513 None
Shear Stress (One- 0.251 0.251 0.251 None

Way) (N/mm2)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.139 0.139 0.139 None

Way) (N/mm2)


Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 340 and Example: 11.2.
Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following table. The
proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150
kN / m2. The materials to be used in the foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN·m)
Dead Load 770 78
Imposed Load 330 34

Self-weight of footing = 0.575 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 139.1 kN.

Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 139.1 = 1239.1 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1239.1/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 141.45 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 + 163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 - 163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.

Calculation of Reinforcement Along Shorter Span (X1- X1):

Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.943 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 575 - 40 - 30 = 505 mm.
M 395.94 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.012 < 0.156
bd f CU 3,600 × 5052 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.987d
M YY 395.943 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 505
= 1,888.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3,600 x 575 / 100 = 2,691 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Longer Span (Y1-Y1):

Pressure at section Y1 Y1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 162.7 kN / m2.
Moment(MX) = (162.7 x 2.8 x 1.575)x(1.575 / 2)+(0.5 x 1.575 x (186.38 – 162.7) x 2.8)x(2 / 3 x 1.575) =
619.862 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 575 - 40 - 20 -10 = 505 mm.
M 619.862 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.025 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,800 × 5052 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.96d

M YY 619.862 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 505
= 2,956.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2,800 x 575 / 100 = 2,093 mm2 < calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
One Way Shear Along Section Y2-Y2:

The critical section Y2 Y2 at d = 505 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 178.34 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 178.34 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 534.29 kN
Design shear stress, v = 534.29 / (2.8 × 0.505) = 377.86 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
{ (
0.79 min
3
2,800 × 505
)} { ( )}
100 × 2,956.6 1/3 400 1/4
max 505
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.206)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.420N/mm2 > v
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 x 0.42(1,000) = 630 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)

Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X2-X2:

The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 0.67 = 384.3 kN
Design shear stress, v = 384.3 / (3.6 × 0.505) =211.39 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25

=
{ (
0.79 min 3,600 × 505
3
)} { ( )}
100 × 2,691 1/3 400 1/4
max 450
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.374N/mm2 > v
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 x 0.374(1,000) = 561kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Punching Shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a distance 1.5d
from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 505 mm.

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 757.5 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will
be increased by 15% if there is moment applied to the bottom of footing per BS8110- 1997, 3.7.6.2.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 × 3.6 × 132.28 + 0.5 × 3.6 × 2.8 × (186.38 – 132.28) = 1,606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.965)2 × 144.561 + 0.5 × (1.965)2 × (174.09 - 144.561) = 623.743 kN
Punching shear force = 1,606.05 - 623.743 = 982.26 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.965 × 4 = 7.86 m.

Punching shear stress = 982.26 / (7.86 × 0.505) x 1.15 = 284.58 kN / m2.
Comparison
Effective Depth (X- 505 505 505 None

X) (mm)
Effective Depth (Y- 505 505 505 None

Y) (mm)

(My) (kN·m)

(Mx) (kN·m)
Area of Steel (Along 2,093 2,093 2,093 None

X-X) (mm2)
Area of Steel (Along 2,691 2,691 2,691 None

Y-Y) (mm2)

Way) (Y1-Y1) (kN)

Way) (X1-X1) (kN)

Way) (kN/m2)

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5


Assuming 3.85 m × 3.85 m × 0.75 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.85 × 3.85 × 0.75 × 25 KN = 277.922 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,500 + 277.922) KN = 1777.922 KN
Maximum pressure =1,777.922 / (3.85 × 3.85)KN/ m2 = 119.95 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure (due to the column loads alone) =1,500 × 1.4/(3.85 × 3.85) KN/m2 = 141.676 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.85 × 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.85 × 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth

Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 × 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0192 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 × 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0192 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d

M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3,364.9mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 × B × D = 3,754 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3,364.9mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B × de
= 0.168
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.852- 0.3 - 0.682) = 596.18kN

Developed shear stress V = 596.18×103 / (3,850 × 682) = 0.227 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698N/mm2
So V < Vce , Hence Safe

Along Z Direction

100 Ast
= 0.168
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.85 2− 0.3 − 0.682) = 596.18 kN

Developed shear stress V = 596.18×103 / (3850 × 682) = 0.227 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,023 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.5885 m2
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 141.68 × (3.852 - 5.504) = 1,320.29 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 6 × d) = 9.319 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm · d) = 0.201 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1< Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.167 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2

({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.347 N/mm2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 754 × 4
Required No. of 12 mm bar = = 34
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
Required Spacing = 34 − 1
= 113 mm
Required Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm

In the Z Direction
3, 754 × 4
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
= 113 mm
Check for Development Length

Along X & Z direction
Max dia permitted =25 mm
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß × √fc =0.5 × 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy × ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
available length = 1,725 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)

Bearing Pressure 119.95 119.9475 119.9475 None

(kN/m2)
Ku 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 None
Governing Moment 859.26 859.25 859.25 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force(One- 596.18 596.18 596.18 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Shear Force(Two- 1,320.27 1,320.25 1,320.25 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Resisting force for 888.961 See note 1 See note 1 n/a

sliding (kN)
Resisting Moment 3,422.5 See note 1 See note 1 None

for Overturning
(kN·m)
Note: (1) This value is not reported in the output if there is no lateral force.

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm × 300 mm, pedestal beneath column = 400 mm × 400 mm × 500 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Soil cover above
footing =500 mm
Unit weight of soil = 18 kN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Approximate area of footing required = 2,000/100 m2 = 20 m2

Weight of soil = 5.3 × 5.3 × 0.5 × 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.5 × 25 KN = 2 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 526.687 + 252.81 + 2) KN = 2,780.06 KN
Maximum pressure = 2,780.06 KN/ (5.3 m × 5.3 m) KN/ m2 = 98.9697 KN/m2 <100
KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure from column load alone = 1.4(2,000 KN) / (5.3 m × 5.3 m)KN/m2 =
99.678 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 5.3 × 2,780.06 = 7,367.15 KNm
Hence OK

Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.45 x 2.45 / 2 = 1,585.57 kN·m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 16) mm = 676 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0262 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.45 × 2.45 / 2 = 1,585.57 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 16) mm = 676 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0262 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6,262.42 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 × B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d

So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6, 262.42 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.182
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 2- 0.4 - 0.676) = 937.208 kN

Developed shear stress V = 937.208(103)/(5300 × 676) = 0.262 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.72 N/mm2
So V < Vce, Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.185
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 −2 0.4 − 0.676) = 937.208 kN

Developed shear stress V = 937.208(103)/(5300 x 676) = 0.262 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0. = 72 N/mm2
So V < Vce, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (1.014 + 0.4 +1.014) × (1.014 + 0.4 + 1.014 ) = 5.895 m2
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,212.37 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × (b + h + 6d) = 9.712 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.337 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.183 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.359 N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
6,262 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5,300 - 50 × 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm
Spacing for 16 mm bar = 160 mm

In the Z Direction
6,262 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5,300 - 50 × 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm
Check for Development Length

ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)
Bearing Pressure 98.9697 98.9697 98.9654 Negligible

(kN/m 2 )
Ku 0.0262 0.0262 0.0262 Negligible
Governing Moment 1,585.57 1,585.54 1,585.54 Negligible

(kN·m)

Shear Force (One- 937.208 937.208 937.208 None

Way) (kN)
Shear Force (Two- 2,212.37 2,212.37 2,212.37 None

Way) (kN)
Steel required for 6,262.42 6,262 6,262 Negligible

flexure in each
direction (mm 2 )

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 KN, Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5


Tot Moment wrt Z =80 KNm
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 × 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 × 3.652/6 =8.105 m3

Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
Maximum soil pressure = 118.694 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5×1,449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1,449.8 = 2,645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =80 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885 / 80 = 33.074
Hence OK

Factored loads from column are:
Vertical load = 1.4 × 1,200 = 1,680 kN

Moment about Z axis = 1.4 × 80 = 112 kN·m
Corner pressures due to factored load are:

σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 139.922 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 112.283 KN/m2

σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 112.283 KN/m2

σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 139.922 KN/m2
Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment (see figure below) = (139.922 +127.239) × 0.5 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 816.68 KN
Lever arm = (127.239 + 2 × 139.922) × 1.675/ 3× (139.922 + 127.239) = 0.8508 m
Moment = F× LA = 694.84 KN·m
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0164 < 0.156
bd f
CU
Hence safe
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 126.103 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 770.97 KN
Lever arm = 1.675×0.5 = 0.823 m
Moment = F× LA =646.08 KNm

M ux
K = 2
= 0.0152 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.983d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 720 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 3,236 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 560 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2


Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.143
V u,max =
1
2
(139.922 + 132.479) × 0.993 × 3.65 = 493.65kN
Developed shear stress V = 493.65(10)3/(3,650×682) = 0.198 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2

Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.143
Vumax = 126.103 × 0.993 × 3.65 = 457.05 KN

Developed shear stress V = 457.05(10)3 / (3,650 ×682) = 0.184 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3

0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2

2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Per BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2, punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is a moment acting at the
bottom of footing.
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = (1.023 + 0.3 + 1.023) × (1.023 + 0.3 + 1.023) = 2.346 ×2.346 = 5.504 m2
Average pressure Pr over the punching shear region (see next figure) = (134.985 + 117.22 + 134.985 +
117.22)/4 = 126.103 kN/m2
Punching force = Vu = (Factored Column load - Pr × Am) × 1.15 = (1680 - 126.103 ×
5.504) × 1.15 = 1133.863 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 9.384 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.177 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2

V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2
3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm

In the Z Direction
3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2

3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm
Check For Development Length

ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß × √fc =0.5 × 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy × ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)
Corner Pressure 118.694 118.6941 118.6941 None

(kN/m2)
98.953 98.9522 98.9522
98.953 98.9522 98.9522
118.694 118.6941 118.6941
Ku 0.0164 0.0164 0.0164 None
0.0152 0.0152 0.0152

(kN·m)
694.84 694.73 694.73
Shear Force ,One- 493.65 490.76 490.37 Negligible

Way (kN)
457.05 456.92 456.90
Shear Force, Two- 1,133.82 1,131.15 1,130.74 Negligible

Way (kN)

Steel required 3,558.75 3,559 3,559 None

(mm2)
3,558.75 3,559 3,559
Resisting Moment 2,645.8 2,645.83 2,645.83 None

for Overturning
(kN·m) N/A N/A N/A

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Fx = 100 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS

Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/120 = 16.67 m2

Total Moment wrt Z =-0.75x100 =-75 KNm
Self wt of fdn = 4.65 × 4.65 × 0.75x25 =405.42 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1,500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1,905.42 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 × 4.652/6 =16.757 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 × 4.652/6 =16.757 m3
Mx=0
Mz = -75 KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 83.65 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92.60 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92.60 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 83.65 KN/m2
Maximum pressure = 92.60 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 100 KN
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 75
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.65 × 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN

Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.65 × 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KN·m
Hence OK
Corner Pressure for Ultimate Loads

Factored V = 1,500 x 1.4 = 2,100 kN
Factored MZ = 100 x 1.4 x 0.75 = 105 kN-m
Maximum corner pressure for ultimate loads = (2,100 / 21.6225) + (105 / 16.757) = 103.387 kN/m2
Minimum corner pressure for ultimate loads = (2,100 / 21.6225) - (105 / 16.757) = 90.855 kN/m2

Moment About Z Axis
Force due to upward pressure from soil, F = 1/2 × (103.387 + 97.525) x 2.175 x 4.65 =
1015.988 KN
Lever arm, LA = (97.525 + 2 × 103.387) × 2.175 / 3 x (97.525 + 103.387) = 1.098m
Moment = F × LA = 1,115.632 KNm
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0206 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
Moment About X Axis

Force due to upward pressure from soil, F = ((103.387 + 90.855) /2) × 2.175 × 4.65 =
982.258 KN
Lever arm, LA = 2.175 × 0.5 = 1.088 m
Moment = F x LA =1,068.21 KNm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0198 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.977d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 368 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d

M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 192 mm2


Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, from the face of column
100 Ast
= 0.15
V u,max =
1
2
(103.387 + 99.363) × 1.493 × 4.65 = 703.792 kN
Developed shear stress V = 703.792(10)3/ (4,650×682) = 0.222 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2

Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a dist, d, from the face of column
100 Ast
= 0.15
Vumax = ((103.387 + 90.855) /2) ×1.493×4.65= 674.258 kN

Developed shear stress V = 674.258(10)3/ (4,650×682) = 0.212 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3

0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2

Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
If there is a moment acting at the bottom of footing , punching shear force will be increased by 15% per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.346 × 2.346 = 5.504 m2
Average pressure over the punching area = 0.5 × (93.96 + 100.282) = 97.121 kN/m2 (see the next figure)
Vu = (V- Pr× Am) × 1.15 = (2100 - 97.121 × 5.504) x 1.15 = 1,800.26 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × (b + h + 6d) = 9.384 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.281 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25

1/3 1/4 1/3

0.79(V 1) (V 2) (V 3)
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 534 × 4
π × 12 2
4, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
= 113 mm

In the Z Direction
4, 534 × 4
π × 12 2
4, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
= 113 mm
Check For Development Length


ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß × √fc =0.5 × 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy × ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)

(kN/m2)
92.5978 92.5978 92.5978
92.5978 92.5978 92.5978
83.6466 83.6466 83.6466
Ku 0.0198 0.0198 0.0198 None
0.0206 0.0206 0.0206

(kN·m)
1,115.63 1,115.56 1,115.56
Shear Force (One- 703.79 700.93 700.93 Negligible

Way) (kN)
674.258 674.35 674.35
Shear Force (Two- 1,800.26 1,798.2 1,798.2 Negligible

Way)
Steel provided 4,750 4,750 4,750 None

(mm2)
4,750 4,750 4,750
Resisting force for 952.71 952.71 952.71 None

sliding (kN)
Resisting Moment 4,430.1 4,430.02 4,430.02 None

for Overturning
(kN·m) 4,430.1 4,430.02 4,430.02


Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 460 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2

Total Moment wrt Z = 50 KNm
Total Moment wrt X = 50 KNm


Self wt of fdn = 4.5 × 4.5 × 0.7 × 25 = 354.375 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1,500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1,854.375 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.5 × 4.52/6 =15.1875 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.5 × 4.52/6 =15.1875 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 91.574KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 84.9897 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 91.574 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.1584 KN/m2
= 98.1584 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 50 KNm
Hence FOS = 4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK

Hence FOS=4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5

Hence OK
Soil Pressures for Ultimate Loads

Vertical load from column, V = 1.4 × 1500 = 2,100 kN
Moment about the X axis, Mx = 1.4 × 50 = 70 kN·m
Moment about the Z axis, Mz = 1.4 × 50 = 70 kN·m
Area, A = 4.5 × 4.5 = 20.25 m2
Zz = 15.1875 m3
Zx =15.1875 m3
Pressure at top left corner, σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 103.7037 KN/m2
Pressure at top right corner, σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 94.4856 KN/m2
Pressure at bottom right corner, σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 103.7037 KN/m2
Pressure at bottom left corner, σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 112.9218 KN/m2

About Z Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= (94.4856+103.7037)/2 = 99.0952 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= (103.7037+112.9218)/2 = 108.3128 KN/m2
Average pressure at the right side face of the column (see next figure) = 104.011 kN/m2
Force due to soil pressure, F = (108.313 +104.011)/2 × 2.1 × 4.5 = 1,003.23 KN
Lever arm, LA = (104.011+2×108.313)×2.1/3×(104.011+108.313) = 1.057m
Moment = F × LA = 1,060.505 kN·m
deff = (700-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 632 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0236 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= (94.4856+103.7037)/2 = 99.0952 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= (103.7037+112.9218)/2 = 108.3128 KN/m2
Average pressure at the right side face of the column (see next figure) = 104.011 kN/m2
Force due to soil pressure, F = (108.313 +104.011)/2 × 2.1 × 4.5 = 1,003.23 KN
Lever arm, LA = (104.011+2×108.313)×2.1/3×(104.011+108.313) = 1.057m
Moment = F × LA = 1,060.505 kN·m
deff = (700-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 632 mm
M
ux
K = 2
= 0.0236 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe


Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 042 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 042 mm2

Critical location for shear = deff from face of the column = 632 mm = 1,468 mm from the edge of the footing (see
the next figure)
Along X Direction (in the XY Plane
100 Ast
= 0.148

V u,max =
1
2
(108.313 + 105.306) × 1.468 × 4.5 = 705.58 kN
Developed shear stress V = 705.58(10)3 / (4,500×632) = 0.248 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2
Along Z Direction (in the YZ Plane)

100 Ast
= 0.148
V u,max =
1
2
(103.704 + 100.697 + 109.915 + 112.922) × 0.25 × 1.4683 × 4.5 = 705.583 kN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3

0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2

Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (700-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 632 mm
As per BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2, punching shear force will be increased by 15% if there is a moment acting at the
bottom of footing.
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = (0.948 + 0.3 + 0.948) × (0.948 + 0.3 + 0.948) =
2.196 × 2.196 = 4.822 m2
Average soil pressure over punching area, Pr = 0.25 × (108.2021 + 103.704 + 103.704 +
99.2053) = 103.704 kN/m2
Punching shear force, Vmax = factored column load - upward force from soil pressure on punching area =
Vmax = (2,100 - 103.704 × 4.822) × 1.15 = 1,839.882 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 8.784 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.331 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1 < Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2

V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 095 × 4
π × 12 2
4, 500 − 50 × 2 − 12
= 120 mm
Required spacing for 12 mm bar = 120 mm

Provided Spacing = 115 mm
In the Z Direction

BS Combined Foundation 1
4, 095 × 4
π × 12 2
4, 500 − 50 × 2 − 12
= 120 mm
Required spacing for 12 mm bar = 120 mm

Provided Spacing = 115 mm
Comparison

(mm)

(kN/m2)
84.9897 84.9897 84.9897
91.574 91.574 91.574
98.1584 98.1584 98.1584
Ku 0.0236 0.0236 0.0236 None
0.0236 0.0236 0.0236

(kN·m)
1,060.505 1,060.43 1,060.43

Way) (kN)
705.58 705.69 705.69

Way) (kN)
Steel provided 12 @ 115 c/c 12 @ 118 c/c 12 @ 118 c/c None

for Overturning
(kN·m) 4,172.344 4,172.27 4,172.27

2.8 BS Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN each column, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm. Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Fx = 0.001 KN ( for sliding and overturning check)
Ht of soil = 400 mm. Depth of GWT = 2,000 mm
Approximate area of footing required = 2x500/150 m2 = 6.67 m2

Assuming 5 m x 2 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 2 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 150 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 2-0.3x0.3x2) x 0.400 x18 KN = 70.704 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+150 +2.25+70.704) KN = 1,222.954 KN
Maximum pressure= 1222.954 / (5 x2) = 122.295 KN/ m2 < 150 KN/m2
Hence safe
2 ( 500 )( 1.4 )
Ultimate pressure = 5(2)
= 140 kN/m 2

About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5×1,222.954 = 3,057.385 kN·m
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 ×2 ×1,222.954 = 1,222.954 kN·m
Hence OK

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 101.219 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 101.219(10)6
K = = = 0.00715 < 0.156
25(2,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M
ux 171.299(10)6
K = = = 0.0121 < 0.156
25(2,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length= (2 - 0.3) / 2 = 0.85 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 140×5×0.852 / 2 =252.875 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 252.875(10)6
K = = = 0.00715 < 0.156
25(5,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK


(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 468 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 1,383 mm2 (as fy > 250)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.994d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 793 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 1,383 mm2 ( as fy>250)

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 170 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.149
Vumax = 226.649 KN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.149 N/mm2

V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.67 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0×12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 807 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will be
increased by 15% if there is moment applied to the bottom of footing per BS8110-1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 189.03 x 1.15 = 217.385kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 217. 385(10)3 / (7,656×538) =0.053 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1 , Hence safe

For Column Two
increased by 15% if thereis moment apply to the bottom of footing per BS8110- 1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 189.03 x 1.15 = 217.385kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 217. 385(10)3 / (7,656×538) =0.053 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1, Hence safe

Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

(kN/m 2 )
Governing Moment 101.219 101.612 101.149 1.98%

(kN·m)
171.299 174.92 174.90
252.875 253.203 252.874

Way) (kN)
Shear Force (Two- 217.385 215.752 215.199 Negligible

Way) (kN)

for Overturning (Z)
(kN·m)

for Overturning (X)
(kN·m)
2.9 BS Combined Foundation 2

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, Mz = 30 KNm, each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,500
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 140 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
No soil above footing and dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 2×600/140 m2 = 8.57 m2

Assuming 5.9 m×2.5 m×0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang = right overhang = 1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m × 2.5 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 221.25 kN
Weight of pedestal = 2×0.3×0.3×0.5×25 = 2.25 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2×600 +221.25+ 2.25) kN = 1,423.5 kN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1,423.5 / (5.9 x2.5) = 96.508 KN/ m2
Total Moment = 30 + 30 = 60 KNm
CG of vertical loads from column = [1.2× 600 + (1.2 + 3.5)× 600] / (600 + 600) = 2.95 m
Since the CG of loads and CG of the footing are coincident, no additional moment is induced in the footing.
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Z = 2.5 × 5.92 / 6 = 14.504 m3
So M/Z = 4.137 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z = 100.645 KN/m2

So stress at right end= P/A - M/Z = 92.2372 KN/m2

100.645 KN/ m2 < 140 KN/m2
Hence safe
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5.9×1423.5 = 4,199.325 KNm
So FOS = 4,199.325 / 60 = 69.99 > 1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×2.5×1,423.5 = 1,779.375 KNm
Hence OK

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 164.44(10)6
K = = = 0.0093 < 0.156
25(2,500)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 233.56(10)6
K = = = 0.0132 < 0.156
25(2,500)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (2.5 - 0.3) / 2 = 1.1 m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Max) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) + 1.4 x60 / Z = 118.035
KN/m2
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Min) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) - 1.4 x60 / Z = 109.762 KN/m2

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (118.035 + 109.762)/2×5.9×1.12/2 = 406.56 kN·m

deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 406.56(10)6
K = = = 0.00974 < 0.156
25(5,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 761 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.985d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 080 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 882 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D =4,080 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.17
Vumax = 317.771 kN

vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.351 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.702 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Two-way shear = 476.443 kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 476.443(10)3 / (7,656×538) = 0.116 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v

For Column Two
Two-way shear = 497.173 kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 497.173(10)3 / (7,656×538) = 0.121 N/mm2

vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

BS Mat Combined Foundation
Comparison
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 100.645 100.5 Negligible
92.2372 92.2252
Governing Moment 164.44 164.236 Negligible

(kN·m)
233.559 231.776
406.56 406.74
Shear Force (One-Way) 317.771 322.618 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 476.443 471.709 1.0%

(kN)
497.173 500.657
Resisting Moment for 4,199.325 4,192.872 Negligible

Overturning (Z) (kN·m)
Resisting Moment for 1,779.325 1,776.4641 Negligible

Overturning (X) (kN·m)
2.10 BS Mat Combined Foundation

Reference
Macginley, T. J., and B. S. Choo. Reinforced Concrete: Design Theory and Examples. New York: CRC, 1990. Print.
Page 351, Example: 11.4
Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 – Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN

Column 2 – Dead load 430 kN, imposed load 220 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is not to exceed 2.0
m. The safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement.

Let us assume that the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130 = 1,250 kN.
Area of base = 1,250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat be as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 × 4.5 × 0.6 × 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,249.6 kN.
M = 470 ×1.75 - 650 × 1.05 = -1.2 kN-m
Maximum base pressure = 1,249.6 / (2 × 4.5) + 1.2/6.75 = 139.02 kN/m2 < 180 kN/m2
(Hence safe).
Ultimate Load Case I (DL & IL on both the column)

The ultimate loads are,
Column 1 load = 1.4 × 310 + 1.6 × 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 × 430 + 1.6 × 220 = 954 kN.

The distance of center of gravity from column 1 is checked for service load case 1:
x = (954 × 2.5)/(690 + 954) = 1.45 m.
The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1:
Base area = 4.5 × 2 =9.0 m2,
Base modulus = 2 × 4.52 / 6 = 6.75 m3.
Direct load = 690 + 954 = 1,644 kN
Self weight will be cancelled when moment is calculated
The moment about the centerline of the base is,
M = 690 × 1.45 - 945 ×1.05 = -1.2 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1,664 / 9 + 1.2 / 6.75 = 182.85 kN / m2
Minimum pressure = 1,664 / 9 - 1.2 / 6.75 = 182.49 kN / m2

Moment at left face of left column = 71.29 kNm

Moment at left column = 116.87 kNm
Moment at Right face of Left column = 52.754 kNm
Moment at left face of right column = 178.69 kNm
Moment at right column = 263.26 kNm
Hogging Moment = 100 kNm

Critical shear is at d distance (left side) from right column face = 250.8 kNm
Ultimate Load Case II (DL & IL on column 1; DL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 × 310 + 1.6 × 160 = 690 kN
Column 2 load = 1.4 × 430 = 602 kN
Direct load = 690 + 602 = 1,292 kN
Self weight will be cancelled when moment is calculated
M = 690 × 1.45 - 602 × 1.05 = 368.4 kN-m.


Hogging Moment = 98.1 kNm

Ultimate Load Case III (DL on column 1; DL & IL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 × 310 = 434 kN
Column 2 load = 1.4 × 430 + 1.6 × 220 = 954 kN.
Direct load = 434 + 954 = 1,388 kN
M = 434 × 1.45 - 954 × 1.05 = -372.4 kN-m



Hogging Moment = 65.31 kNm

Design of Longitudinal (Bottom) Steel

The maximum negative BM from Load Case III is 287.43 kN-m
The negative BM on longitudinal direction 3.28m from left footing edge from Load Case III is 277.74 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 287.43(10)6
K = = = 0.014 < 0.156
35(2, 000)(550)2
2
f CU bd
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.988d
M XX 287.43(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 1, 260 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1,808 mm2.
Design of Longitudinal (Top) Steel

The maximum positive BM from Load Case III is 100.1 kN-m
The positive BM on longitudinal direction 1.907m from left footing edge from Load Case III is 99.54 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 100.1(10)6
K = = = 0.004 < 0.156
35(2, 000)(550)2
2
f CU bd
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.995d
M XX 100.1(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 437 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.

Calculation of Vertical Shear

The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is V = 250.8 kN,
250.8(10)3
V = 2, 000 × 550
= 0.228N/mm2
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min 2, 000 × 550
3
)} { ( )}
100 × 1, 808 1/3 400 1/4
max 550
1
( )35 1/3
25
1.25
1/3 1/4
(
0.79 0.1644 ) ( 1 ) ( 1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.39 N/mm2 > v
Punching Shear Check

The critical perimeter for punching shear check is at 1.5 d distance from the face of the column. Here the
perimeter crosses the boundary of the base on two sides. Hence punching shear is less critical than the vertical
shear in this case.
Comparison
Table 15: British verification example comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
Longitudinal Bending 277.74 for load III 265.84 for load III using 4.5%
Moment that causes Results Along Line
tension on bottom (kN·m)
Longitudinal Bending 99.54 for load I 98.62 for load I using Negligible
Moment that causes Results Along Line
tension on top (kN·m)
Area of Steel required for 1,260 1,338 6.2%

longitudinal moment at
bottom (mm 2 /m)
Base Pressure (kN/m 2 ) 139.02 139.23 Negligible
Note: There is larger difference (6.2%) for Area of Steel required for longitudinal moment at bottom because the
maximum moment is used to calculate the required steel area in STAAD Foundation Advanced where as the
average moment is used to calculate required steel area in the hand calculation.

BS Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.11 BS Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx = -300 KN
Fy = -500 KN
Fz= -200 KN
Mz = 45.89 KNm
Mx =-98.32 KNm
Offset of column in X-direction, Oxd = 300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction, Ozd =300 mm
Density of soil =14 kN/m3
Depth of Soil = 0.5m
Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of Friction, μ = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil, σ = 120 KN/m2
Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5
Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete, fc’ = M-30 = 4,349.39 psi
Strength of steel, fy = Fe-415

Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m×5.0m×1.0m
Determination of Base Area of Footing

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = (500 + 0.10 x 500)/ 120= 4.5833 m2

Use a 5 .0m x 5.0m square footing (Af = 25 m2).

Using a depth of 1m;
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0×5.0×1×25) = 625 kN
Wt. of soil = 14×0.5×[(5.0×5.0) – (0.3×0.3)] = 175 kN
Total self weight = 625 + 174.27 + 1.125 = 800 kN
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz = +45.89 - (-300×1.0) + (-500×0.3) = 195.89 kN·m
Mx = - 98.32 + (-200×1.0) - (-500×0.3) = -148.32 kN·m
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6×195.89/53) - (6×148.32/53) = 49.717 kN/m2
σ2 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6×195.89/53) - (6×148.32/53) = 35.478 kN/m2
σ3 =((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6×195.89/53) + (6×148.32/53) = 54.283 kN/m2
σ4 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6×195.89/53) + (6×148.32/53) = 68.522 kN/m2
which is < 120 kN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 kN
Restoring Force = m×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/300) = 2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/200) =3.25 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32- 200×
(0.0 +1) = -298.32 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 +Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) ×
Width of Footing×0.5 = 3,400 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,400/298.32) = 11.397 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction

Overturning Moment = Mz + Fx× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300×

(0.0 +1) = 345.89 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 +Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) ×
Width of Footing*0.5 = 3,400 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,400/345.89) = 9.83 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Base Pressure for Shear and Moment Calculation

The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /53) - (6×148.32 /53) = 22.283 kN/m2
σ2 = (500/25) - (6×195.89 /53) - (6×148.32 /53) = 3.478 kN/m2
σ3 = (500/ 25) - (6×195.89 /53) + (6×148.32 /53) = 17.717 kN/m2
σ4 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /53) + (6×148.32 /53) = 36.522 kN/m2
Check for Flexure and Calculation for Reinforcement

Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are used. For this
problem, the factors used are all 1.0
Figure 36: Bending about major axes
Bending About Z-axis Bending About X-axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column

About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
= (22.283+3.478)/2 =12.8805 kN/m2

Average Base Pressure along other edge

= (17.717+36.522)/2 = 27.1195 kN/m2
5 - (5/2+0.3+0.15) = 2.65
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
= 27.1195- [(27.1195 - 12.8805)/5.0×2.65] =19.5728 kN/ m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0×[19.5725 ×2.65×2.65×0.5+0.5×(27.1195-19.5728)× 2.65×2.65×1/3] = 431.95
kN·m
Effective depth, d = 1000 – 50 – 1.5 × 16 = 926 mm
Mu 431.95(10)6
K = = = 0.00336 < 0.15
5,000(926)2(30)
2
bd f cu
Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9977d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M XX 431.95(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.95 × 926)
= 1, 245 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
About Z- axis
= (36.522+22.283)/2 =29.4025 kN/m2
(5/2+0.3-0.15) = 2.65
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
= 29.4027- [(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×2.65] =19.4358 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0×[19.4358 ×2.65×2.65×0.5+0.5×(29.4027 –19.4358)×2.65×2.65×2/3}= 457.874
kN·m
Effective depth, d = 1,000 – 50 – 1.5 × 16 = 926 mm
Mu 457.874(10)6
K = = = 0.00356 < 0.156
5,000(926)2(30)
2
bd f cu
Hence safe

Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9961d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M ZZ 457.87(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.95 × 926)
= 1,320 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
Check for Shear

Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0 m and average effective thickness d = 0.926 m
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
One-way Shear Along Z-Z axis
Vu = qs× tributary area
Bw = 5.00 m
qs is given by:
= (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8805 kN/m2
= (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1195 kN/m2
(5/2 +0.3 -0.926 -0.15) = 1.724
= 27.1195- [(27.1195 – 12.8805)/5.0×1.724] = 22.21 KN/ m2
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux = 5.0×[22.21×1.724+0.5×(27.1194-22.21)×1.724]= 212.61 kN
Design shear stress, v = 212.61/(5.0×0.926) = 45.92 kN/m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
100 × 6,500 1/3
0.79 min 5,000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 930
1
25
( )
30 1/3
=
0.79(0.145)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 353 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
Consider 1.5× shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 × 355 = 706 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)


One-way Shear Along X-X axis
Vu = qs× tributary area
Bw = 5.00 m
qs is given by:
= (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 kN/m2
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15) = 1.73
= 29.4027- [(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×1.73] =22.89603 kN/ m2
Hence, the Design one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0×[22.89603×1.73+0.5×(29.4027-22.89603)×1.73] = 226.1924 kN
Design shear stress, v = 226.1924/(5.0×0.93) =48.64353 kN/ m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min 5,000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
100 × 6,500 1/3 400 1/4
max 930
1
( )
30 1/3
25
=
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 355 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
Let us consider 2× shear enhancement.

Vce = 2×355 = 710 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Two-way action (Punching Shear)

Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 1000 - 50 - 1.0 x 16 = 934 mm
Punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = 3.102×3.102 = 9.622 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) x 1.15 = 507.19 KN
Critical perimeter, Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 12.408 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.044 N/mm2

vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1 < Vt1, Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.146 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
30
V3 = = 1.063 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3

0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.354 N/mm2
Comparison
Table 16: British verification example 13 comparisons
Moment about X 431.95 431.466 431.561 Negligible

(kN·m)
Moment about Z 457.874 457.377 457.472 Negligible

(kN·m)
Area of steel about 6,500.00 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible

X-X
Area of steel about 6,500.00 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible

Z-Z (mm 2 )
Shear Stress (One 48.64 48.447 48.563 Negligible

way) along X (kN/m
2)
Shear Stress (One 45.92 45.732 45.813 Negligible

way) along Z (kN/m
2)
Shear Force (Two 507.19 508.279 508.183 Negligible

way) (kN)

Factor of Safety 2.1656 2.167 2.166 Negligible

against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety 3.2484 3.25 3.249 Negligible

against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety 11.397 11.397 11.397 None

against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety 9.83 9.83 9.83 None

against Overturning
(Z)

Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)
3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Design of a square Isolated Footing
Problem
A tied column –450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars– carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300
kN and an unfactored live load of 1,000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.

CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Trial Footing Size

Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
Required area of footing: 2300/300 = 7.66 m2
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 kN
weight of soil = (3.6 x 3.6 - .452) x 1.5 x 16 = 306.18 kN
Total Axial load = 2300 + 233.28+306.18 = 2839.46 kN
So stress on soil= 2839.46 /(3.6x3.6)= 219.094 kN/m2 < 300 kN/m2
Hence OK.
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive

soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Max sliding force = axial load x coefficient of friction
Coeff. of friction = 0.5,
Sliding force = 0.5x 2839.46 =1419.73 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x 2839.46 x3.6 kN·m = 5111.028
kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1,300 kN) + (1.5 × 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3,125/(3.6 × 3.6) = 241.126 kN/m2

Along X Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar (20 mm Metric Bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
V u,max = 241.126 3.6 ( )( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) = 784.937 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
V u,max = 241.126(3.6) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) = 784.937 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 x 20) mm = 670.75 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 335.37 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = (450+2 x 0.5 x 335.37)2 = 1.2561 m2
Vmax = Pr(B·H - Am) = 241.126 × (3.6 × 3.6 - 1.2561) = 2,822.12 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × ( b + h + 2×d) = 4.483 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.938 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4: so, Multiplier = 1
Vc = Multiplier × min{Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 1,235 kN/m2
So allowable shear stress, Vc = 1,235 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
Use approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3,600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section:
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ =0.001942 = .194%
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y

Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.001942 = .194%
Hence OK

Astx =ρ.B.deff= 4,684.51 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2% of Gross Cross Section = 5,400 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff= 4,684.51 mm2
Comparison
Table 17: CSA verification example 1 comparison

(kN/m2)
Governing Moment 1,076.65 1,076.64 1,076.64 None

(kN·m)

Way) (kN)
784.937 784.94 785.12
Shear Force(Two- 2,822.12 2,822.13 2,822.76 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Shear Strength of 1,012.297 1,012.98 1,012.98 None

Concrete (One-Way)
(kN)

Shear Strength of 1,235 1,235 1,235 None

Concrete (Two-Way)
(kN/m2)
ℓd ,required (mm) 730 730 730 None
730 730 730
ℓd ,available (mm) 1,525 1,525 1,525 None
1,525 1,525 1,525
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2

Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead load of 900 kN
and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit

Trial Footing Size

Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
Required area of footing: 1,700 /300 = 5.66 m2
Self Weight of footing = 3 x 3 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 KN
weight of soil = ( 3 x 3 - .52 ) x 1.5 x 16 = 210 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is: 1,700 +129.6 + 210 = 2,039.6 KN
So stress on soil = 2,039.6 /(3x3)= 226.622 KN/m2 < 300 KN/m2
Hence Ok
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) = 2,325 kN


In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive
soil resistance is not calculated by STAAD Foundation Advanced. Thus, the entire factor of safety against sliding
must be mobilized by the frictional resistance at the footing base. Factor of safety against overturning must be
checked as per the NBCC.
Hence, max sliding force = axial load x coeff of friction
for coeff of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5 × 2,039.6 = 1,019.8 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5× 2,039.6 x3 KNm = 3,059.4
KNm (Same WRT both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load =2,325/(3×3)=258.33 KN/m2
Soil Pressure Due to Ultimate Loads

Stress on soil from Factored load ( excluding the footing selfweight and soil weight) = 2,325 /(3 × 3)=258.3333
KN/m2
and,
including the footing selfweight and soil weight = 258.33 + 24 x 0.6 + (210/( 3 × 3 )) = 296.0667 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
V u,max = 258.33(3) ( 3 -20.5 - 0.52075) = 565.161kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 520.75 = 468.675 mm
bw = 3,000 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 640.064kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm

V u,max = 258.33 3 ( )( 3 -20.5 - 0.52) = 565.161kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 520.75 = 468.675 mm
bw = 3,000 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 640.064kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600 - 50 - 1 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = (500+520.75)2 = 1.0419 m2
V max = Pr ( B ⋅ H - Am) = 258.33(3 × 3 - 1.0419) = 2, 055.835 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.083 m

τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.967 N/mm2
α=4
ß = L/B = 3/3 =1, λ = 1.0, ϕc = 0.65, f'c = 20 N/mm2
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.656N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.048N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.104N mm 2 /
Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4, multiplier = 1
So min{Vr1,Vr2,Vr3} = 1,104 KN/m2
So allowalbe shear, Vc = 1,104.6 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
Use the approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 0.45 1
db
′
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.714m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
Use the approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 0.45 1
db
′
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.714m

Hence OK

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
M ux =
1
2
× 258.33 × 3 × ( 3 -20.5 )2 = 605.46 kN ⋅ m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
)
ρϕs f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm

So, ρ =0.00261
Hence OK
About Z Axis
M ux =
1
2
× 258.33 × 3 × ( 3 -20.5 )2 = 605.46 kN ⋅ m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
)
ρϕs f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
So, ρ =0.00261
Hence OK

As per clause 7.8.1 equation 10.5.1.2(a).
Astx =ρ×B×deff = 0.00261 × 3,000 × 520.75 = 4,077.473 mm2
Provide 15 bars of 19.5 mm at 210 mm spacing
Provided area = 4479.714 mm2
Astz = ρ×B×deff = 0.00261 × 3,000 × 520.75 = 4,077.473 mm2
Provide 15 bars of 19.5 mm at 210 mm spacing

CSA Isolated Foundation 3
Comparison

( KN/m2)

(KN·m)
605.46 605.458 605.458

Way) (kN)
565.161 565.17 565.17
Shear Force(Two- 2,055.835 2,055.83 2,055.83 None

Way) (kN)
3.3 CSA Isolated Foundation 3

Problem
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 95KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against
sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=450 mm, GWT is 10,000 mm from GL.
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3 and wet unit weight of soil = 18 KN/m3.
Note: Consider the water effect is permanent and consider buoyancy for bearing capacity check.


Weight of footing = 4.0 × 4.0 × 0.500 × 25 KN = 200 kN
Weight of above soil = 4.0 × 4.0 × 0.450 × 18 KN = 129.6 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,150 + 200 + 129.6) kN = 1,479.6 kN
Maximum pressure = 1,479.6 /(4.0 × 4.0) = 92.475 kN/m2
92.475 kN/ m2 < 95 kN/m2
Hence safe

Comparison

(considering
bouyancy) (kN/m2)

Problem
A tied column –450 mm square– carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300 kN and an unfactored live load of
1,000 kN, unfactored wind load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kN·m. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of
300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy= 400 MPa. Unit


Trial Footing Size

Required area of footing: 2,300/300 = 7.66 m2
Assuming a footing size = 3.6 m × 3.6 m × 0.75 m
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 × 3.6 × 0.75 × 24 = 233.28 kN
Weight of pedestal = 0.45 × 0.45 × 1.5 × 24 = 7.29 kN
Weight of soil = (3.6 × 3.6 - .452) × 1.2 × 16 = 244.94 kN
Total Axial load, V = 2,300 + 233.28 + 7.29 + 244.94 = 2,785.514 kN
Total Moment, Mx = 20 × 2.25 + 60 = 105 kN·m
Mz = 0
Footing area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Zz = Z·X2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
Zx = X·Z2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
Stress at four corners (service condition):
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 201.4285 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 201.4285 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 228.4347 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 228.4347 kN/m2
So maximum stress on soil = 228.4347 kN/m2 < 300 kN/m2, Hence OK.

The passive soil resistance is not considered in STAAD Foundation Advanced in the calculation of the factor of
safety against sliding and overturning.
Max sliding resistance = vertical load x coefficient of friction
Resisting force = 0.5 × 2,785.514 = 1,392.757 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Sliding force, Fz = 20 kN, Fx = 0
RatioZ = 1392.757/20 = 69.64, RatioX = NA
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x plan dimension/2 = 0.5 × 2,785.514 ×3.6 kN·m =
5,013.925 kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
Overturning moment, Mx = 105 kN·m, Mz = 0
RatioX = 5,013.925/105 = 47.75, RatioZ = NA,

Corner Stress for Ultimate Loads

must be used:
Factored Load, V = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1300 kN) + (1.5 × 1000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Factored Load, Mx = 1.6 Wz = 1.6 X 105 kNm = 168 kNm
Stress at four corners (ultimate condition)
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 219.5216 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 219.5216 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 262.732 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 262.732 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Critical section is deff from edge of column, soil pressure at critical section
( ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 251.881 kN/m2

= 262.732 − 262.732 − 219.5216 ×
V u,max = (262.732 + 251.881)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 837.377 kN

3.6 - 0.45
2
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.979kN
Vn,max < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average soil pressure along the Z direction = 0.5 × (219.5216 + 262.732) = 241.127 kN/m2
V u,max = 241.127(3.6) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) = 784.722 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm

Allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2

230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
Vn,max < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450 + 2 × 0.5 × 670.75)2 = 1.256 m2
Since the soil pressure varies linearly along the Z direction, the force due to the average pressure can be used to
calculate the punching shear.
Note: The punching shear force reported in the calculation sheet by STAAD Foundation Advanced consists of the
value calculated above plus an additional value to account for the unbalanced moment in accordance with
section 13.3.5.1 of the Canadian code.
In the following calculations, instead of reporting that contribution (from the unbalanced moment) in the net
punching shear force, it is considered at the point where the punching shear stress is calculated.
Vmax = Pr(B·H - Am) = 241.1265 × (3.6 × 3.6 - 1.256) = 2,822.13 kN
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (γv × Mu × e ) /Jc
/(
γv = 1 − 1 1 + 2 3 / b1
b2
) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pedestal length and width = 450 mm
γv = 0.4
Ac = Pm × deff = 4.484 × 0.6705 = 3.007 m2
About x direction, Mu = 168 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 0
e= (0.45 + 0.6705) / 2 = 0.56025 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 2,822.13/(4.484 × 0.671) = 0.938 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)3) /6 + (deff 3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 + deff)2) /2
(This equation can be found in Commentary R11.11.7.2 of ACI 318-08)
Since the pedestal is square, C1 = C2 = 0.45 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
Vu_moment = ((γv x Mu x e) /Jc) x Ac = 53.138 kN/ m2
Vu = 9338 + 53.138 = 991 kN/m2
α=4

ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Vc = multiplier × min{Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 1,235 kN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 1,235 kN/m2
Vu < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK

About Z Axis
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.66 kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.665
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ =0.002007 = .201%
Hence OK
About X Axis
Critical section is the edge of column, maximum stress of critical section
(
= 262.731 − 262.731 − 219.522 × ) ( 3.6 −2 0.45 ) / 3.6 = 243.827 kN/m2
( ) (
M uz = 243.827 × 3.6 × 1.575 × 0.5 × 1.575 + 262.731 − 243.827 × 3.6 × 0.5 × 1.575 × ) 2
3
× 1.575
= 1, 144.991kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.707
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.002138 = .214%
Hence OK


Astx =ρ×B×deff= 4,824 mm2
Astz = ρ×L×deff= 5,162 mm2
Comparison

(kN/m2)
201.4285 201.4285 201.4285
Governing Resisting 5,013.925 5,013.83 5,013.83 Negligible

Moment (kN·m)
5,013.925 5,013.83 5,013.83
Governing Restoring 1,392.757 1,392.76 1,392.76 None

Moment (kN·m)
1,392.757 1,392.76 1,392.76
Shear Force(One- 784.722 792.54 783.963 1%

Way) (kN)
837.377 845.43 836.628
Shear Force(Two- 968.52 968.95 968.95 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Resisting Shear 1,012.979 1012.979 1012.979 None

Force (One-Way)
(kN)
Resisting Shear 1,235 1,235 1,235 None

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m2)


(kN·m)
1,144.992 1,147.42 1,147.42
730 730 730
1,525 1,525 1,525

Problem
1,000 kN, unfactored seismic load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kN·m, Fx = -20kN, Mz = 60kN·m. Suitable soil with a
factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit


Trial Footing Size

Assuming a footing size of 3.6 m × 3.6 m × 0.75 m
Weight of soil = (3.6 × 3.6 - .452) × 1.2 × 16 = 244.944 kN
Total Moment, Mx = 0.7×(60 - (-20 × 2.25)) = 73.5kN·m
Mz = 0.7 × (60 - (-20 × 2.25)) = 73.5kN·m
Footing area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Zz = Z·X2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
Zx = X·Z2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 214.9316 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 193.0273 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 214.9316 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 233.836 kN/m2

Max sliding resistance = vetical load x coefficient of friction
Sliding force, Fz = 14 kN, Fx = -14 kN
RatioZ = 1,392.757/14 = 99.483, RatioX = 1,392.757/14 = 99.483
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x plan dimension/2 = 0.5 × 2,785.514 × 3.6 kN·m =
5,013.925 kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
Overturning moment, Mx = 73.5 kN·m, Mz = 73.5 kN·m
RatioX = 5,013.925.0/73.5 = 68.217, RatioZ = 5,013.925/73.5 = 68.217

Corner Stresses for Ultimate Loads

must be used:
Factored Load, V = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1,300 kN) + (1.5 × 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Factored Load, Mx = 105 kNm , Mz = 105 kNm
Stress at four corners (ultimate condition):
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 241.127 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 214.12 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 241.127 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 268.133 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 2 = (268.133+ 241.127) / 2 = 254.63
kN/m2
Average stress along edge connecting corners 3 and 4 = (241.127 + 214.12) / 2 = 227.623
kN/m2
Critical section is deff from edge of column, average soil pressure along critical section
(
254.63 − 254.63 − 227.623 ×) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 247.848 kN/m2
V u,max = (254.63 + 247.848)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 817.632 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.979 kN
Vu,max < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 4 = (268.133+ 241.127) / 2 = 254.63
kN/m2

Average stress along edge connecting corners 2 and 3 = (241.127 + 214.12) / 2 = 227.623
kN/m2
(
254.63 − 254.63 − 227.623 ×) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 247.848 kN/m2
V u,max = (254.63 + 247.848)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 817.632 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.979 kN
Vu,max < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 20) mm = 670.75 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450 + 2 × 0.5 × 670.75)2 = 1.256 m2
Since the soil pressure varies linearly along the Z direction, the force due to the average pressure can be used to
calculate the punching shear.
Vmax = Pr(B×H - Am) = 241.1265 × (3.6 × 3.6 - 1.256) = 2,822.13 kN
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect an
additional factor needs to be added to account for unbalanced moment affect
/(
γv = 1 − 1 1 + 2 3 / b1
b2
) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pedestal length and width = 450 mm
γv = 0.4
Ac = Pm × deff = 4.484 × 0.6705 = 3.007 m2


About z direction, Mu = 105 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6705) / 2 = 0.56025 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)3) /6 + (deff3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 + deff)2) /2
Since the pedestal is square, C1 = C2 = b1 = b2 = 0.45 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
Two-way shear stress, Vu_moment = ((γv x Mu x e) /Jc) x Ac = 33.211 kN/ m2
Vu_stress = 938 + 33.211 × 2 = 1,004 kN/m2
α=4
ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Development Length
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m


Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK

About Z Axis
Critical section is at the edge of column.
Average stress along the edge connecting corners 1 and 4 = (268.133 + 241.127) / 2 =
254.63 kN/m2
227.623 kN/m2
(
Average stress at the column face = 254.63 − 227.623 × ) 3.6 / 2.0 + 0.45 / 2
3.6
+ 227.623 = 242.814 kN/m 2
( ) (
M uz = 242.814 × 3.6 × 1.575 × 0.5 × 1.575 + 254.63 − 242.814 × 3.6 × ) 1.575
2
×
2
3
× 1.575 = 1, 119.36
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.691
b⋅d

deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.002087 = .209%
Hence OK
About X Axis

Critical section is at the edge of column, maximum stress of critical section

227.623 kN/m2
254.63 kN/m2
(
Average stress at the column face = 254.63 − 272.623 × ) ( 3.6 / 2 3.6
+ 0.45 / 2
) + 227.623 = 242.814 kN/m2
( ) (
M ux = 242.814 × 3.6 × 1.575 × 0.5 × 1.575 + 254.63 − 242.814 × 3.6 × ) 1.575
2
×
2
3
× 1.575 = 1, 119.36
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.691
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.002087 = .209%
Hence OK


Comparison
Maximum Bearing 233.836 233.836 233.836 None

Pressure (kN/m2)

Moment (kN·m)
5,013.925 5,013.83 5,013.83

Moment (kN·m)
1,392.757 1,392.76 1,392.76

Way) (kN)
817.632 822.98 822.98
Shear Force(Two- 1,004 980.76 980.76 2.3%

Way) (kN)
Resisting Shear 1012.979 1012.98 1012.98 None

Force (One-Way)
(kN)

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
1,119.37 1,121.29 1,121.29
730 730 730
1,525 1,525 1,525

Design of a rectangular Isolated Footing

Problem
1,000 kN, unfactored seismic load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kN·m, Fx = -20kN, Mz = 60kN·m. Suitable soil with a
factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a rectangular footing.


Trial Footing Size

Assuming a footing size of 4m x 3.6m x 0.75m
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 × 4 × 0.75 × 24 = 259.2 kN
Weight of soil = (3.6 × 4 - .452) × 1.2 × 16 = 272.592 kN
Total Moment, Mx = 0.7×(60 - (-20 × 2.25)) = 73.5kN·m
Mz = 0.7 × (60 - (-20 × 2.25)) = 73.5kN·m
Footing area, A = 3.6 × 4 = 14.4 m2
Zz = Z·X2/6 = 3.6×42/6 = 9.6 m3
Zx = X·Z2/6 = 4×3.62/6 = 8.64 m3
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 196.3078 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 180.9953 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 198.0092 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 213.3217 kN/m2
Factors of Safety in Sliding and Overturning

Max sliding resistance = vertical load x coefficient of friction
Sliding force, Fz = 14 kN, Fx = -14 kN
RatioZ = 1,419.541/14 = 101.396, RatioX = 1,419.551/14 = 101.396
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x plan dimension/2
About X = 0.5 × 2,839.082 × 3.6 kN·m = 5,110.348 kN·m
About Z = 0.5 × 2,839.082 × 4 kN·m = 5,678.164 kN·m
Overturning moment, Mx = 73.5 kN·m, Mz = 73.5 kN·m
RatioX = 5,110.348/73.5 = 69.529, RatioZ = 5,678.164/73.5 = 77.254

Corner Stresses for Ultimate Loads

must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1,300 kN) + (1.5 × 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Factored Load, Mx = Mz = 105 kNm
Stress at four corners (ultimate condition) due to ultimate loads:
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 215.7986 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 193.9236 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 218.2292 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 240.1042 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 2 = (215.799 + 193.924) / 2 =
204.861 kN/m2
229.167 kN/m2
(
229.167 − 229.167 − 204.861 × ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 223.062 kN/m2
V u,max = 0.5 × (229.167 + 23.062)(4)( - 0.67075) = 817.632 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 4,000 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.979 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 4= (215.799 + 240.104) / 2 =
227.951 kN/m2


206.077 kN/m2
( 4 - 20.45 - 0.67075) / 4 = 221.913kN/m2

= 227.951 - (227.951 - 206.077) ×
V u,max = 0.5 × (227.951 + 221.913)(3.6)( - 0.67075) = 894.172 kN

4.0 - 0.45
2
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.979 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 20) mm = 670.75 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 × 0.5 × 670.75)2 = 1.256 m2
Since the soil pressure varies linearly along X and Z directions, and the entire footing is in contact with the soil,
the force due to the average pressure is used to calculate the punching shear.
Average soil pressure due to ultimate loads = (1/4) x (215.799 + 193.924 + 218.229 + 240.104) = Pr =
217.014 kN/m2
Vmax = Pr(B×H - Am) = 217.014 × (4.0 × 3.6 - 1.256) = 2,852.43 kN
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, an additional factor needs to be added to account for unbalanced
moment effect:
/(
γv = 1 − 1 1 + 2 3 / b1
b2
) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = pedestal length and width = 0.45 m

γv1 = 0.413
γv2 = 0.387
Ac = Pm × deff = 4.484 × 0.6805 = 3.007 m2
About z direction, Mu = 105 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6705) / 2 = 0.56025 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 2,852.43/ ( 4.484 × 0.671) = 0.948 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)3) /6 + (deff3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 + deff)2) /2
Since the pedestal is square, C1 = C2 = b1 = b2 = 0.45 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
(γv1 + γv2)M u × e
V u_moment = Jc
Ac = 66.433kNm2
Vu = 2,852.43/Ac + 66.433 = 1,015.03 kN/m2

α=4
ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Development Length
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1

k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK

About Z Axis
(reinforcement bars are placed along the X direction)
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 4= (215.799 + 240.104) / 2 =
227.951 kN/m2
206.077 kN/m2
Critical section is the edge of column. Average soil pressure along critical section:
(
= 227.951 − 227.951 − 206.077 × ) ( 4.0 −2 0.45 ) / 4.0 = 218.245 kN/m2
( ) (
M uz = 218.245 × 3.6 × 1.775 × 0.5 × 1.775 + 227.951 − 218.245 × 3.6 × ) 1.775
2
×
2
3
× 1.775 = 1, 274.3
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.786
b⋅d

deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm

So, ρ =0.002386 = 0.239%
Hence OK
About X Axis
(reinforcement bars are placed along the Z direction)
Average stress along edge connecting corners 1 and 2= (215.799+ 193.924) / 2 = 204.861
kN/m2
229.167 kN/m2
Critical section is at the face of column. Average soil pressure along critical section:
(
= 229.167 − 229.167 − 204.861 × ) ( 3.6 −2 0.45 ) / 3.6 = 218.533 kN/m2
( ) (
M ux = 218.533 × 4.0 × 1.575 × 0.5 × 1.575 + 229.167 + 218.533 × 4.0 × ) 1.575
2
×
2
3
× 1.575 = 1, 119.3
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.001873 = 0.187%
Hence OK

Astx =ρ×B×deff= 0.00239 × 3,600 × 671 = 5,774 mm2
Astz = ρ×L×deff= 0.00187 × 4,000 × 671 = 5,019 mm2

Comparison
Maximum Bearing 213.3217 213.3217 213.3217 None

Pressure (kN/m 2 )

Moment (kN·m)
5,678.164 5,678.06 5,678.06

Force in Sliding (kN)
1,419.541 1,419.54 1,419.54
Shear Force(One- 817.632 822.986 822.986 <1%

Way) (kN)
894.172 898.766 898.766
Maximum Shear 948 991 991 4.3%

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m2)
Resisting Shear 1012.979 1012.98 1012.98 None

Force (One-Way)
(kN)

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m 2 )
Governing Moment, 1,274.391 1,274.32 1,274.32 Negligible

Muz and Mux
(kN·m) 1,119.368 1,119.29 1,119.29
730 730 730
1,525 1,525 1,525


Design of a square Isolated Footing with offset column
Problem
A tied column –450 mm square with X offset of 300mm and Z offset of 300mm– carries an unfactored dead load
of 1,000 kN and an unfactored live load of 600 kN, unfactored wind load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kN·m. Suitable
soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.


Trial Footing Size

Weight of pier = 0.45 × 0.45 × 1.5 × 24 = 7.29 kN
Weight of soil = (3.6 × 3.6 - .452) × 1.2 × 16 = 244.94 kN
Total Moment, Mx = 60 - (-20×2.25) + (1,600 + 7.29)×0.3 = 587.19 kN·m
Mz = -(1,600 + 7.29)×0.3 = -482.19 kN·m
Footing area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Zz = Z·X2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
Zx = X·Z2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 23.3969 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 147.4162 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 298.4417 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 174.4224 kN/m2

The passive soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety
against sliding check.
Resistance force = 0.5 × 2,085.5 = 1,042.8 kN (same for X & Z dir)
RatioZ = 1,042.8/20 = 52.1, RatioX = NA
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2
= (0.5 × 3.6-0.3)×(1,600+7.29) + 0.5×3.6×(233.28 + 244.94) = 3,271.7 kN·m (Same wrt
both x and z axis)
RatioX = 3,271.7/105 = 31.2, RatioZ = NA
must be used:

Factored Load, V = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1,000 kN) + (1.5 × 600 kN) = 2,150 kN
Factored Load, Mx = 815.2 kNm, Mz = -647.2 kNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = -22.1674 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 144.29 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 353.9576 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 187.5 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm

Average max. stress = (353.96 + 187.5) / 2 = 270.729 kN/m2
Average min. stress = (144.29 -22.167) / 2 = 61.061 kN/m2
Critical section is deff from edge of column . Use interval method
average stress in upper side = 131.183 kN/m2
V u, upper = (131.183 + 61.0613)(3.6)(1.204) = 416.633 kN
average stress in lower side = 235.551 kN/m2

V u, lower = (270.729 + 235.551)(3.6)(0.604) = 550.428 kN
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm

Average min. stress = (241.127 + 214.12) / 2 = 227.623 kN/m2
Critical section is deff from edge of column . Use interval method
average stress in upper side = 138.337 kN/m2
V u, left = (138.337 + 82.666)(3.6)(1.204) = 478.956 kN
average stress in lower side = 221.196 kN/m2

V u, right = (249.124 + 221.196)(3.6)(0.604) = 511.332 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750-50-1× 20) mm = 680.5 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 × 0.5 × 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2

Use interval method, stress at four corner of punching area are:
256.2695 kN/m2, 204.0204 kN/m2, 190.4573 kN/m2,138.2081 kN/m2
Average stress = ( 256.2695 +204.0204 + 190.4573 +138.2081)/4 = 197.239 kN/m2
Vmax = Pr(B×H - Am) = 197.239 × (3.6 × 3.6 - 1.2780) = 1,937.98 kN
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect


γv = 1 − 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pier length and width
γv = 0.4
Ac = Pm × deff = 4.522 × 0.6805 = 3.077 m2
About x direction, Mu = 815.187 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 647.187 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6805) / 2 = 0.56525 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)^3) /6 + (deff ^3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 +
deff)^2) /2
C1 = C2 = 0.56525 x 2 = 1.1305 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
About x direction, Vu_moment = ((γv × Mu × e) /Jc) × Ac = 257.84 kN/ m2
About z direction, Vu_moment = ((γv × Mu × e) /Jc) × Ac = 204.70 kN/ m2
Vu = 1,937.98/Ac + 257.84 + 204.70 = 1,092.33 kN/m2
α=4
ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Development Length
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m

Hence OK

About Z Axis
Average min. stress = (187.5 - 22.1674) / 2 = 82.666 kN/m2
Critical section is the edge of column , Use interval method,
average stress left edge of column = 169.3629 kN/m2
M ux = ( 16 (169.3629 - 82.666) + 12 (169.3629)) × 3.6 1.875 2 = 705.998 kNm
average stress right edge of column = 190.17 kN/m2
M ux = ( 13 (249.124 - 190.17) + 12 (190.17)) × 3.6 1.275 2 = 671.466 kNm

α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y

Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ =0.001303= .13%
Hence OK
About X Axis
Critical section is the edge of column, maximum stress of critical section
Average min. stress = (144.29 -22.167) / 2 = 61.0613 kN/m2
Critical section the edge of column, Use interval method,
average stress upper edge of column = 170.2631 kN/m2
M uz = ( 16 (170.2631 - 61.0613) + 12 (61.0613)) × 3.6 1.875 2 = 616.751 kNm
average stress right edge of column = 196.472 kN/m2
M ux = ( 13 (270.729 - 196.472) + 12 (196.472)) × 3.6 1.275 2 = 719.758 kN-m

α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.001329 = .133%
Hence OK


Comparison

(kN/m 2 )

Moment (kN·m)
3,271.738 3,270.80 3,270.80

Force (kN)
1,042.757 1,042.76 1,042.76

Way) (kN)
511.332 510.878 510.878
Shear Force(Two- 1,092.325 1,095.655 1095.655 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Resisting Shear 1,012.979 1,012.979 1012.979 None

Force (One-Way)
(kN)

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m 2 )

(kN·m)
705.998 704.233 704.233
730 730 730
1,525 1,525 1,525


Problem
A tied column –450 mm square– carries an unfactored dead load of 10 kN and an unfactored live load of 10 kN,
unfactored seismic load w/ Fz = 120 kN, Mx = 300 kN·m. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of
300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.

Use the following load factors for the load combinations:

Service load combination:

1.0 Dead + 1.0 Live + 0.70 Seismic-X + 0.70 Seismic-Z

Ultimate load combination:
1.25 Dead + 1.50 Live + 1.0 Seismic-X + 1.0 Seismic-Z
Trial Footing Size

Weight of soil = (3.6 × 3.6 - .452) × 1.2 × 16 = 244.94 kN
Total Axial load, V = 20 + 233.28 + 7.29 + 244.94 = 505.514 kN
Total Moment, Mx = (120 × 2.25 + 300) × 0.7 = 399 kN·m
Mz = 0
Footing area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Zz = Z·X2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
Zx = X·Z2/6 = 3.6×3.62/6 = 7.776 m3
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = -12.306 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = -12.306 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 90.317 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 90.317 kN/m2
Adjust four corner soil bearing pressure:
eccentricity, e = Mx / V = 399 / 505.514 = 0.7893 m
σ3 = σ4 = σmax = 4 × 505.514 / [3 × 3.6 × (3.6 - 2 × 0.7893)] = 92.622 kN/m2
So maximum stress on soil = 92.622 kN/m2 < 300 kN/m2, Hence ok.

The passive soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety
against sliding check.
Resistance force = 0.5 × 505.514 = 252.757 kN (same for X & Z dir)
RatioZ = 252.757/84 = 3.009, RatioX = NA

Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5 × 505.514 × 3.6 kN·m = 909.925
kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
RatioX = 909.925/399 = 2.28, RatioZ = NA,
Ultimate Pressure
Occasionally, the vertical load (V) obtained from the column reactions alone may be so small in comparison to
the bending moments (Mx and Mz) that a large footing size will be required to ensure that the effective point of
action of the load is within the bounds of the footing. This location is defined for each of the directions X and Z by
the terms-
ex = Mz/V and ez = Mx/V
Thus, one needs to provide a footing that is large enough to ensure that,
0. 5×L > ex
0. 5×B > ez
where L and B are the plan dimensions of the footing in the X and Z directions respectively.
To alleviate this situation, the i) footing self-weight ii) pedestal or pier weight (if any) iii) soil weight (if any) and
iv) surcharge (if any) are added to V so that it will help reduce the values of ex and ez, and consequently, the
footing size required will be smaller than if these terms were not included.
For footings that are fully in contact, adding these weight terms is harmless because the downward pressures
due to these terms is counterbalanced by increase in soil pressure (that is equal and opposite, and, uniform over
the area of the footing). Thus, it is a self-equilibrating effect and hence does not contribute to the bending
moments or shear forces that the foundation is to be designed for.
must be used:
Factored Load, V = (1.25DL + 1.5LL) + wt. of (footing + pier + soil + surcharge)
V = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 10) + (1.5 × 10) + (233.28 + 7.29 + 244.944) = 513.014 kN
Factored Moment, Mx = 1.0 × (Seismic X + Seismic Z) = 1.0 × (120 × 2.25 + 300) = 570
KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = -33.718 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = -33.718 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 112.887 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 112.887 kN/m2

Figure 45: Elevation of Footing
Figure 46: Plan of Footing

Figure 47: Compression zone of pressure due to ultimate loads
Adjust the four corner soil bearing pressures:

eccentricity, e = Mx / V = 570 / 513.014 = 1.1111 m
Dist. of eccentric point load from left edge of footing = A = (B/2) - e = (3.6/2)-1.1111= 0.6889 m
Length of compressive zone = 3× A = 3 × 0.6889 = 2.06676 m
σ3 = σ4 = σmax = V/(0.5 × 3 × A × L) = 513.014/ (0.5 × 2.06676 × 3.6) = 137.9009 KN/m2
So, maximum stress on soil = 137.9009 KN/m2 < 300 KN/m2, Hence ok.
Compute Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Concrete Design

Bending About X Axis

2.0667 − 1.575
Soil pressure at face of the column = 2.0667
× 137.9009 = 32.8117kN/m 2
Moment at face of the column is due to pressure from soil below = Part A + Part B, where:
1.575
Part A = 32.8117 × 1.575 × 3.6 × 2
= 146.5083kN⋅m
137.9009 − 32.8117 2
Part B = 2
× 1.575 × 3.6 × 3
× 1.575 = 312.8243kN⋅m
Thus, moment due to pressure from soil below = 146.5083 + 312.8243 = 459.3326 kN·m
Moment due to weight of footing + weight of soil above:
(0.75 × 24 + 1.2 × 16) × 1.575 × 3.6 × 1.575

2
= 166.1027kN⋅m
Total = 459.3326 - 166.1027 = 293.25 kN·m

Shear Force in the XY Plane
Critical Section for shear force = effective depth, deff, away from face of column
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar (20 mm Metric Bar),
effective depth, deff = (750 - 50 - 1.5 × 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm

1.16276
Soil pressure at depth, d, away from the face of the support = 2.06676
× 137.9009 = 77.5831kN/m 2
137.9009 + 77.5831
Force due to soil pressure acting upward = 2
× 0.904 × 3.6 = 350.6356kN
Force due to selfweight and soil weight acting downward ( 0.75 × 24 + 1.2 × 16 ) × 0.904 × 3.6 = 121.0637kN
Total shear force in the XY plane = 350.6356 - 121.0637 = 229.5716 kN

Bending Moment About Z Axis

Bending moment due to soil pressure from bottom
137.9009 + 0.0 1.575
= 2
× 2.0667 × 1.575 × 2
= 176.7494kN⋅m
Bending moment due to self weight and soil weight acting downwards
( )
= 0.75 × 24 + 1.2 × 16 × 1.575 × 3.6 ×
1.575
2
= 166.103kN⋅m
Net moment = 176.7494 - 166.103 = 10.646 kN·m

Shear Force in the YZ Plane
137.9009 + 0.0
Due to soil pressure from bottom = 2
× 2.06676 × 0.904 = 128.8236kN
Due to selfweight and soil weight acting downward = ( 0.75 × 24 + 1.2 × 16 ) × 0.904 × 3.6 = 121.0637kN
Total shear force in the XY plane = 128.966 - 121.0637 = 7.67 kN

Along X Direction (in the XY plane)
As shown earlier, effective depth =
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Vu,max = 229.5716 kN
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction (in the YZ plane)
As shown earlier, deff = 670.75 mm
Tension will be ignored.
Vu,max = 7.76 kN
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9×deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe

Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4 , rebar diameter, db = 25 mm
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.936m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.936m

Hence OK
Comparison
Bearing Pressure - 92.6222 92.6222 92.6222 None

Service Load (kN/m
2)

CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Bearing Pressure - 137.9009 137.90 137.90 Negligible

Ultimate Load
(kN/m 2 )
Factor of safety 909.925 909.91 909.91 Negligible

against overturning:
Resisting Moment
(kN·m)
Factor of safety 252.757 252.76 252.76 None

against sliding:
Restoring Force
(kN)
ℓd ,required (mm) Along X axis - 936 Along X axis - 940 Along X axis - 940 Negligible
Along Z axis - 936 Along Z axis - 940 Along Z axis - 940
ℓd ,available (mm) Along X axis - 1525 Along X axis - 1525 1,525 None
Along Z axis - 1525 Along Z axis - 1525 1,525
3.9 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 kN, Mx = 100 kNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 260 kN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 kN
Uplift capacity = 80 kN

Figure 48: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D=600 mm

Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1,200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
pilecap dimension is 1,900 mm x1,900 mm x 600 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.60 x 25 kN = 54.15 kN

Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 kN = 0.78 kN
Therefore, total axial load on the pilecap = (800+54.15 +0.78) kN = 854.93 kN
So Pile reaction (Max) = 854.93 /4 + 100/(2 × 1.2 m) = 255.4 kN < 260 kN,
Hence OK
Pile reaction (Min) = 854.93 /4 - 100 / (2 * 1.2 m) = 172.065 KN
As there is no lateral load, moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt = 1.0
Load factor for axial load = 1.5
So, Load on pilecap (axial) = 1.5 × 800 + 1.0 × 54.15 + 1.0 × 0.78 = 1,254.93 kN
Moment = 1.5 × 100 = 150 kNm
Load on pile 1, 2 = 1,254.93 /4 + 150/(2 × 1.2 m) = 376.233 kN
Load on pile 3, 4 = 1,254.93 /4 - 150/(2 × 1.2 m) = 251.231 kN
Figure 49: Bending sections considered
Calculation of Moment wrt Z Axis

For moment about X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 376.233 x 0.475=178.71 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 251.231 x 0.475=119.335 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 178.71 + 119.335 - (54.15 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25)/2]2/2 = 228.346 kNm


Contribution from pile 2 = 376.233 × 0.475 = 178.71 kNm
Contribution from pile 4 = 251.231 × 0.475 = 119.335 kNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 178.71 + 119.335 - (54.15 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25)/2]2/2 = 228.346 kNm
So Max value of Mz = 288.346 kNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 288.346 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10), effective depth
deff = 483.05 mm
B =1,900 mm ,
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.65 (Clause No 8.4.2)
α1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
ß1 = 0.9075 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 294.03 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = β1 × c = 266.832 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = α1 × ϕc × f'c × a × bw = 6,693(10)3 kN (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment = C×(d - a/2)= C×(d - a/2) = 6,693(10)3 × (483.05 - 266.832 / 2) (10)-6 =
2,340.36 kNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment wrt X Axis
For moment about Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 251.231 × 0.475 = 119.335 kNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 119.335 × 2 (54.15 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25)/2]2 / 2 = 228.983 kN
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 178.71 × 2 (54.15 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25)/2]2 / 2 = 347.733 kN
So Max value of Mx = 347.733 kNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 347.733 kNm
deff = 438.05 mm
B =1,900 mm
C = 6,639(10)3 kN, a = 266.832 mm
Resisting Moment = 2,340.36 kNm
Mux < Resisting Moment, Hence OK

Calculation of Shear
Figure 50: Shear sections considered
For shear at X1X1,

After geometric calculations of area of sector
Contribution from pile 1 = 376.233 × .4752 = 178.786 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 178.786 + 119.385 + 54.15 × (0.825 - 0.483) /1.9 = 288.424 kN
For shear at X2X2
So Total V X2X2 = 178.786 + 119.385 + 54.15 × (0.825 - 0.483) /1.9 = 288.424 kN
So Max V parallel to X direction = 288.424 kN
For shear wrt Y1Y1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 251.231 × 0.4752 =119.385 kN
So Total V Y1Y1 = 119.385 × 2 - 54.15 × (0.825 - 0.483) / 1.9 = 229.023 kN
For shear wrt Y2Y2
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 376.233 × 0.4752 =178.786 kN
So Total V Y2Y2 = 178.786 × 2 - 54.15 × (0.825 - 0.483) / 1.9 = 347.825 kN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 347.825 kN
Check for One-way Shear

Along X Direction

Shear Strength
( )
230 ′
(1, 000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1λϕc λ f ′c bw d
= max( 430.352, 268.455) kN = 430.352 kN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)

where
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
λ = factor to account Concrete density = 1 (Clause No 8.6.5)
bw = Section Width = 1,900 mm
d = effective Depth= 483.05 mm (Clause 11.0)
VX < VResistanceX, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
( )
230 ′
(1, 000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1λϕc λ f ′c bw d
= max( 430.352, 268.455) kN = 430.352 kN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)

VZ < VResistanceZ, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Figure 51: Two-way shear sections considered
Effective depth, d = 600 -100 -11.3 = 488.7 mm

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =244.35 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = 376.233 kN
Contribution from self weight = 25 × [1.92 - (0.244 + 0.125)2] × 0.6 = 45.965 KN
So total punching shear Vmax = 1,254.928 - 45.965 = 1,208.963 kN

b0= Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face = 4 × (250 + 463.7 /2 + 463.7 /2) = 2,954.8
mm
Per CSA23_3, 13.3.5.5, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (γv × Mux × e ) /J + (γv × Muz × e ) /J
γv = 1 − 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pier length and width
γv = 0.4
Ac = b0 × deff = 2,954.8 × 488.7 (10)-6= 1.444 m2
About x direction, Mux = 150 KNm
CAB = (250 + 488.7) / 2 = 369.35 mm
Jc = 1.457 x 10^11 mm^4
Vux_moment = (γv × Mu × CAB) /Jc x Ac = 219.639 kN
Muz = 0 KNm, Vuz_moment = 0
Therefore Shear stress τc= Vmax/(b0 × d) = (1,208.963 + 219.639) / 1.444 = 989.337 kN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
λ = 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
ϕc = 0.65 (Clause 8.4.2)
f'c = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
ßc = (Column Length)/(Column Width) = 1,900/1,900 = 1
αs = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
( )0.19λϕ
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc c f ′
c = 1, 852 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2 = (0.19 + α )λϕ (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)

d ′
sb c f c = 2, 767.59 kN/m2
0
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f ′
= 1, 235 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
c
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3) = 1,235 kN/m2

Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4, mod factor=1
V < VResistance , Hence safe

Along X Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 288.346(10)6
Kr = 2
= = 0.651 N/mm2
bw d 1, 900(483.05)2

(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
)
ρϕs f y
where
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015×f’c ≥ 0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
ϕc = 0.65 (clause 8.4.2)
ϕs = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation ρ (steel area ratio) = 0.1745%
Therefore, Astx = ρ×b×d= 1,601.277 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 × B × D = 2,280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 347.733(10)6
Kr = 2
= = 0.785 N/mm2
bw d 1, 900(483.05)2
Solving the previously stated equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.1804%

Therefore, Astx = ρ×b×d= 1,941.718 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 × B × D = 2,280 mm2
Comparison
Depth (mm) 600 600 None
Governing Moment (wrt X 347.733 347.717 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 2,340.35 2,340.32 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Governing Moment (wrt X 288.346 288.342 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 2,340.35 2,340.32 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Shear Force(One-Way) X 288.424 287.913 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 430.352 430.353 Negligible

Way) X (kN)

CSA Combined Foundation 1
Shear Force(One-Way) Z 347.825 347.212 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 430.352 430.353 Negligible

Way) Z (kN)
Shear stress(Two-Way) 989.337 989.344 Negligible

( kN/m 2 )
Resistance Shear Stress 1,601.277 1,601.059 Negligible

(Two-Way) ( kN/m 2 )
Ast ( Along X) (mm 2 ) 1,941.718 1,941.447 Negligible
3.10 CSA Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 900 kN each column., fc = 30 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal height-600 mm. and C/C column distance=3500 mm . Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 kN/m2
Note: Consider GWT is permanent.

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 900/120 m2 = 15 m2

Assuming 5.7 m × 3.4 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist = 3,500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 × 3.15 × 0.500 × 25 kN = 242.25 kN
Weight of pedestal=2 × 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.6 × 25=1.875 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 × 3.4 - 2 × 0.25 × 0.25) × 0.500 × 18 kN = 143.295 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = (5.7 × 3.4 -2 × 0.25 ×0.25) × 0.50 × 18 = 173.295
kN
Surcharge load = (5.7 × 3.4 - 2 × 0.25 × 0.25) × 5= 96.275 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2 × 900 + 242.25 + 1.875 + 173.295 + 96.275) kN = 2,313.695 kN
Maximum pressure= 2313.695 / (5.7 × 3.4) = 119.386 kN/m2
119.386 kN/ m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)

Overturning and Sliding Check

About Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation = 2,313.695 kN
Total Service load on foundation without surcharge = 2,313.695 - 96.275 = 2,217.42 kN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 5.7 × 2,217.42 = 6319.647 kNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Total Service load on foundation without surcharge = 2,217.42 kN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.4 × 2,217.42 = 3,769.614 kNm
Hence OK
Sliding Force = 0
Total Service load on foundation = 2,217.42 kN
Sliding resistance = 0.4 x 2,217.42 = 886.968 kN
Comparison

(considering
bouyancy) (kN/m2)

for Overturning (Z)
(kN-m)

for Overturning (X)
(kN-m)
Resisting Force 886.968 886.248 886.2487 Negligible

Against Sliding
(resultant) (kN)

Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)
4
4.1 IS Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by A.K. Jain, Page 539, Example 18.2.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 kN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 400 mm × 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 kN/m2, and Load Factor = 1.5.

IS Isolated Foundation 1

Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.6 x 25 kN = 183.75 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) kN = 1183.75 kN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) kN/ m2 = 96.633 kN/m2 <100 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) kN/m2 = 122.45 kN/m2
Note that the true ultimate pressure at the base of the footing includes the pressure due to footing weight and
soil. For the sake of this example, if we assume that the height of soil above footing is 0.0, the ultimate pressure
will come to
122.45 + 25 × 0.6 = 137.45 kN/m2
The additional pressure due to weight of footing and soil is a self-equilibrating system, thus, the concrete design
will be based on the pressure caused by column reaction alone, namely, 122.45 kN/sq.m.
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 kN-m

de = (600-35-1.5 x 10) mm = 550 mm

700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.479
Ru,max = 0.36 × fc × Ku,max × (1-0.42 Ku,max) = 2.066 MPa
Mulim = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 2,187.377 × 106 N-mm = 2,187.377 kN-m > Mu

Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de = 2,697.119 mm 2
f c × B × de

Provide area of steel = 2,827.43 mm2

100Ast
= 0.1469
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.28 N/mm2

Considering Shear Enhancement factor = 2, τc = 0.56 N/mm2
V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
V u,max = 122.45 3.5 ( )( 3.5 2- 0.4 - 0.55) = 428.575kN

Developed shear stress τc =
428.575 ( 10 ) 3
3,500 ( 550 )
= 0.222N / mm 2
< τc,all (Hence safe)
Check for Two-Way Shear

de = (600-35-1 x 10) mm = 555 mm
Vumax = 1,500 - (122.45 × .955 × 0.955) = 1,388.322 kN
1388.322 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 955 )( 555 )
= 0.654 N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2

Spacing
2,697.119 × 4
No. of 10 mm bar = π ( 10 )( 10 )
= 34.34 ⇒ 35
3, 500 − 35(2) − 10
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 100.588 mm

Provide 10 mm bar at 95 mm spacing along both directions.
Figure 54: Plan of Reinforcement
Comparison
Table 27: IS verification example 1 comparison

(mm)

(kN·m)
Area of Steal 2,697.119 2,697.095 2,697.095 Negligible

calculated (mm2)


Way) (N/mm2)

Way) (N/mm2)

Reference
Reinforced Concrete Structure by Punmia-Jain-Jain, Example 25.1.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, Column Dimension
= 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.

Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2

Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+50.4) KN = 650.4 KN
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 × 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 × 1.5 /(2.4 × 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 156.25 × 2.4 × 0.95 × 0.95 /2= 169.21875 KN-
m
de = (350-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 282 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 × fc × Ku,max × (1- 0.42 Ku,max) = 2.227

Mulim = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 425.214 × 106 N-mm = 425.214 KN-m > Mu

Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de = 2,977.116mm 2
f c × B × de

100Ast
= 0.4679
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.45 N/mm2

V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
V u,max = 156.25(2.4) ( 2.4 2- 0.5 - 0.282) = 250.5 kN

250.5 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 2,400 ( 282 )
= 0.370N / mm 2 < τc,all
Hence safe
Check for Two-Way Shear

de = (350-50-1 x 12) mm = 288 mm
Vumax = 900 - (156.25 × 0.620) = 802.97 KN
802.97 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 788 )( 288 )
= 0.884N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2
Hence safe
Spacing
2,977.116 ( 4 )
No. of 12 mm bar = = 26.33 ⇒ 27
π ( 12 ) 2
2,400 - 50(2) - 12
Spacing = 27 - 1
= 88 mm

Provide 12mm bar at 85 mm 28 numbers both sides.
Figure 56: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design
Comparison

(mm)


(kN·m)
Area of Steel (mm2) 2,977.116 2,977 2,977 Negligible

Way) (N/mm2)

Way) (N/mm2)

Problem
Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100.5 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
Pedestal design is not required as pedestal is considered as concrete enclosed steel pedestal.

Approximate area of footing required = 2,000/100.5 m2 = 19.90 m2

Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 428.79) kN = 2,428.79 kN
Maximum pressure = 2,428.79/(4.95×4.95) = 99.124 kN/ m2 < 100.5 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = (2,000×1.5) / (4.95)2 kN/m2 = 122.436 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2428.79 = 1,214.395
kN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.95×2,428.79 = 6011.25 kN·m

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2,428.79 = 1,214.395
kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×4.95×2,428.79 = 6,011.25 kN·m
Hence OK

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 1.5×16) mm = 626 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Ru= 0.36×fck×Kumax ×(1 - 0.42Kumax) = 4.133 N/mm2
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 8017.33 kN·m
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 1.5×16) mm = 626 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu = 0.87.fy×Ast×d.(1 - Ast×fy/b×d×fck)

So solving equation for Ast,

Astx = 7,498 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7,498 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4,158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 39 bars of 16mm at 125 mm spacing

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.253
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.952- 0.3 - 0.626) = 1,029.69kN

1,029.69 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 4,950 × 626
= 0.332N/mm 2
Now allowable stress= 0.37 N/mm2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.253
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.952- 0.3 - 0.626) = 1,029.69kN

1,029.69 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 4,950 × 626
= 0.332N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe

Punching Shear
deff = (700 - 50 - 1×16) mm = 634 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 317 mm from the column face.
Vumax =3,000 - (122.436 × 0.872) = 2,893.192 kN
2893.192 (10)3
Developed shear stress, τv = 4(934)(634)
= 1.221N / mm 2
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.36 N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
Shear Force - One 1,029.69 1,029.697 1,029.697 None

Way (kN)
Shear Force - Two 2,893.192 2,895.014 2,895.014 None

Way (kN)


Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,000 kN, Fx = 10 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 112 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Surcharge=20 kN/m2

Weight of footing = 3.65×3.65×0.6×25 kN = 199.838 kN
Surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Surcharge force = 20×( 3.65×3.65 - .32 ) = 264.65 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,000+264.65+199.8)= 1,464.48 kN
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 1,464.48 / (3.65×3.65) = 109.925 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 10×0.6 = 6 kN·m
Total moment, Mz = 6 kN·m

Zz= 3.65×3.652/6 = 8.1045 m3

M/Z = .740 kN/m2
Left edge
σ1 = P/A -M/Z = 109.185 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A -M/Z = 109.185 kN/m2
Right edge
σ2 = P/A +M/Z = 110.665 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A +M/Z = 110.665 kN/m2
110.665 kN/m2 <112 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force =0.5 × 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.65 × 1,199.83 = 2,189.689 kN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force = 0.5 × 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = -6 KNm
Hence OK

Comparison

(kN/m2)
110.666 110.666 110.666

for Overturning (x)
(kN·m)

sliding (z) (kN)

for Overturning (z)
(kN·m)

sliding (x) (kN)

Problem
Dimension = 300 mm× 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 450 mm, dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 1,200 / 110 m2 = 10.91 m2

Weight of footing = 3.7×3.7×0.55 × 25 kN = 188.237 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (3.72 - .32)×0.45 × 18 kN = 110.16 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,200 + 188.237 + 110.16) kN = 1498.39 kN
Maximum pressure = 1,498.39 / (3.7×3.7) = 109.452 kN/m2 < 110 kN/m2
Hence safe
Soil pressure due to factored load from column ultimate load case = (1,200×1.5)/(3.7)2
kN/m2 = 131.4828 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,498.39 = 749.19 kN
Hence OK


Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,498.39 = 749.19 kN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 476 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 2,887.213 kN·m
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis
Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 476 mm
K = 700 / (1,100+0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 4,261 mm2

Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012 × B × D = 2,442 mm2 ( as fy > 250)

Provided area = 4,624.47 mm2
Along Z Direction
Astz = 4,261 mm2
Provide 23 bars of 16 mm at 165 mm spacing along both directions.

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.262
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 2- 0.3 - 0.476) = 595.45kN

595.45 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3,700 × 476
= 0.338N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.262
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 2- 0.3 - 0.476) = 595.45kN

595.45 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3,700 × 476
= 0.338N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (550 - 50 - 1 × 16) mm = 484 mm

IS Isolated Foundations 6
Vmax = 1,800 - (131.4828 × 0.614) = 1,719.26 kN
1719.26 (10)3
Developed shear stress τc = 4(784)(484)
= 1.132N / mm 2
ß = L/B = 3.7/3.7 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)

(X&Z) (kN·m)
Shear Force (One- 595.45 595.46 595.46 None

way, X&Z) (kN)

way) (kN)
4.6 IS Isolated Foundations 6

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2,000 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 102 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction = 0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm


Avoiding buoyancy uplift for bearing capacity - critical
Assuming 5.30 m × 5.30 m × 0.8 m footing dimension
Upward force due to buoyancy = (5.3×5.3 × (0.5 + 0.8 - 0.2) × 9.807kN = 303.026 kN
Weight of soil above the footing = (5.3×5.3- .32 ) ×0.5 ×18 kN = 252 kN
total load on the footing (dry) = (2,000 + 561.8 + 252) kN = 2,813.8 kN
total load on the footing (wet) = (2,000 + 561.8 + 252 - 303.026) kN = 2,510.774 kN
Maximum pressure = 2813.8 / (5.3×5.3) = 100.170 kN/m2 < 102 kN/m2
Hence safe
Soil pressure due to factored load from column ultimate load case = 2,000×1.5 / (5.3)2 =
106.799 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,510.774 =
1,255.387 kN
Hence OK

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,510.774 =
1,255.387 kN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth against moment

About X Axis
Mux = 106.799 × 5.3 × 2.5 × 2.5 / 2 = 1,768.858 kN·m
deff = (800 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 726 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 106.799 × 5.3 × 2.5 × 2.5 / 2 = 1,768.858 kN·m
deff = (800 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 726 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction

Astx = 6,956.85 mm2
Provide 36 bars of 16 mm at 145 mm spacing
Along Z Direction
Astx = 6,956.85 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.1881
V u,max = 106.799 × 5.3 ( 5.3 2- 0.3 - 0.726) = 1,004.145kN

1,004.145 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 5300 × 726
= 0.260N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.1881
V u,max = 106.799 × 5.3 ( 5.3 2- 0.3 - 0.726) = 1,004.145kN

1,004.145 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 5300 × 726
= 0.260N/mm 2


V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (800 - 50 -1× 16) mm = 734 mm
Vmax = 3,000 - (106.799 × 1.069) = 2,885.815 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2× ( b + h + 2d) = 4.136 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 0.9505 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)

(X&Z) (kN·m)
Shear Force (One- 1,004.145 1,004.151 1,004.151 Negligible

way, X&Z) (kN)

way) (kN)


Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 kN, Fz=120 kN fc = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS

Weight of footing = 3.95×3.95×0.6× 25 kN = 234.04 kN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1,500 + 234.04) kN = 1,734.04 kN
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 1,734.04 /(3.95×3.95) = 111.138 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120×0.6 = 72 kN·m
Total moment Mx = 72 kN·m
Zx= 3.95×3.952/6 = 10.27 m3

M/Z = 7.01 kN/m2

So,
σ1 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
118.148 kN/m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Soil pressure due to factored load from column ultimate load case
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 2250 /(3.95×3.95) = 144.207 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120×1.5×0.6 = 108 kN·m
M/Z = 10.51 kN/m2
σ1 = σ2 = P/A -M/Z = 133.697 kN/m2
σ3 = σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 154.717 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
Hence OK
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 120
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 kNm
Hence OK


About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt z axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) ×
2,125 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) ×
1,825 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (144.21 + 144.21) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,039.57 kN
LA = (144.21 + 2× 144.21) × 1.825/ [3× (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.913 m
Mu (right) = 949.13 kN·m
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 949.13 kN·m

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 526 mm

K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
1825/ 3,950 = 143.42 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
2125/ 3,950 = 145.01 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (154.73 + 145.01 ) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,080.375 kN
LA = (2×154.73 + 145.01 ) × 1.825/ [3× (145.01 + 154.73 )] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.186 kN·m
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 997.186 kN·m


deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 526 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 5,181.024 mm2
Along Z Direction
Astz = 5,448.341 mm2

Shear Plane Parallel to Z Axis
100 Ast
= 0.2806
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21) ×
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21) ×
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2

Hence, the SF at critical section

F = (144.21 + 144.21) ×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 739.94 kN
So max SF along Z axis Fux = 739.94 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 739.94 x 1000 / (3,950 × 526) = 0.356 N/mm2

τv < τc, Hence Safe
Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis
100 Ast
= 0.261
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
2651/ 3,950 = 147.81 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
1.299/ 3,950 = 140.609 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (left)
F = (133.69 + 140.609)×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 703.720 kN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (154.73 + 147.81) ×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 776.173 kN
So max SF along X axis Fuz = 776.173 kN

Developed shear stress τv = 776.173 x 1,000 / (3,950 x 526) = 0.373 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600 - 50 - 1 × 16) mm = 534 mm
Vmax = 2,149.632 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2×(b+2d+h) = 3,336 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 1.206 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 3.95/3.95 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.369 N/mm 2
τv < τc

Hence safe
Figure 62: Final Plan Dimensions
Comparison
Min Bearing 104.129 104.129 104.129 None

Pressure (kN/m2)
Max Bearing 118.148 118.148 118.148 None

Pressure (kN/m2)

(kN·m)
949.13 948.55 948.55

IS Combined Foundation 1

way) (kN)
739.94 744.318 744.318

way) (kN)
4.8 IS Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 400 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Approximate area of footing required = 2x400/120 m2 = 6.67 m2


(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.438 KN
Weight of pedestal=2× 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.438+2.25) KN = 918.688 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.688 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.349 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2

About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at center of column, Mux = 197.2 KNm
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 156.586 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.444 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1315.782 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 37.49 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1,315.782 KNm
Hence OK
With Respect to X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.35-0.3)/2 = 0.525 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 154.589 x5.75 x0.5252/2 = 122.499 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 5,604.724 KNm

Hence OK

Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast, taking moment at the critical section
Astx = 837.082 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 972 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provide 9 bars 12mm at 150 mm spacing
Astx = 196.383 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 972 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astz = 650.977 mm2

Figure 64: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams

100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 170.711 kN

Developed shear stress V = 170.711 x 1000 / (1350 x 532)= 0.237 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 491.44 kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
ß=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress = τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 491.44 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
Comparison

(kN/m2)


(kN·m)
37.49 37.474 37.404
122.499 122.727 122.498
Shear Force(One- 170.71 170.033 170.71 None

Way) (kN)
Shear Force(Two- 491.44 492.362 491.44 None

Way) (kN)
491.44 492.362 491.44

Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2

Assuming 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 72.63 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 350 + 123.75 + 2.25 + 74.25) KN = 898.63 KN
Maximum pressure = 898.63 /(5 x 1.65) = 108.924 KN/ m2 < 110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2

Moment About Z Axis (Sagging)


deff = (600-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru. B deff2 = 1,608.406 kN·m
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Hogging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1,608.406 kN·m
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Mux = 127.273 x5x0.6752/2 = 144.97 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 397.953 mm2


Astx = 692.112 mm2
Astz = 758.329 mm2

100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 171.78 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 171.78 x 1000 / (1650 x 532) = 0.196 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 434.3 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 435.623 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.241 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1


For Column Two
deff = (600-50-1x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 435.623 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.241 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1

Figure 66: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
131.2 131.47 131.17
144.97 145.60 144.97

Way) (kN)

Way) (kN)
435.62 436.69 435.62

Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2

(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2 m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m × 1.65 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 133.65 kN
Weight of pedestal=2 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.5 × 25 = 2.25 kN
Weight of soil above footing = ( 5.4 m × 1.65 m - .32×2 )0.500 × 18 kN = 78.57 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m × 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) × 9.81 kN = 78.67
kKN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 × 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 78.57 - 78.67) kN =
1,135.8 kN
Maximum pressure= 1,135.8 /(5.4 ×1.65) = 127.47 kN/ m2 < 138 kN/m2
Avoiding buoyancy effect in bearing capacity check - critical
Total load on the footing = (2 × 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 78.57 ) kN = 1,214.47 kN
Maximum pressure= 1,214.47 /(5.4 ×1.65) = 136.304 kN/ m2 < 138 kN/m2

Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1,000 × 1.5 / (5.4 × 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2

Mux = 153.124 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 112.5 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 ×5.4×0.6752/2 = 207.102 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK


Astx = 809.588 mm2
Provide 11 bars of 12 m at 150 mm spacing
Astx = 592.332 mm2
Astz = 1071.585 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 227.222 kN
Developed shear stress V = 227.222 × 1000 / (1650 × 532) = 0.258 N/mm2


V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 631.811 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 631.811 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Comparison

(kN/m2)


(kN·m)
112.5 112.39 112.39
207.10 207.10 207.10
Shear Force(One- 227.22 227.22 227.22 None

Way) (kN)

Way) (kN)
631.81 631.78 631.78
Note: Use Neglect Self Weight for Concrete Check in Global Settings to get exact results.

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=4000
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition

Approximate area of footing required = 2×350/90 m2 = 7.78 m2

Assuming 6 m × 1.75 m × 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m × 1.75 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 157.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 2 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.5 × 25 = 2.25 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2×350+157.5 +2.25) kN = 859.75 kN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6×1.75) = 81.88 kN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 × (0.5 + 0.6) = 33 kNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 kNm
Z=1.75×62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 kN/m2
Stress at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 kN/m2
Stress at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 kN/m2
88.16 kN/ m2 < 90 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate Pressure

Maximum pressure for axial load = P/A = 1050 /(6×1.75) = 100 kN/ m2
Moment on each col = 45 × (0.5 + 0.6) = 49.5 kNm
So total moment = 49.5 × 2 = 99 kNm
Z=1.75×62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 99/10.5 = 9.428 kN/m2
Stress at left end = 100 + 9.428 = 109.428 kN/m2
Stress at right end = 100 - 9.428 = 90.572 kN/m2

Mux = 76.86 kN·m (Moment at right side of column)
deff = (600-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 264.25 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.75-0.3)/2 = 0.725 m
BBending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) ×6×0.7252/4 = 157.68 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 5,848. kN·m

Hence OK

Astx = 359.743 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,260mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astx = 1,411.241 mm2
Astz = 824.44 mm2

Percentage of steel pt = 0.133
Vumax = 248.613 KN
Developed shear stress V = 0.261 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear = 449.289 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 449.289 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.245
N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
For Column Two
Punching shear = 458.245 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 458.245 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.2496
N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k≤1
Hence, k=1

Comparison

(kN/m2)
75.60 75.60 75.60

IS Pilecap Foundation 1

(kN·m)
264.25 264.23 264.23
157.68 157.68 157.68

Way) (kN)

Way) (kN)
458.25 459.19 459.19
Note: Use Neglect Self Weight for Concrete Check in Global Settings to get exact results.
4.12 IS Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 500.00 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm.
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 kN

Note: Pile cap design uses initial depth first and then finds a suitable depth for the final design. This example
problem has used the final depth calculated as the initial depth, which satisfies the design on first attempt.
Minimum depth required for the pile cap = 1.5x pile diameter = 1.5x 400 mm = 600 mm
Assume a pile cap depth of 750 mm.
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 38: Pile Locations in Plan
Pile No X Coordinate (mm Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600

Pile No X Coordinate (mm Z Coordinate (mm)
4 600 -600
Pilecap dimension is 1,900 mm x1,900 mm x 750 mm

Weight of pilecap = 1.9 ×1.9 × 0.75 × 25 kN = 67.69 kN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (500 + 67.69 ) kN = 567.688 kN
So pile reaction = 567.688 /4 = 141.92 kN < 250 kN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(500) + 1(67.69) = 817.69 kN
Load on each pile = 817.69 /4 = 204.42 kN
Calculation of Moment about Z Axis

Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 204.42 × 0.475 = 97.099 kN·m
So Total Mz X1X1 = 97.099 × 2 - (67.69 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25) / 2]2 / 2 = 182.074 kN·m

So Total Mz X2X2 = 97.099 × 2 - (67.69 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25) / 2]2 / 2 = 182.074 kN·m
So Max value of Mz = 182.074 kN·m
Calculation of Moment about X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 97.099 × 2 - (67.69 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25) / 2]2 / 2 = 182.074 kN·m
For moment wrt Z2Z2
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 97.099 × 2 - (67.69 / 1.9) × [(1.9 - 0.25) / 2]2 / 2 = 182.074 kNm
So Max value of MX = 187.074 kNm
Check for Trial Depth against moment

About Z Axis
Muz = 187.074 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth calculation is done using
max bar size given which is 16 mm:
deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 626 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.416·Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 626 mm
Resisting Moment = Ru·B·deff2 = 2570.619 kNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 182.074 kN-m
max bar size given which is 16 mm:
deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 626 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.416·Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 626 mm
Resisting Moment = Ru·B·deff2 = 2570.619 kNm
Hence OK


Along X Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 869. 778 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,710 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 869. 778 mm2

Parallel to X Axis
critical section distance from center = 0.125 + 0.626 / 2 = 0.438 m > (.6 - .2) m
After geometrical calculation of finding the area of sector
Included angle = 79.79°
Area of sector = 27,862 mm2
Area of triangle = 19,000 mm2
Area of pile cross-section = A = π42 = 125,714 mm2
Load ratio for partial pile = [ 127,714 - (27,862 - 19,000 ) ] / 125,714 = 0.9295
Area of pile = 0.1256 m2
For shear about X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 204.42 × 0.9295 = 190.008 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 2× 190.008 - 25 × 075 × 0.512 × 1.9 = 361.8 kN
So Total V X2X2 = 2× 190.008 - 25 × 075 × 0.512 × 1.9 = 361.8 kN
So Maximum V along section X1X1= 361.8 kN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear about Z1Z1
So Total V Z1Z1 = 2× 190.008 - 25 × 075 × 0.512 × 1.9 = 361.8 kN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 2× 190.008 - 25 × 075 × 0.512 × 1.9 = 361.8 kN

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel pt = 100·Ast/(B·de) = 0.1521
Vumax = 361.8 kN
Developed shear stress V = 361.8 × 1,000 / 1,900 × 626 = 0.3041 N/mm2
Considering Shear Enhancement factor = 2, allowable stress = 0.58 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

Vumax = 10.58 kN
Considering Shear Enhancement factor = 2, allowable stress = 0.58 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = 750 - ( 50 - 50 - 16 ) = 634 mm

pile inside of punching shear perimeter = 442 - 400 = 42 mm
Contribution from piles are calculated using approximate method here by converting to equivalent square.
Overlapped area = .001764 m2
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 204.42 × .15824 /.16
= 202.171 kN
Contribution from self weight = 25 × [1.92 - (0.634 + 0.25)2] × 0.75 = 53.035 KN
So total punching shear, Vmax = 808.68 - 53.035 = 755.645 kN
Pm = 4 × (250 + 634) = 3,536 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.36 N/mm2
ß = L/B =1,900/1,900 = 1
k = 0.5 + ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc = k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence safe

Comparison
Pile Reaction, 141.75 141.92 141.92 Negligible

Service ( kN)
Pile Reaction, 204.42 204.42 204.42 None

Ultimate ( kN)
Governing Moment, 182.074 182.074 182.074 None

Mx ( kN·m)
Governing Moment, 182.074 182.074 182.074 None

Mz ( kN·m)
Shear Force, One- 361.8 370.870 370.869 2.5%

way X ( kN)
Shear Force, One- 361.8 370.870 370.869 2.5%

way Z ( kN)
Shear Force, Two- 755.645 752.808 752.808 Negligible

way ( kN)
4.13 IS Pilecap Foundation 2

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,100 kN, Mx= 50 kNm, Fz= 50 kN,fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Pedestal Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm. Consider the enhanced shear capacity
of concrete using the shear enhancement factor.
Diameter of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 kN,

Figure 72: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
depth of pile cap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm

Take D = 800 mm
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter =1,200 mm. Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0
Table 40: Pile Coordinates in Plan
1 -850 -850
2 -850 850

3 0 0
4 850 -850
5 850 850
pilecap dimension is 2,400 mm x 2,400 mm x 800 mm

Weight of pedestal = 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 25 kN = 3.125 kN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,100 + 115.2 + 3.125 ) kN = 1,218.325 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1,218.325 /5= 243.665 kN
Moment Mx from lateral load Fz = (0.8 + 0.5) x 50= 65 kNm
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 kNm
So Total moment = 115 kNm
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= ±115(0.85)/[4(0.852)] = ±33.823 kN
So,
Reaction at Pile 3= 243.665 kN
Reaction at Pile 2 = reaction at pile 5 = 243.665 + 33.823 = 277.488 kN
Reaction at Pile 1 = reaction at pile 4 = 243.665 - 33.823 = 209.842 kN
So Critical vertical reaction= 277.488 kN < 300 kN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 kN < 100 kN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, each pile is safe in uplift.
Factored Design
Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(118.325) = 1,768.325 kN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(115) = 172.5 kNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,768.325 /5 = 353.665 kN
Reaction from moment = ±172.5 (0.85)/[4(0.852)] = ±50.735 kN
So,
Reaction at pile 3 = 353.665 kN
Reaction at pile 2 = reaction at pile 5 = 353.665 + 50.735 = 404.4 kN
Reaction at pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 353.665 - 50.735 = 302.93 kN

Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 kNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 kNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 424.398 kNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 424.398 kNm
So Max value of Mz = 424.398 kNm (Gross)
So Max value of Mz (Net)= 424.398 - 25 × 2.4 × 0.8 × 0.95 × 0.95/2 = 402.738 kNm
About X Axis
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 363.516 kNm


So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 485.28 kNm
So Max value of Mx = 485.28 kNm (Gross)
So Max value of Mx (Net) = 485.28 - 25 × 2.4 × 0.8 × 0.95 × 0.95/2 = 463.62 kNm

Moment About Z Axis
Muz = 402.738 kN·m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 676 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.4791
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.416Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B =2,400 mm, deff = 676 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3,786.56 kNm > 402.728 kNm
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Mux = 463.62 kN·m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 676 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.4791
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.416Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 2,400 mm, deff = 676 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3,786.56 kNm > 463.62 kNm
Hence OK

Along X Direction
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1 −
Ast f y
bd f ck )


Astx = 1,035 mm2
Provide Ø16 bars @ 200 mm c/c
Along Z Direction
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1 −
Ast f y
bd f ck )
AstZ = 1,195 mm2
Provide Ø16 bars @ 200 mm c/c
Critical shear distance from center = 588 mm

So, full pile contribution needs to be considered for shear
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 707.33 kN


So Total V X2X2 = 707.33 kN
So Max V for shear plane parallel to Z axis = 707.33 kN (Gross)
So, Max V for shear plane parallel to Z axis (net) = 707.33 - 25 × 2.4 × 0.8 × 0.612 = 677.954 kN
So Total V, Z1Z1 = 605.86 kN
So Total V, Z2Z2 = 808.8 kN
So, Max V, for shear plane parallel to Z axis (net) = 808.8 - 25 × 2.4 × 0.8 × 0.612 = 779.424 kN

Along X Direction
Vumax = 677.954 kN
Considering Shear Enhancement Factor = 2, allowable stress= 0.58 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 779.424 kN
Considering Shear Enhancement Factor = 2, allowable stress= 0.58 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
Effective depth = deff = 800 - ( 50 - 50 - 16 ) = 684 mm

Pile outside perimeter = 850 + 200 - ( 342 + 250 ) = 458 mm
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 302.93 kN
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 404.4 kN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 kN
Contribution from self weight = 25 × [2.42 - (0.684 + 0.5)2] × 0.8 = 87.163 kN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,414.66 - 87.163 = 1,327.497 kN
Pm = 4×(500 + 342+ 342) = 4,736 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.4097 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 2,400/2,400 = s1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc =k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence safe

IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result

Service (KN)
277.488 277.488 277.486
243.665 243.664 243.603
209.842 209.840 209.720
277.488 277.488 277.486

Ultimate (KN)
404.4 404.400 404.427
353.66 353.664 353.603
302.93 302.928 302.779
404.4 404.400 404.427
Shear Force, One- 677.954 677.953 977.946 None

Way, X (KN)
Shear Force, One- 779.424 779.425 779.595 None

Way, Z (KN)

Way (KN)
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Pillai, S. Unnikrishria, and Devdas Menon. Reinforced Concrete Design. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998. Print.
Page 652, Example 14.7.
Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 4-25 ϕ bars and
C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 ϕ bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 kN and P2 = 1600 kN respectively
(under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the
property line. The center-to-center distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the

base of the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 kN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in the columns as
well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
Figure 73: Footing Plan
Figure 74: Loads on Footing
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):

Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Calculation of Base Pressure

Self-weight of mat = 6.16 x 2 x 0.95 x 25 kN = 292.6 kN
Total load on the mat = (1,600+900+292.6) kN = 2792.6 kN
Base pressure = 2792.6 / (6.16 x 2) kN/m2 = 226.67 kN/m2 < 240 kN/m2 (Hence Safe)
Ultimate load for C1 = Pu1 = 1.5 x 900 = 1350 kN

Ultimate load for C2 = Pu2 = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400 kN

Then uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu1+Pu2)/6.16 kN/m = 608.8 kN/m

Developed shear stress,
1,350 ( 10 ) 3
τv = ( = 0.516 N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
2 × 400 + 882 ) + ( 400 + 882 ) 882
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 kN
Developed shear stress,
2,400 ( 10 ) 3
τv = 4 × ( 500 + 882 ) × 882
= 0.492 N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the critical perimeter. This
approach is conservative.
Calculation of Reinforcement
The maximum, “positive” moment at the face of column Cz is given by
M +ve = 608.8 x (1.460 - 0.250)2/2 = 446 KNm
Moment at center of column = 608.8 x (1.460)2 /2 = 648.859 KNm
The maximum “negative” moment occurs at the location of zero shear, which is at a distance x from left edge
M - ve = 608.8 x (2.2175)2/2 - 1350 x (2.2175 - 0.2) = (-) 1227 kNm
for full width.
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) per meter width = 1227/2 = 613.5 KNm/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
fc 4.5Mu
Ast = 0.5 × fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de
f c × B × de
where
B = 1,000 mm
de = 950-50-.5x12 = 894 mm
Mu = 613.5 x 106 N-mm/mm
Ast = 1948.40 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 × B× D = 1,140mm2/m

IS Mat Foundation Sliding & Overturning Check
Figure 75: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
Comparison

Advanced Result
Max Bending Moment(-) 613.5 612.543 Negligible

(kN·m/m)
Area of Steal Required 1948.40 1950.301 Negligible

(mm 2 /m)
Base Pressure (kN/m 2 ) 226.67 227.411 Negligible
4.15 IS Mat Foundation Sliding & Overturning Check

Problem
Calculate the factor of safety in sliding & overturning for the mat foundation given below.
Size of mat = 6 m × 3 m × 0.3 m
The mat supports 2 columns.

Plan dimension of columns = 300 mm × 300 mm

Reaction forces on mat from column 1
P1 = 1000 KN (downwards), Fx1 = -30 KN (along negative global X), Fz1 = 60 KN (along
positive global Z)
Reaction forces on mat from column 2
P2 = 3000 KN (downwards), Fx2 = -100 KN (along negative global X), Fz2 = 200 KN
(along positive global Z)
Height of soil above the mat = 2 m
Unit weight of soil = 20 KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
Coefficient of friction = 0.4
Solely from the standpoint of demonstrating the various variables that are used in these calculations, we will use
a factor of 1.2 by which the selfweight and soil weight are multiplied. In other words, increase the dead weight
(self weight of footing + soil weight) by 20%. In practice, such a magnification may not occur for service load
cases.
In the STAAD Foundation Advanced model, this is achieved by specifying a value of 1.2 for the dead weight factor
for load case 1 in the Apply Self Weight and Dead Weight Factor table.

Sliding Check
Self-weight of mat foundation = (6 × 3 × 0.3 × 24) = 129.6 KN
Weight of soil above the mat = [6 × 3 - 2× (0.3 × 0.3)] × 2 × 20= 712.8 KN
(Column area is subtracted because column selfweight is assumed to be part of column reaction load acting on
the mat).
After increasing self weight & soil weight by 20%,
Total factored weight = 1.2 × (self weight of footing + soil weight) = 1.2 × (712.8 + 129.6) = 1,010.88 KN
Vertical load on mat from column reactions = P1 + P2 = 1000 + 3000 = 4000 KN
Total vertical load on mat = R = (4,000 + 1,010.88) = 5,010.88 KN
Resisting force against sliding = μR = 0.4 × 5,010.88 = 2,004.35 kN
Factor of safety against sliding along X axis
Total sliding force along X axis = (30 + 100) = 130 KN
Resisting force against sliding along X axis = 2,004.35 KN
Resisting force 2, 004.35
FOSX = Sliding force
= 130
= 15.42
Factor of safety against sliding along Z axis

Total sliding force along Z axis = (60 + 200) = 260 KN

Resisting force against sliding along Z axis = 2,004.35 KN
Resisting force 2, 0064.35
FOSz = Sliding force
= 260
= 7.71
Overturning Check
The resisting moment should be calculated about the edge of the mat foundation which the mat will overturn
due to the combination of lateral load and overturning moment.
Factor of safety against overturning about X axis
Overturning moment about X axis = (total lateral load acting along Z axis) X thickness of mat
= (60 + 200) × 0.3 = 78 KNm
The mat will overturn about the edge CD due to the moment caused by the FZ forces. Hence, resisting moment
should be calculated with respect to edge CD.
Resisting moment about X axis = [1,010.88 × 1.5] + [4,000 × 1.5]
= 1,516.32 + 6,000 = 7,516.3 KNm
Resisting moment 7, 516.3
FOSX = Overturning moment
= 78
= 96.36
Factor of safety against overturning about Z axis
Overturning moment about Z axis = (total lateral load acting along X axis) X thickness of mat
= (30 + 100) × 0.3 = 39 KNm
The mat will overturn about the edge AD due to the moment caused by the FX forces. Hence, resisting moment
should be calculated with respect to edge AD.
Resisting moment about Z axis = [1,010.88 × 3] + [1,000 × 1.5] + [3,000 × 4.5]
= 3,032.64 + 1,500 + 13,500 = 18,032.6 KNm
Resisting moment 18, 032.6
FOSZ = Overturning moment
= 39
= 462.38
Comparison
Table 43: IS verification example comparison

Advanced Result
Resisting force against 2,006.8 2,007.8 Negligible

sliding along X & Z axis
(KN)
Factor of safety against 15.43 15.44 Negligible

sliding along X axis

IS Ribbed Combined Foundation 1

Advanced Result

sliding along Z axis
Resisting moment about X 7,516.3 7,529.1 Negligible

axis (KNm)
Resisting moment about Z 18,032.6 18,058.1 Negligible

axis (KNm)

overturning about X axis

overturning about Z axis
4.16 IS Ribbed Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with Ribbed Beam for 3 pedestals. The data for service load conditions is given below.
The ultimate load case may be taken as 1.5 times the service load case.
Column Number Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN)
1 5 -400 3
2 4 -300 5
3 3 -200 7
fc = 25 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, Column Dimension = 500 mm × 500 mm, Pedestal height = 1,000 mm. and C/C
column distance = 5,000 mm. Height of soil above top of footing = 800 mm. Soil condition is dry. Unit weight of
soil and concrete are 22 and 25 kN/m3 respectively. Footing extends 800mm beyond the centerline of the
column at the two ends.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction = 0.4, FOS against sliding = 1.5, FOS against
overturning = 1.5 (Consider Net pressure for Ultimate Design)


Figure 76: Elevation, Plan, and Section
Calculations
Approximate area of footing required = (200+300+400)/100 m2 = 9 m2
Assuming 11.6 m × 2 m × 0.350 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 0.8 m)
Assume beam section of 350 mm × 1,150 mm centrally placed along footing.
Weight of footing = 11.6 × 2 × 0.350 × 25 = 203 kN
Weight of Beam (portion that projects above the top of the footing) = (11.6 - 3 × 0.5) ×
0.8 × 0.350 × 25 = 70.7 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [11.6 × 2 × 0.8 - (11.6 - 3 × 0.5) × 0.35 × 0.8 – 3× 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.8] × 22=
332.904 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing =V = (900 + 203 + 18.75 + 70.7 + 332.904 ) = 1,525.354 kN
Fx_tot = 5+4+3 = 12 kN
Fz_tot = 3+5+7 = 15 kN
So Mx = Fz_tot × lever arm = 15 × 1.35 = 20.25 kN·m
Mz at the center of the footing

Due to vertical load on the column = 400 × 5 + 300 × 0 - 200 ×x 5 = 1,000 kN·m
Due to FX at top of the pedestal = -1.0 × (5 + 4 + 3) × 1.35 = -16.2kN·m
Thus, MZ = 1000 - 16.2 = 983.8 kN·m
Section modulus about X axis, Zx= 11.6 × 2 × 2 /6 = 7.733 m3
Section modulus about Z axis, Zz = 2 x11.6x11.6/6 = 44.85 m3
A = 11.6 × 2 = 23.2 m2
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 85.0632 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 41.1958 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 46.4328 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 90.3003 kN/m2
Maximum corner pressure = 90.3003 kN/m2 < 100 kN/m2 . Hence Safe
Minimum corner pressure = 41.1958 kN/m2 > 0 kN/m2 . Hence redistribution is not required.
Factor of Safety for Sliding and Overturning

Sliding force(X) = 12 kN
Sliding force(Z) = 15 kN
Sliding force(Resultant) = 12 2 + 15 2 = 19.2kN

Maximum Resisting force = µ × Axial Load
Total vertical load on foundation (service load case) = 1525.354 kN (For stability calculation)
Hence, maximum possible resisting Sliding force (X Direction) = 0.4 × 1,525.354 = 610.1416 kN
Maximum possible resisting Sliding force (Z Direction) = 0.4 × 1,525.354 = 610.1416 kN
Maximum possible resisting Sliding force (Resultant Direction) = 0.4 × 1,525.354 = 610.1416 kN
FOS for Sliding (X) = 610.1416 / 12 = 50.845 > 1.5. Hence Safe.
FOS for Sliding (Z) = 610.1416 / 15 = 40.676 > 1.5. Hence Safe.
FOS for Sliding (Resultant) = 610.1416 / 19.2 = 31.763 > 1.5. Hence Safe.
Overturning Moment (w.r.t X) = 20.25 kNm
Overturning Moment (w.r.t Z) = 983.8 kNm
Maximum resisting moment (w.r.t Z axis) = 1525.354 x11.6 / 2 = 8,847.05 kN·m
max resisting Moment (w.r.t X axis) = 1525.354 x2/ 2 = 1,525.354 kNm
FOS for Overturning w.r.t Z axis) = 8,847.05 / 983.8 = 8.993 > 1.5. Hence Safe.
FOS for Overturning (w.r.t X axis) = 1,525.354 / 20.25 = 75.326 > 1.5. Hence Safe.
Ultimate Design
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth for slab, deff = (350 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 282 mm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 32 mm bar, 8 mm stirrup, effective depth for Beam
deff = (1150 - 50 - 0.5 × 25 - 8) mm = 1,079.5 mm
Vertical Load (Total) = 1.5x900 + 625.354= 1,975.354 kN
Mx =1.5x20.25 = 30.375 kN·m
Mz = 1.5x983.8 = 1475.7 kN·m
σ_left (Avg) = V/A + Mz/Zz = 118.0451 kN/m2
σ_right (Avg)= V/A - Mz/Zz = 52.244 kN/m2
σ_transverse_far (Average) = V/A + Mx/Zx = 89.0724 kN/m2
σ_transverse_near(Average) = V/A - Mx/Zx = 81.2168 kN/m2
σ_max = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 121.9729 kN/m2
Figure 77: Soil Stress Distribution Below Footing
Moment at left end column, left face location =

(118.0451 + 114.9252)
2
× 2 × 0.55 ×
(2 × 118.0451 + 114.9252)
3 × (118.0451 + 114.9252)
× 0.55 -
625.354
11.6
× 0.552 2 /
= 27.264 kNm(sagging)
Moment at left end column location
625.354
(118.0451 + 113.5071) (2 × 118.0451 + 113.5071) × 0.82
11.6
2
× 2 × 0.8 × 3 × (118.0451 + 113.5071)
× 0.8 - 2
= 57.329 kNm(sagging)
Moment at left end column, right face location =
625.354
(118.0451 + 112.089) (2 × 118.0451 + 112.089) × 1.052
11.6
2
× 2 × 1.05 × 3 × (118.0451 + 112.089)
× 1.05 - 2
- 1.5 × 400 × 0.25
+1.5 × 5 × 1.35 = - 41.637 kNm(hogging)

Similarly, calculate moment at the other column faces and mid span as follows:
Moment at mid column location =
625.354
( 118.0451 + 85.146) (2 × 118.0451 + 85.146) × 5.82
11.6
= 2
× 2 × 5.8 × 3 × (118.0451 + 85.146)
× 5.8 - 2
- 1.5 × 400 × 5

+1.5 × 5 × 1.35 = - 294.5 kNm(hogging)

Moment at end column location =
625.354
(118.0451 + 56.782) (2 × 118.0451 + 56.782) × 10.82
11.6
= 2
× 2 × 10.8 × 3 × (118.0451 + 56.782)
× 10.8 - 2
- 1.5 × 400 × 10
-1.5 × 300 × 5 + 1.5 × 9 × 1.35 = 11.078 kNm(sagging)

Moment at span (left span, 3.8 m from left edge) =
625.354
(118.0451 + 96.49) (2 × 118.0451 + 96.49) × 3.82
11.6
2
× 2 × 3.8 × 3 × (118.0451 + 96.49)
× 3.8 - 2
- 1.5 × 400 × (3.8 − 0.8) + 1.5 ×
= - 578.29 kNm(hogging)
Shear at the centerline of the left end column =
(118.0451 + 113.5071) 625.354
2
× 2 × 0.8 - 11.6
× - 1.5 × 400 = - 457.886 kN
Shear at deff to the right side of the face of the left end column (distance from the left end = 0.80 + 0.25 +1.0795
= 2.13 m) =
(118.0451 + 105.9627) 625.354
2
× 2 × 2.13 - 11.6
× 2.13 - 1.5 × 400 = - 237.7 kN
Moment at transverse location beam face =

121.9279 - (0.35 × 25 + 0.8 × 22)
2
× 0.825 × 0.825 × 11.6 = 377.48kNm (sagging)
Shear at transverse location deff (slab) from beam face (distance from edge of footing = 0.825 - 0.282 = 0.543
m) =
= 121.9279 - (0.35 × 25 + 0.8 × 22) × 0.543 × 11.6 = 602.3095 kN
There is no loss-of-contact. Hence, there is no hogging in the transverse direction.
Figure 78: Bending Moment and Shear Force Graphs of Combined Strip Footing
Shear Forces and Bending Moments shown in the above SF-BM Diagram are carried by the beam.
Design of Beam
Check for Moment About Z Axis (sagging & hogging) (Beam)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 27.24 kNm (sagging) and 578.29 kNm (hogging).

Take Muz_Critical = 578.29 kNm

700
K u,max = 1,100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.456

MuZmax_capacity = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 1354.5 KN-m
As, MuZmax_capacity > Muz_Critical ,
However, top and bottom reinforced are provided.
Area of Steel Required in Beam

Astx = 58 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 643 mm2 (Clause 26.5.1.1)
take 643 mm2
So, provide 4-Ø16 bar at bottom (Provide 4 bars in 1 layers)
Astx = 1,325 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 643 mm2 (Clause 26.5.1.1)
take 1,325 mm2
So, provide 3-Ø25 bar at bottom (Provide 3 bars in 1 layers)
Check for One-Way Shear and Stirrup Design

Critical Shear Force = 237.7 kN
Developed shear stress = 370 (10)3/(350 × 1079.5) = 0.629 N/mm2
As per IS-456-2000 Table 20:
Maximum τc = 3.1 N/mm2 Hence Safe.
Provided percentage of steel for 3-25Ø = 0.389
τc = 0.432 N/mm2
τc < τv. Hence stirrups are necessary.
Shear Vs = Vu - τc × b × deff = 74.37 kN
As per IS-456-2000 , Clause 40.4.c:
Stirrup spacing = 634 mm (taking 2 legged Ø8 tie, Av = 100.48 mm2)
So, take the maximum spacing as 300 mm
Provide 2 legged Ø8 rectangular stirrup @ 300 mm c/c.

Punching Shear
As the SF and BM are carried by the beam, punching shear does not occur.
Design of Slab
Check for Moment About X Axis (sagging & hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, MuX = 377.48 kN·m (sagging and critical, No hogging)
Kumax = 0.456
MuZmax_capacity = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 3060.8 KN-m
MuXmax_capacity > MuX. Hence Safe.

Along X Direction (Bottom & Top)
Provide Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 · b · D = 840 mm2
i.e. Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c
Along Z Direction (Top)
Provide Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.012 · b · D = 4,872 mm2
i.e. Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c
Astz = 3,153 mm2
Minimum area of Astmin = 0.012 · b · D = 4,872 mm2
Consider 4,872 mm2 i.e. Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c
provide Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c Both Way, Top & Bottom

Developed shear stress = 602.3095 (10)3/(11,600 × 282) = 0.185 N/mm2
Max τc = 3.1 N/mm2 Hence Safe.
Provided percentage of steel for Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c in both directions, top & bottom = 0.2
τc = 0.293 N/mm2
Using Shear Enhancement factor, τc = 0.586 N/mm2
τc > τv. Hence Safe. No stirrups are required for shear.

Comparison
Table 44: Ribbed beam verification

Advanced Result (General
Mode)
Bearing Pressure, KN/m 2 85.0632 85.0399 Negligible

41.1958 41.1725
46.4328 46.4096
90.3003 90.2770
Governing Shear for 12 (X) 12 (X) None

Sliding, kN
15 (Z) 15 (Z)
Resisting Shear for 610.1416 (Both) 609.926 (Both) Negligible

Sliding, kN
Governing Moment for 20.250 (X) 20.250 (X) None

Overturning kN·m
983.8 (Z) 983.782 (Z)
Resisting Moment for 1,525.354 (X) 1,524.786 (X) Negligible

Overturning kN·m
8,847.05 (Z) 8,843.76 (Z)
Shear Force (One-Way), 602.3097 602.16 Negligible

(Slab) kN
Resisting Shear Strength 586 585.61 Negligible

(One-Way), (Slab) kN/m2
Governing Flexural 377.48 (Sagging, X) 377.38 (Sagging, X) Negligible

Moment, (Slab) kN·m
Resisting Flexural 3,060.8 (X) 3,060.86 (X) None

Moment, (Slab) kN·m
Shear Force (One-Way), 237.7 238.25 Negligible

(Beam) kN
Governing Flexural 27.24 (Sagging, Z) 27.29 (Sagging, Z) Negligible

Moment, (Beam) kN·m
578.29 (Hogging, Z) 581.14 (Hogging, Z)
Slab reinforcement Both ways Top & Bottom Along X Ø12 @ 255 mm Minor difference due to
Ø12 @ 260 mm c/c c/c Along Z Ø12 @ 265 round off
mm c/c


Mode)
Beam reinforcement 4-Ø 16 (Bot) 4-Ø 16 (Bot) None

3- Ø 25 (Top) 3- Ø 25 (Top)
Beam Stirrup 2 legged Ø8 rectangular 2 legged Ø8 rectangular None

stirrup @ 300 mm c/c stirrup @ 300 mm c/c

United States Code (ACI 318)
5
5.1 US Isolated Foundation 1
Foundation under Vertical Load Only
Reference
Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications. 2002. PCA.
Fanella, D.A. and B. G. Rabbat, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load = 275 kips, Service
surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 113 pcf, Gross soil bearing capacity = 4.5 ksf, Column
dimension = 30 × 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc') = 4,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Unit weight of concrete = 0.13 kip/ft3
Surcharge =0.7 Psi
Ignore self weight for factored design, Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.
Min soil contact required =75%
Soil Condition =Dry.
Footing dimension assumed = 13 ft × 13 ft

US Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 79: Elevation and loads
Solution
Base Area of Footing
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Axial load (LC3) =350+275 = 625 Kip
Self Weight = 13 × 13 × (33/12)x0.13 =60.4175 Kip
Soil Weight = {13x13-(30x12)/144) × (27/12)} × 0.113 = 42.33623 Kip
Surcharge = (156x156 - 30x12) × 0.7/1000 = 16.78 Kip
Total Axial load =625+60.4175 +42.33623 +16.78 = 744.5333 Kip
σ = Max. Corner Pressure =744.5333 /(156 × 156) = 0.0305939 ksi
GBC =4.5 kip/ft 2 > 4.406 ksf
So, σ < GBC. Hence Safe.
As, no lateral load/overturning moment present. So, no need to check for sliding/overturning.
For Ultimate Design

Axial load =1.2. DL+1.6. LL (Critical condition is LC4) =1.2 × 350 + 1.6 × 275 = 860 ksi
qn = 860/ (156 × 156) =0.03534 ksi = 5.088 ksf
To obtain the true ultimate pressure at the base of the footing, we have to include the pressure due to footing
weight, soil and surcharge.
The pressure due to those components is

(60.4175 + 42.3363 + 16.78) / ( 13 × 13 ) = 0.7073 ksf

These components and the soil form a self-equilibrating system, meaning, the downward pressure they cause is
counteracted by an equal and opposite soil pressure (acting upwards). Thus, they will have no effect on the
bending moments and shear forces.
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.
Both, wide-beam action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth. Let us assume that the footing thickness is 33 inches.
Wide-beam action
One-way shear check
Along × (Shear plane parallel to global × axis)
d = D - CC -1.5xØ = 33-4-(1.5) × (8/8) = 27.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 × 44.5 in2
Vu = qn × Tributary Area =0.03534 × 156 × 44.5 =245.33 kip
Shear capacity (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1),
Vc = (2λ√f'c bw d) = 2 × 1.0 × (√4000) × (156 × 27.5)/1000 = 542.64 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75 ×
542.64 = 406.98 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok.
Along Z (Shear plane parallel to global Z axis)
d = D - CC -Φ/2 = 33-4-(.5) × (8/8) = 28.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 × 34.5 in2
Vu = qn × Tributary Area =0.03534 × 156 × 34.5 =190.19kip
Shear capacity (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1 Eq. No: 11.3/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1 Eq. No: 11.3 ),
Vc = (2λ√f'c bw d) = 2 × 1.0 × (√4000) × (156 × 28.5)/1000 = 562.379 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75
× 562.4 = 421.784 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok
Two-way Action
d = D - clear cover - Ø = 33-4-(1) × (8/8) = 28 in.
Vu = qs × tributary area
Tributary area = [(156 × 156) - (30 + 28) × (12 + 28)] = 22,016 in2
V =0.03534 × 22016 = 778.04 kip
u
Punching Shear Capacity,

bo = (30+12+2x28.5)x2 = 198 in.

β = Width of col/depth of col = 30/12 = 2.5

As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
(
V1 = 2+
4
β
)λ f ′c bo d = 1, 249.53 kip
( d
)
V 2 = αs b + 2 λ f ′c bo d = 2, 677.564 kip
0
(clause 11.11.2.1.b)
where
αs = 40
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bo d = 1, 388.366 kip
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 1,249.53 kip

0.75Vc = 0.75 × 1284.82 =937.147 kip
So, Vu < 0.75Vc
Hence, Ok.
bw used for beam action, bo used for two-way action
Calculation of Reinforcement
m = fy/0.85fc = 17.647
β1 = 0.85(as fc =4) .
ρbal = 0.85*ß1*fc*(87/fy.(87+fy)) =0.02851
ρmax = 0.75ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin =0.0018( as fy =60
Reinforcement Along X
d = D - CC -Φ/2 = 33-4-(.5) × (8/8) =28.5 in.

Muz = 0.03534 × 156 × 632/2 = 10940.6 kip-in. = 911.718 kip-ft

Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 12156.25 kip-in. = 1013.02 kipft
Rn = Mnz/bd2 = 0.0959 ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.0564 <1 hence Ok
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2mR n
fy ) = 0.00162
Ast(x) required = ρbd = 0.00162x156x28.5 = 7.2 in2

Take ρmin ie 0.0018 ,
Ast (X) = ρminbD = 0.0018 × 156 × 33 = 9.27 in2
Reinforcement Along Z
d = D - CC -1.5Φ = 33-4- 1.5x(8/8) = 27.5 in.
Mux = 0.03534 × 156 × 722/ 2 = 14289.8 kip - in = 1190.816 kip-ft
Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 15877.55 kip -in = 1323.129 kip-ft
Rn = Mnx/bd2 = 0.134584 Ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.0791 <1 hence Ok
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2mR n
fy ) = 0.002289
So provide, Ast Z = ρbd = 0.002289 × 156 × 27.5 = 9.82 in2

Provide:
• #8@12 in c/c along X.
• #8@12 in c/c along Z.
Comparison
Table 45: US verification example 1 comparison
Max corner pressure 0.0306 0.0306 0.0306 None

(Ksi)
Effective Depth 28.5 28.5 28.5 None

Along × (in)

Along Z (in)
Muz (kip-ft) 911.718 910.742 910.742 Negligible
Mux (kip-ft) 1190.816 1189.540 1189.540 Negligible

Ast × (in2) 9.27 9.266 9.266 Negligible
Ast Z (in2) 9.82 9.81 9.81 Negligible
One-way Shear, 190.19 189.996 189.996 Negligible

Vuz(kip)
One-way Shear, 245.33 245.067 245.067 Negligible

Vux(kip)
V (Two-way) (kip) 778.04 777.211 777.211 Negligible

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60
Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of
friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Neglect footing self-weight for section Design
• Min soil contact area = 75%
• GWT condition –dry
• Surcharge on soil – Nil
• Depth of soil above footing – 0 in.
• Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check

Figure 80: Elevation and Plan
Solution
Sliding and Overturning Check
Critical load case for overturning and sliding-LC 101
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 in·kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK

Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 in·kip
Hence OK

Considering #6 (0.75 in. bars), Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75=15.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.625 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018812 × (122 × 122-27.25 × 27.25) = 266.028 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 × ( b + h + 2 × d) = 109 in
β = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c b0d ( 11.11.2.1(a))
= 2+ ( 4
1
)×1× 4, 000 × 109 ×
15.25
1, 000
= 630.78 kip
V2 = ( αs d
b0 )
+ 2 λ f ′c bo d
(11.11.2.1(b))
= ( 40 ×10915.25 + 2) × 1 × 4, 000 × 109 × 15.25 = 798.602 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bo d (11.1.2.1(c))
= 4 × 1 × 4, 000 × 109 × 15.25 = 450.52 kip

Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 450.52 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 315.39 kip
Vm < 0.75×Vc, Hence safe
One-Way Shear Check

Check at a distance, d, from the face of the column.
Shear Plane Parallel to Global Z Direction
Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - 0.5× Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75×.5=15.625 in
V u,max = 0.018812 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 15.625) = 90.368 kip

Allowable shear (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bw d = 2 × 1 4, 000 × 122 × 15.625(10)−3 = 241.12 kip (11.2.1.1)
0.75×Vc1 = 180.84 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75×Vc1, Hence Safe

Shear Plane Parallel to Global X Axis

Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - 1.5× Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75×1.5 = 14.875 in
V u,max = 0.018812 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 14.875) = 92.031 kip

V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1 4, 000 × 122 × 14.875(10)−3 = 229.55 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 172.163 kip


About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
β1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4 ksi) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/fy.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-.5xØ = 18 - 2 - 0.75x.5=15.625 in
Bending moment at critical section at the face of the column
Muz = 0.018812 × 122 × (122-12)/2 × 0.5 × {(122-12)/2} = 3,471.28 in·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ =3875 in·kip (ϕ = 0.9)
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1295 ksi
2m×Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.0022
ρmin < ρz < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-1.5xØ = 18 - 2 - 0.75x1.5=14.875 in
Mux = 0.018812 × 122 × (122-12)/2 × 0.5 × {(122-12)/2} = 3,471.28 in·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 3,875 in·kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1429 ksi
2m×Rn/fy = 0.084 < 1 , Hence OK
ρx = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00243
ρmin < ρx < ρmax Hence OK


Along X Direction
ρz = 0.0022
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 4.194 in2
Provide 11 #6 bars
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00243
Therefore, Astz = ρx×b×d = 4.41 in2
Provide 12 #6 bars
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)

(ksi)
Mux (in·kip) 289.273 289.276 289.276 None
Muz (in·kip) 289.273 289.276 289.276 None
Vux (kip) 92.09 92.09 92.09 None
Vuz (kip) 90.37 90.37 90.37 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 4.19 4.19 4.19 None

2)
A st reqd along Z (in 4.41 4.41 4.41 None

2)


Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 250 kip (including pedestal wt) fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 kip/ft2. Coefficient of friction =0.4,
Notes:
• GWT condition - dry
• Suncharge on soil - Nil
• Min soil contact area-75 %

Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 ft2

Assuming 160 inch × 160 inch × 21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 160 × 160 × 21 × 0.159/(123) = 49.47 kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 × 160 × 32 × 0.159/(123) = 53.27 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250 + 49.47 + 53.27) = 352.74 Kip
For critical load case LC101:
Maximum pressure = 352.74/(160×160) = 0.0138 ksi = 1.9872 ksf2 < 2 ksf
Hence safe
For critical load case LC103:
Ultimate pressure = 250 x 1.4/(160×160) = 0.01367 ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 × 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4 × 160 × 352.74 = 1,881.28 in·kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 × 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4 × 160 × 352.74 = 1,881.28 in·kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #5 bar (5/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 21 - 2 -1×0.625 = 18.375 in
Punching Shear Vm = 0.01367 x {160x160-30.375x30.375} = 337.33 kip
Pm = bo = 2 × (b + h + 2 × d) = 121.5 in
ß = Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 847.197 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 ×121.5
18.375
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 1, 136.57 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 564.798 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 564.798 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 423.599 kip

One-way Shear Check

Check at a distance, d, from the face of the column.
Shear Plane Parallel to the X Direction
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 21 - 2 -1.5×0.625 = 18.0625 in
V u,max = 0.01367 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18.0625) = 122.347 kip

V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 160 × 18.0625(10)−3 = 365.559 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 274.169 kip

Shear Plane Parallel to the Z Direction
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - 0.5×Ø = 21 - 2 - 0.5×0.625 = 18.6875 in
V u,max = 0.01367 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18.6875) = 120.979 kip

V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 160 × 18.6875(10)−3 = 378.2 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 283.656 kip


About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/fy.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-.5xØ = 21 - 2 - 0.5x.625=18.6875 in
Bending moment at critical section at the face of the column
M uz = 0.01367 × 160 ( 74 ×2 74 ) = 5, 988.55 in⋅kip = 499.046 ft⋅kip

So Resisting Moment = Mn = Muz/ϕ = 6,653.95 in·kip = 554.495 ft·kip (ϕ = 0.9)
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.119 ksi
2m×Rn/fy =0.07 < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00202


About X Axis
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-1.5xØ = 21 - 2 - 1.5×0.625 = 18.0625 in
M ux = 0.01367 × 160 ( 74 ×2 74 ) = 5, 988.55 in⋅kip = 499.046 ft⋅kip

Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1275 ksi
2m×Rn/fy = 0.075 < 1 , Hence OK
ρx = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.002166

Along X Direction
ρx = 0.00202
Therefore, Astx = ρx×b×d = 6.039 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002166
Therefore, Astz = ρz×b×d = 6.259 in2
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along z (in)

(Ksi)
M ux (kip-ft) 499.046 498.685 498.685 Negligible
M uz (kip-ft) 499.046 498.685 498.685 Negligible
V ux (Kip) 122.347 122.258 122.258 None

V uz (Kip) 120.979 120.892 120.892 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 6.039 6.048 6.048 Negligible

2)
A st reqd along Z (in 6.259 6.255 6.255 Negligible

2)

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 300 kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60
ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.3 ksf. Coefficient of friction
=0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.
Notes:
• Ignore self weight for section design
• Min soil contact area = 75%
• Surcharge on soil - Nil
• Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.

Approximate area of footing required = 300/2.3 = 130.43 ft2

Weight of footing = 158 x158 x21 x 0.159/ (123) = 48.24 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (158 x158 - 122) x25 x 0.113/ (123) = 40.58 kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x (21) x 3.61398x10-5 = 18.946 kip
Total load on footing (Dry) =300 + 48.24 + 40.82 = 388.82 kip
Total Load on footing (Wet) = 388.82 - 18.946 = 369.873 kip
Bearing Pressure
considering critical case = 388.82/1582 = .01557 ksi = 2.24 ksf < 2.3 ksf
Hence OK
Critical loadcase for section design LC 103
Ultimate pressure =300x1.4/ (158x158) = 0.016824 ksi

Along X Direction

Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4x 158 x 369.873= 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 369.873 = 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #6 bars (i.e. 6/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 21 - 2 - 0.75 =18.25 in
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016824[158x158-30.25x30.25] =404.59 kip
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 121 in
ß = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1

Figure 83: Section considered for two-way shear
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bo d Clause 11.11.2.1.(a)
= 2+ ( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 837.971 kip
V2 = α ( ) d
b
+ 2 λ f ′c bo d Clause 11.11.2.1(b)
= (40 120 + 2)1.0

18
4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 1, 121.912 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bo d Clause 11.11.2.1.(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 558.647 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 558.647 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 418.986 kip

Shear Plane Parallel to the Global X Axis
Effective Depth = D -clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 21 - 2 - 1.5×0.75 = 17.875 in
V u,max = 0.016824 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 17.875) = 146.532 kip


V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 158 × 17.875(10)−3 = 357.242 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 267.931 kip

Shear Plane Parallel to Global Z Axis
V u,max = 0.016824 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 18.625) = 144.539 kip

V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 158 × 18.625(10)−3 = 373.232 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 279.174 kip


Moment About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/f
y.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
M uz = 0.016824 × 158 ( 73 ×2 73 ) = 7, 082.7 in⋅kip = 590.229 ft⋅kip

Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.1436 ksi
2m×Rn/fy =0.0845 < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.002446
Moment About X Axis
M ux = 7, 869.67 in⋅kip = 655.806 ft⋅kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 7,869.67 in·kip = 590.229 ft·kip (ϕ = 0.9)

Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.156 ksi

2m×Rn/fy =0.0917 < 1 , Hence OK

ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00266

Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002446
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 7.194 in2
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 0.0018 × 158 × 21 = 5.97 in2
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00266
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)
Bearing Pressure 0. 0155 0.0155 0.0155 None

(Ksi)
Mux (kip-ft) 590.22 590.03 590.03 Negligible
Muz (kip-ft) 590.22 590.03 590.03 Negligible
Vux (kip) 146.532 146.503 146.503 Negligible
Vuz (kip) 144.539 144.511 144.511 Negligible

Way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X 7.194 7.195 7.195 Negligible

(in2)
A st reqd along Z 7.514 7.512 7.512 Negligible

(in2)


Foundation under Vertical Load and Biaxial Moments
Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip (including pedestal weight), Mx=240 in·kip. Mz
= -240 in·kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil =
2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Soil Condition = dry
• Soil Surcharge - Nil
• Height of soil above footing = 0 in.

Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.01358 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
(For critical Load Case LC 101)
So stress at four corners:

σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0123 Ksi = 1.767 ksf

σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi = 1.956 ksf
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0149 Ksi = 2.145 ksf
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi = 1.956 ksf
Max stress = 0.0149 ksi = 2.144 ksf < 2.2 ksf (Hence safe)
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in·kip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in·kip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
Pressure calculation for strength checks
Pressure from factored axial load = 1.4 x 200/(130x130) = 0.016569 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mx/Zx= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mz/Zz= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
So stress at four corners -
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.014733 Ksi

σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.016569 Ksi

σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.018405 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.016569 Ksi
Average pressure = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 + σ4 ) / 4 = 0.016569 Ksi
Punching Shear
Effective Depth = D - clear cover - Ø = 19-2-0.75=16.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 in from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm = 0.016569 × [130 × 130 - (12+16.25)2 ] = 266.793 kip
Critical perimeter, Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 113 in
According to ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.7.2/ ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.6.2, an additional factor should be
added to account moment affect
Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318-11, 11-39 ACI 318-05)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
b1 & b2 = pier length and width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Ac = bo × d = 113 × 16.25 = 1,836.25 in2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 13.184 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4

γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 13.184 kip
Vm = 266.793 + max(Vux, Vuz) = 279.977 kip
ßc = Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1

and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c b0d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+ ( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 113 × 16.25(10)−3 = 696.807 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c b0d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 ×11316.25 + 2)1.0 4, 000 × 113 × 16.25(10)−3 = 900.30 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c b0d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 113 × 16.25(10)−3 = 464.538 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 464.538 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 348.404 kip

Effective Depth = D - clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 19 - 2 - 1.5×0.75 = 15.875 in

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) ×0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) ×0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
×86.875/130 = 0.01627 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
×43.125/130 = 0.01689 ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) × 0.5 × 43.125 × 130 = 96.38 kip
So, maximum shear force along X axis Vux = 96.38 kip
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 15.875 = 261.046 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 195.785 kip


Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) x0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi
x87.625/130 = 0.01626 ksi
x42.375/130 = 0.01689 ksi
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) × 0.5 × 42.375 × 130 = 94.69 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 94.69 kip
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 16.625 = 273.38 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 205.035 kip


About Z Axis
Base Pressure along one edge = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Base Pressure along other edge = 0.0175 Ksi (right end)

Moment at critical section (left)

F = 0.5 x ( 0.0157 + 0.0166 ) x 59 x 130 = 123.88 kip,
Lever Arm = 59/3 x [(0.0166+2x0.0157)/(0.0166+0.0157)] =29.2261 inch
Mleft= F x LA = 123.88 x 29.2261 = 3,620.5 kip inch
Moment at the critical section (right):
F = 0.5 x ( 0.0175 + 0.0167 ) x 59 x 130= 131.16 kip
Lever Arm =59/3 x [(0.0167+2x0.0175)/(0.0167+0.0175)] = 29.731 inch
Mright = 131.16 x 29.731 = 3,899.52 kip inch
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3,899.52 kip inch = 324.96 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4 ksi) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ =4333.3334 in·kip = 361.110 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 =0.1207 ksi
2m×Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002047
About X Axis


Base Pressure along one edge = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Moment at critical section (left) :

F = 0.5 x ( 0.0157 + 0.0166 ) x 59 x 130 = 123.88 kip,
Lever Arm = 59/3 x [(0.0166+2x0.0157)/(0.0166+0.0157)]=29.2261 inch
Mleft = 123.88 x 29.2261 = 3620.5 kip inch
Moment at critical section (right) :
F = 0.5 x ( 0.0175 + 0.0167 ) x 59 x 130 = 131.16 kip
Lever Arm =59/3 x [(0.0167+2x0.0175)/(0.0167+0.0175)] = 29.731 inch
Mright = 131.16 x 29.731 = 3899.52 kip inch
So Max moment with respect to X axis Mu (x) = 3899.52 kip inch = 324.96 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ =4333.3334 in·kip = 361.110 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 =0.1322 ksi
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00225

Reinforcement Calculation
Area of Steel Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002049
Therefore, Astz = ρz×b×d = 4.428 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Area of Steel Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00225
Therefore, Astx = ρx×b×d = 4.643 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)

(ksi)
0.0136 0.0136 0.0136
0.0149 0.0149 0.0149
0.0136 0.0136 0.0136
M uz (kip-ft) 324.96 324.472 324.472 Negligible
M ux (kip-ft) 324.96 324.472 324.472 Negligible
V uz (kip) 94.69 94.676 94.676 Negligible
V ux (kip) 96.38 96.322 96.322 Negligible
Shear Force (Two- 279.97 279.960 279.960 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 4.428 4.446 4.446 Negligible

2)

A st reqd along Z (in 4.643 4.634 4.634 Negligible

2)

Foundation under Vertical and Lateral Loads
Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip, Fx= -6 kip, Fz = 6 inch·kip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal dimension = 36 inch x 36 inch x 24 inch and Gross Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Soil Surcharge = Nil

Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 ft2
Weight of footing =130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 36 x36 x24 x0.159/(123) = 2.86 kip
Therefore,
total load on the footing = (200+29.55+2.86) kip = 232.41 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 232.41/(130x130) = 0.0138 Ksi
Mx =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mz =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mx/Zx=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi


σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0138 Ksi
σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0123 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0138 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0152 Ksi
Max stress = 0.0152 ksi = 2.188 ksf < 2.2 ksf (Hence safe)
Factored Pressure for strength checks
P/A = 1.4 x (200)/130x130 = 0.01656 Ksi
Mx/Zx = Mz/Zz = 1.4 x0.0007 = 0.00098 Ksi
So factored stress at four corners
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz = 0.01656 Ksi
σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 0.01459 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 0.01656 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz = 0.01854 Ksi
Average factored pressure = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 + σ4) / 4 = 0.01656 Ksi
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS = 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS= 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 232.41 = 15106.65 kip.inch
FOS= 15106.65/258 = 58.55>1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch

Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 232.41 = 15106.65 kip.inch

FOS= 15106.65/258 = 58.55 > 1.4
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Ø = 19 - 2 - 0.75 = 16.25 in
Punching shear is checked at a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 inch from the pedestal face.
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 209 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.01656 (1302 - 52.252) = 237.39 kip

Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318-11, 11-39 ACI 318-05)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Ac = bo × d = 209 × 16.25 = 3396.25 in2

About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 8.1 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 8.1 kip
Vm = 264.796 + max(Vux, Vuz) = 242.896 kip

ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 36/36 = 1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16.25(10)−3 = 1, 288.786 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 114.5
× 16.25
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16.25(10)−3 = 1, 097.626 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16..25(10)−3 = 859.190 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 859.19 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 644.394 kip

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.01656+0.01459) ×0.5 = 0.01559 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.018543+0.01656) ×0.5 = 0.01756 Ksi


×31.125/130 = 0.01607 ksi
×98.875/130 = 0.01709 ksi
F = (0.01756 + 0. 01709) x 0.5 x31.125 x 130 = 70.11 kip
So, maximum shear force along X axis Vux = 70.11 kip
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 15.875 = 261.046 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 195.785 kip


Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.016569+0.018543) x0.5 = 0.01756 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.014595+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01559 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x30.375/130 = 0.01606 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x99.625/130 = 0.0171 ksi
F = (0.01756+0.0171)x0.5x30.375x130 = 68.44 ksi
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 68.44 kip
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 16.625 = 273.38 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 205.035 kip


About Z Axis
Base Pressure along one edge = 0.01559 (left end)
Base Pressure at right face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x83/130 = 0.01685 ksi
Base Pressure at left face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x47/130 = 0.01631 ksi

Moment at critical section (right)

F = (0.01756+0.01685)x0.5x47x130 = 105.13 Kip
Lever Arm = (0.01685+2x0.01756)x47/(3x(0.01685+0.01756)) = 23.6617 in
Mleft= F x LA = 2,487.56 in-kip
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 2,487.56 in-kip = 207.296 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2487.56 /0.9 = 2763.95 in-kip = 230.329 kip-ft
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 2763.95 / (130x16.6252) = 0.077
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00129
About X Axis

Base Pressure along one edge = 0.01559 Ksi (left end) (left end)
Base Pressure at right face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x83/130 = 0.01685 ksi
Base Pressure at left face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x47/130 = 0.01631 ksi
Moment at critical section (right) :

F = (0.01756+0.01685)x0.5x47x130 = 105.13 Kip
LA = (0.01685+2x0.01756)x47/(3x(0.01685+0.01756)) = 23.6617 inch
Mright = 105.13 × 23.6617 = 2,487.56 kip inch
So Max moment with respect to X axis Mu (x) = 2,487.56 kip inch =207.296 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2487.56 /0.9 = 2763.95 kip-in = 230.329 kip-ft
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 2802.57/ (130×15.8752) = 0.08436 Ksi

ρx = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001425

Reinforcement Calculations
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.00129
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 2.788 mm2
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.001425
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (ksi) 0.0138 0.0138 None
0.0123 0.0123
0.0138 0.0138
0.0152 0.0152
Muz (kip-ft) 207.296 207.200 Negligible
Mux (kip-ft) 207.296 207.214 Negligible
Vuz (kip) 68.44 68.408 Negligible
Vux (kip) 70.11 70.074 Negligible
Shear Force (Two-way) 242.896 242.868 Negligible

(kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 2 ) 4.446 4.446 None


Advanced Result
A st reqd along Z (in 2 ) 4.446 4.446 None

Corner Pressure Calculation for Out-of-Contact Condition
Reference
Wilson, Kenneth (1997). “Bearing Pressures for Rectangular Footings with Biaxial Uplift” Journal of Bridge
Engineering, Vol 2(1), 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(1997)2:1(27), , 27-33. Fig. 7.
Problem
Calculate Corner pressure for an isolated footing with the given data:
Load Fy = 100 Kip (excluding pedestal weight)
Eccentricity along X direction = -3.75 ft. Eccentricity along Z direction = 3.25 ft.
Height of soil on footing = 0 ft.
Note - GWT condition - dry
Surcharge on soil - Nil
Ignore self-weight
Solution
P= Applied load on the footing =100 Kip
Mx= 0+ 100x 3.25= 325 kip-ft
Mz= 0+ 100x 3.75= 375 kip- ft

Assuming 15ft x 10.5 ft footing area:

A=Area of footing = 15x 10.5= 157.5 sq ft
Zx= 15x 10.52/6= 275.625 ft3
Zz= 10.5x 152/6= 393.75 ft3
For the current Load case, Pressure at 4 corners,
σ1= P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) - (325/ 275.625) + (375/393.75) = 0.4082 ksf
σ2= P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz =(100/157.5)-(325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= -1.4966 ksf
σ3= P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= 0.8616 ksf
σ4= P/A+ Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz= (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)+(375/393.75)= 2.7664 ksf
Here the foundation has arrived into “Out-of-Contact with Soil” situation. Therefore, redistribution is necessary.
After redistribution with manual method, (for the procedure, refer to the reference by K. Wilson), the maximum
pressure is 5 kip/ ft2 at corner 4 and at all other three corners, pressure is zero. (Refer to Figure 87: Results of
redistributed pressure from STAAD.Pro (on page 311)).
In out of contact situation, redistribution is also performed by STAAD Foundation Advanced. STAAD Foundation
Advanced reports 4.938 kip/ft2 at Corner 4 and zero for other Corners.
Note: Refer job name jobIsolated in the file us-isolated-foundation-7-general.sfa, which is installed
with the program.
The same situation is also generated in the flexible method using the Mat foundation module and maximum
pressure reported is 4.85 kip/ ft2.
Comparison
Table 51: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Before redistribution

Advanced Result
Pressure at corner 1 (kip/ 0.4082 0.4082 None

ft 2 )
Pressure at corner 2 (kip/ -1.4966 -1.4966 None

ft 2 )

ft 2 )

ft 2 )
Table 52: US Verification problem 9 comparison
After redistribution


Advanced Result
Pressure at corner 1 (kip/ 0 0 None

ft 2 )

ft 2 )

ft 2 )
Pressure at corner 4 (kip/ 4.95 4.938 Negligible

ft 2 )
Figure 87: Results of redistributed pressure from STAAD.Pro

Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity

Reference
Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.5 m × 0.5 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -800 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 53: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 140
2.25 110 130 140 140 145
3.0 120 140 150 152 155
3.75 130 150 160 154 160
5.0 140 160 170 156 165
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 450 mm
Pedestal length = 500 mm
Pedestal width = 500 mm
Pedestal height = 500 mm
Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.

Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.25 140 140
3.0 150 152
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
Using the initial dimensions, the portion of the bearing pressure table is:
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 152 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 150.8kN / m 2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 150.8 − 140 )( 2.53 −−2.25
2.25
) = 143.6kN / m 2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 143.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

Depth of soil on top of the footing = 2.5 - 0.45 = 2.05 m
So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.5 × 0.5) × 2.05 × 22 = 510.081 kN
Because the footing is specified as a fixed bottom, a full pedestal height of 2.05 m is used in lieu of the initial
0.3048 m.
The self weight of the footing:
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.45) + (0.5 × 0.5 × 2.05) × 25 = 142.862 kN
The height of pedestal is taken as 2.05 instead of .5 initial height since pedestal is covered inside soil above
which is not suitable.
Total load: = 800 + 510.081 + 142.862 = 1, 452.943 kN
1, 452.943
Base pressure: = 3.4 × 3.4
= 125.68 kN/m 2 < 143.6 kN/m 2

Comparison
Table 54: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
Value of… Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 125.68 125.68 none
Calculated bearing 143.6 143.6 none

capacity (kN/m2)

Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity
Reference
Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -1600 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 55: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 145
2.25 110 130 140 140 155
3.5 120 140 150 159 165

Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
3.0 130 150 160 154 170
4.0 140 160 170 156 175
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 500 mm
Pedestal length =600 mm
Pedestal width = 600 mm
Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.
Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.5 150 159
3.0 160 154
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 159 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 153.6 kN/m2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 153.6 − 140 )( 2.53 −−2.25
2.25
) = 144.53 kN/m2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 144.53 kN/m2.

Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 492.8 kN
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 162.5 kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 492.8 + 162.5 + 1,600 = 2,255.3 kN
P 2, 255.3
Base pressure: A
= 3.4 × 3.4
= 194.922 kN/m 2 > 144.53 kN/m 2 NG
Hence not safe. Therefore, the dimensions must be recalculated.
Recalculate the Dimensions

Recalculate the length and width of the footing:
Length = 4.2 m
Width = 4.2 m
Depth (m) Width (m)
4 5
2.25 140 155
3.0 159 165
For depth 2.5 m and width 4 m B.C = 146.33 kN/m2

For depth 2.5 m and width 5 m B.C = 158.33 kN/m2
Now for depth 2.5 m and width 4.2 m B.C = 148.73 kN/m2
So the bearing pressure for a 2.5 m depth and 4.2 m x 4.2 m footing = 148.77 kN/m2
Calculation of New Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(4.2 × 4.2) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 760.32 kN
(4.2 × 4.2 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 238.5 kN

US Pedestal Design 1
New Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 760.32 + 238.5 + 1,600 = 2,598.82 kN
P 2, 598.82
Base pressure: A
= 4.2 × 4.2
= 147.32 kN/m 2 < 148.77 kN/m 2
Hence safe.
Comparison
Value of… Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 147.32 147.32 none
Calculated bearing 148.77 148.73 none

capacity (kN/m2)
5.10 US Pedestal Design 1

Pedestal under Vertical Load and Biaxial Moments
Reference
PCA. 2002. Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete . Skokie, IL:Portland Cement
Association Example 7.8 “Design of Square Column for Biaxial Loading” p.7-46.
Problem
Design the pedestal of an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 Kip, Mx=1,500 in·kip, Mz=3,600
in·kip, fc' = 5 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Pedestal Dimension = 24-inch x 24 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 4 Kip/
sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Notes:
• Soil Surcharge = Nil

Solution
Note: The Design of footing is as same as done in the US Isolated Foundation 5 (on page 289).
Required nominal strengths, assuming compression-controlled behavior:

ϕ=0.65 (clause 9.3.2.2 (b))
Pn = Pu/ϕ = 1,200/0.65 = 1,846.154 kip
Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 3,600/0.65 = 5,538.46 kip·in = 451.5 kip·ft
Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 1,500/0.65 = 2,307.69 kip·in = 192.31 kip·ft
where
Mnz = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnx = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about X axis
Note: Assuming β = 0.65 ( β will generally vary from 0.55 to about 0.70. Hence, a value of 0.65 for β is generally a
good initial choice in a biaxial bending analysis.)
Equivalent uniaxial moment strength Mnoz or Mnox

Mnx / Mnz = 2307.69 / 5538.46 = 0.42 is less than b/D = 1.0 (square pedestal)
Therefore, for square sections with reinforcement equally distributed on all faces,
Total Moment, M noz = M nz + M nx ×

D
b
( 1 −β β )
= 5, 538.46 + 2, 307.69(1.0) ( 1 −0.650.65 ) = 6, 781.062 kip⋅in
Assuming the square pedestal of 24 x 24 inch.
As per clause 15.8.2.1, the minimum area of reinforcement required is 0.005 Ag
So minimum still required = 0.005 × (24×24) = 2.88 in2
Provide 4- #11 bars.

The area of 4- #11 bars = 4 (π /4) (1.410)2 = 6.24 in2

The figure below is an interaction diagram for this column with 4-No. 11 bars.
Figure 88: Column interaction diagram with 4-#11 bars
Check Strength: Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

The equation for this method is:
1
Pn = 1 1 1
+ −
Poz Pox Po
where
Poz = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnz only
Pox = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnx only
Po = Maximum axial load strength with no applied moments
= 0.85 f ′
c ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn ≥ 0.1f'cAg
1,846.154 > 0.1×5×24×24 = 288 kip
Hence, OK
Here:

P0 = 0.85(5)(576 − 6.24) + 60(6.24) = 2, 769 kip
Poz = 2,225 kip

Pox = 2,575 kip
where Poz and Pox are taken from the interaction diagram corresponding to the values of Mnz = 461.5 kip·ft and
Mnx = 192.31 kip·ft, respectively.
The Bresler Reciprocal Load equation becomes:
1
Pn = 1 1 1
= 2, 097 kip > 1, 846 kip
+ −
2, 225 2, 575 2, 769
Hence OK.
Check Strength: Bresler Load Contour Method

M nz M nx
M noz
+ M nox
≤1
where
Mnz = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnx = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about X axis
Mnoz = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnox = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Xaxis
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn ≥ 0.1f'cAg
From the interaction diagram, Mnoz = 680 ft·kip for Pn = 1,846 kip
Note: Since the section is symmetrical, Mnoz = Mnox.
The Bresler Load Contour equation becomes:

461.5 192.3
680
+ 680
= 0.96 < 1
Hence OK.
Check Strength: PCA Load Contour Method

( ) ( )
log 0.5 log 0.5
M nz M nx
log β log β
M noz
+ M nox
≤1
To calculate the actual β, the following PCA graph is needed:

Po = 2,796 kip
Pn = 1,846.154 kip
Pn / Po =1,846.154 / 2,796 = 0.66
ω=
Ast
D×b ( )
fy
′
f c
=
6.24
( ) = 0.13
60
24 × 24 5
From the graph β is determined to be 0.66 for ω = 0.13 and Pn/Po = 0.66 and fy =60,000 psi.
The PCA Load Contour equation becomes:
log 0.5 log 0.5
( 680
)
461.5 log 0.66
+ ( )
192.3 log 0.66
680
= 0.65 < 1
Hence OK.
The pedstal section 24 in x 24 in with 4 #11 bars is safe for the loading.
Comparison
Advanced Result
Design Moment M nz (kip- 5,538.46 5,538.456 None

inch)

US Combined Foundation 1

Advanced Result
Design Moment M nx (kip- 2,307.69 2,307.696 None

inch)
A st reqd. (in2) 2.88 2.88 None
A st provided (in2) 6.24 6.24 None
Bar Configuration 4 numbers #11 bars 4 numbers #11 bars None
5.11 US Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load on foundation thru each column Fy = 60 kips, fc = 4 ksi, fy =
60 ksi, Unit weight of concrete = 159 lb/cu.ft., Unit weight of soil = 127 lb/cu.ft., Plan dimension of pedestal = 12
inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height = 30 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.5 kip/
sq.ft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Height of soil above footing = 24 inch
Depth of GWT=10 inch

Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2.5 sqft = 48 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x40 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 40 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 24.3kips
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 12 x 12 x 30 x 0.159 /123 = 0.795 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 kips
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9+0.795) = 163.995 kips
Maximum pressure= 163.995 /(275x40) = 0.0109 ksi = 2.1468 ksf < 2.5 ksf
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure due to column reaction loads alone = 1.4×2×60/(275×40) = 0.015273
ksi = 2.1993 ksf
About the global Z axis

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 163.995 = 1,879.11 ft·kip
Hence OK
About the global X axis
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 40x 163.995 = 273.325 ft·kip
Hence OK

Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face:
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 inch = 1.771 ft
Two-way shear Vm = 2.1993 x [((275x40)/144)/2 - (1+1.771)2] = 67.113 kips

ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1

bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=133 inch
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
βc
) f ′c bc d
(
= 2+
4
1
) 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 072.652 kips
(
V 2 = 40 b + 2) d
f ′c bc d
= (40 133 + 2)
21.25
4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 500.138 kips
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d
= 4 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25 = 715.101 kips

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.10 kips
So, 0.75Vc= 536.326 kips
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face:
deff = 24 - 2 - 1 × 0.75 = 21.25 in = 1.771 ft
2 way shear Vm = 2.1993 x [((275x40)/144)/2 - (1+1.771)2] = 67.113
kips
ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=133 inch
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 072.625 kips

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 133 + 2) 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 500.138 kips

d 21.25
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25 = 715.101 kips
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 705.101 kips

So, 0.75×Vc= 536.326 kips
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe

Effective depth for one-way shear and moment design:
deff = (24-2-1.5 x 0.75) inch = 20.875 inch = 1.74 ft

Vumax = 43.142 kip

Now allowable shear per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.2.1.1 and Eq. No. 11-3/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No: 11.3.1.1
and Eq. No. 11-3:
'
V c1 = 2 f c bd = 2 4,000 × 40 × 20.875 = 105.645 kips
0.75×Vc1= 79.234 kips

Check For Trial Depth against moment

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy=60) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
Mux = 2,523 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment required =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2,803.33 in·kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.161 ksi
m.Rn/fy <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00275
ρ < ρmax, Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy=60) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
Mux = 411.65 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment required =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 457.33 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0038 ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0000636

About the X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Mux = 353.105 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment required =Mnx= Mux/ϕ =392.339 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0225 ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00038
ρz (top) = 0.00263
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =ρ×b×d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.503 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.193 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.33 in2
Comparison
Table 57: US combined foundation 1 comparison

(ksf)


(ft·kip)
201.25 201.54 201.54
Mz sagging
34.3 34.3586 34.3586
Mz hogging
Mx

Way) (kip)

Way) (kip) , Column
1

Way) (kip) , Column
2

for Overturning
(ft·kip) 273.325 273.302 273.302
5.12 US Combined Foundation 2

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load on foundation through each column Fy = 60 kips, Mz=360
in·kips., fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Unit weight of concrete = 159 lb/cu. ft., Unit weight of soil = 127 lb/cu.ft., Height of
soil above footing = 24 in., Plan dimension of pedestal = 12 inch × 12 inch, Pedestal height = 30 inch. and C/C
column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.5 ksf, Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5,
FOS against overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = 2×60/2.5 ft2 = 48 ft2

Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.72 kips
Weight of pedestal = 2x12x12x30x0.159/123 = 0.795 kips
Weight soil = (275 x 44 - 2×144) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 20.84 kips
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.72 +20.84+0.795) kips = 168.355 kips
Maximum pressure from axial load = P/A = 168.35 /(275x44) = 0.0139 ksi = 2.004 ksf
Mz = 360 + 360 = 720 in·kips
Mx = 0
Section modulus, Zz = 44×2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3
Bending stress, Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 ksi = 0.187 ksf
So, stress at left end
σ1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0152 ksi

stress at right end

σ1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0126 ksi
So maximum stress = 0.0152 ksi= 2.1905 ksf < 2.5 ksf
Hence safe
About the global Z axis
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 168.35 = 23,148.2 in·kip = 1,929.02 ft·kip
Hence OK
About the global X axis
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 168.35 = 3,703.72 in·kip = 308.643 ft·kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Worst load case: 103
Figure 92: Soil reaction diagram used in punching shear design

For Column One

deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 in = 1.771 ft
ßc= Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1
bc= 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 11.084 ft
Punching shear area = (12 + 21.25 )2 = 1105.7 in2 = 7.678 ft2
Concrete & soil weight above punching shear area = 0.795 + (20.835+26.721)×7.678/84.028 = 4.418 kips
Two way shear, Vm = 1.4×60+4.418 - 0.01917×144×7.678 = 67.223 kips
Vu γv M u C AB
ϑu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (ACI 318-11 Eq No. 11-37 , ACI 318-05 Eq. No 11-39)
γf =
1 (ACI 318-11/318-05 Eq No. 13-1)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
b1 and b2 are slab cross section length and width for column 1
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 1-1/(1+(2/3)×(137.5/44)5) = 0.541
Ac = bo x d = 1.771 x 11.084 = 19.63 ft2
About z direction, Mu = 1.4 x 42 kip-ft = 432 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 21.25) / 2 = 16.625 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 27.6863 ft4
γv M u C AB
V uz = Jc
× Ac = 22.32 kips
Total two way shear Vm = 67.223 + 22.32 = 89.543 kips

and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
βc ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10 −3
= 1,072.652 kips
(
V 2 = 40 b + 2
d
) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10−3 = 1,500.138 kips
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10−3 = 715.101 kips
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.101 kips

So, 0.75×Vc= 536.326 kips

For Column Two
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) in = 21.25 in = 1.771 ft
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 133 in
Punching shear area = (12 + 21.25 )2 = 1105.7 in2 = 7.678 ft2
Concrete & soil weight above punching shear area = 0.795 + (20.835+26.721)×7.678/84.028 = 4.418 kips
Two way shear, Vm = 1.4×60+4.418 - 0.01659×144×7.678 = 70.072 kips
Vu γv M u C AB
ϑu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (ACI 318-11 Eq No. 11-37 , ACI 318-05 Eq. No 11-39)
γf =
1 (ACI 318-11/318-05 Eq No. 13-1)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
b1 and b2 are slab cross section length and width for column 1
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 1-1/(1+(2/3)×(137.5/44)5) = 0.541
Ac = bo x d = 1.771 x 11.084 = 19.63 ft2
About z direction, Mu = 1.4 x 42 kip-ft = 432 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 21.25) / 2 = 16.625 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 27.6863 ft4
γv M u C AB
V uz = Jc
× Ac = 22.32 kips
Total two way shear Vm = 70.073 + 22.32 = 82.393 kips

and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
βc ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10 −3
= 1,072.652 kips
(
V 2 = 40 b + 2
d
) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10−3 = 1,500.138 kips

V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4,000 × 133 × 21.25 × 10−3 = 715.101 kips
Vc= min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.101 kips

So, 0.75×Vc = 536.326 kips

Effective depth for one-way shear and moment design:
deff = (24-2-1.5 x 0.75) inch = 20.875 inch = 1.74 ft
Vumax = 47.19 kips
Now allowable shear per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.2.1.1 and Eq. No. 11-3/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No: 11.3.1.1
and Eq. No. 11-3:
'
V c1 = 2 f c bd = 2 4,000 × 44 × 20.875 = 116.182 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 87.136 kip


About Z Axis (sagging)
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 47.6 ft·kip = 571.165 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment required =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 635 in·kip
Rn = Mnzx/b×d2 = 0.0331 Ksi
m×Rn/fy <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00053
About Z Axis (hogging)
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)


Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 203.61 ft·kip = 2,443 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
ϕ = 0.9
So Resisting Moment required = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 2,714.8 in·kip
Rn = Mnzx/b×d2 = 0.142 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00242
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Cantilever length = (44-12)/2 = 16 in
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 40.73 ft·kip =488.73 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment required = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 543.03 in·kip
Rn = Mnxx/b×d2 = 0.0045 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.000076
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρz (top) = 0.00242
ρx (bot) = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast = ρ×b×d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.7 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.2 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.4 in2


US Pilecap Foundation 1
Comparison
Table 58: US combined foundation 2 comparison

(ksf)
1.8166 1.8166 1.8166

(ft·kip) Mz sagging
203.61 203.62 203.62
Mz hogging
40.727 40.7968 40.7968
Mx

Way) (kip)

Way) (kip) Column 1
92.393 92.767 92.767
Column 2
Resisting Moment 308.643 308.643 308.643 None

for Overturning
(ft·kip) 1,929.02 1,929.02 1,929.02
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12
in x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip
Unit weight of concrete = 160 lb/ft3

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 × pile diameter, D = 27 in.

Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile arrangement, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -54 -27
2 -54 27
3 0 -27
4 0 27
5 54 -27
6 54 27
Pilecap Length (Dimension along global X) = 2(54) + 2(18) = 144 inch

Pilecap Width (Dimension along global Z) = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch
Weight of pilecap = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2) + 0 1(.267) = 499.467 kip
Load on each pile = 499.467/6 = 83.245 kip

Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 31 -2 -2 - 1.0 x 0.625 = 26.375in

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13.19 in from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 80.898 kip
Punching shear from pile reactions = 494.774 kip
Area outside punching perimeter = 140 x 90 - (12+26.375)2 = 11487.36 in2
Punching shear due to self weight = 37.2 x 11487.36/(140x90) = 32.974 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 494.774 - 32.974 = 461.801 kip
Pm = 4·(12+13.19+13.19) =153.5 in
ß = L/B =12/12 =1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,

( )f
V1 = 2 +
4
βc
′
c bc d = 2+( ) 4, 000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10) = 1, 536.321 kip
4
1
−3
= (40 + 2) b d = (40 + 2) 4000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10) = 2, 271.954 kip

d ′ 26.375 −3
V2 bc
f c c 153.5
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10)−3 = 1, 024.212 kip
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 1,024.212 kip

So, 0.75×Vc = 768.16 kip
Vm< 0.75×Vc, Hence safe
Punching Shear Check for Corner Piles
Corner piles are 1,2,5,6
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip
d critical = 5.486 inch
Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 31 -2 -2 - 1.5 x 0.625 = 26.063 in
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile2 = 83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 2×83.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} × 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X1X1 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile6 = 83.245 Kip
Total shear = 2×83.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} × 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X2X2 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 kip
So V parallel to X direction = 156.172 kip
Now allowable shear (per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):

V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 26.063(10)−3 = 296.705 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 223 kip

V < 0.75×Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 13.469 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 3×13.469 = 40.407 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(90 -12)/2 - 26.063]/90} × 37.2 = 5.347 kip
So Total V, Z1Z1 = 40.407 -5.347 = 35.08 kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 = 13.469 kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
Total shear = 3×13.469 = 40.407 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(90 -12)/2 - 26.063]/90} × 37.2 = 5.347 kip
So Total V, Z2Z2 = 40.407 -5.347 = 35.08 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 35.08 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 2 4, 000 × 144 × 26.063(10)−3 = 474.73 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 356 kip

For either direction:
m = fy/0.85·fc = 60/ (0.85·4) = 17.65
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.02138 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)


Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = 83.245 × 48 = 3,995.76 in·kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 9.12 × 1.5 = 13.68 in·kip
Contribution from pile 5,6 = 0 in·kip
Total moment = 2(3,995.76) + 2(13.68) = 8,018.88 in·kip = 668.24 ft·kip
Moment due to self weight = 46.89 ft·kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 668.24 - 46.89 = 621.35 ft·kip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = from pile6 = 83.245 × 48 = 3,995.76 in·kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 9.12 × 1.5 = 13.68 in·kip
Contribution from pile 5,6 = 0 in·kip
Total moment = 2(3,995.76) + 2(13.68) = 8,018.88 in·kip = 668.24 ft·kip
So Total Mz X2X2 = 668.24 - 46.89 = 621.35 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 690.39 ft·kip

Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.136 ksi

m×Rn/fy = 0.0399 < 1, Hence OK
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2m ⋅ Rn
fy ) = 0.0023
ρmin< ρ < ρmax, Hence OK

Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 3=from pile 5= 83.245 × 21 = 1,748.145 in·kip
Total moment = 3(1,748.145) = 5,244.44 in·kip = 437.036 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437 - 26.195 = 410.838 ft·kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 4=from pile 6= 83.245 × 21 = 1,748.145 in·kip
Total moment = 3(1,748.145) = 5,244.44 in·kip = 437.036 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 437 - 26.195 = 410.838 ft·kip
So Max value of MX = 410.838 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 456.487 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.056 ksi
m·Rn/fy = 0.0165 <1, Hence OK
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2m ⋅ Rn
fy ) = 0.0009
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0023
b = 90 in, d=26.625 in
Therefore, Astx = 5.40 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26.063 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.76 in2

Comparison
Pile Reaction (kip) 83.245 83.244 83.2 None
Governing Moment 690.39 698.481 698.081 1.2%

(ft·kip)
456.487 456.813 456.554
Shear Force, One- 156.172 156.172 156.083 Negligible

Way (kip)
35.08 35.06 35.038
Shear Force, Two- 461.801 462.046 461.782 Negligible

Way (kip)
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.

Reference
Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ft·kip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch
Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Unit weight of concrete = 160 lb/ft3


depth of pilecap= 1.5× pile diameter, D=27 inch

Take D=27 inch
c/c pile distance = 3× pile dia =54 mm. Edge distance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile arrangement.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Pilecap Length (Dimension along global X) = 54+2x18 = 90 inch

Pilecap Width (Dimension along global Z) = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of pilecap = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So reaction from individual piles due to column axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx (from input) = 50 ft·kip = 600 in·kip
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= ±600 × 27/(4×272) = ±5.556 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.556 = 48.185 kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.556 = 37.074 kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, each pile is safe in uplift & lateral load.
Factored Design
Load factor for axial load is taken as 1.4
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ft·kip = 840 in·kip

Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip

Reaction from moment= ±840×27/(4×272) = ±7.778 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.778 = 65.407 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.778 = 49.851 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 97: Section considered for two-way shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff = D - clear cover - Ø =27-2-2-0.625 = 22.375 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.19 in from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.851 Kip

Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.407 Kip

So punching shear from pile reactionsVm= 2× (49.851 + 65.407) = 230.516 kip
Area outside punching = (7.52 - (22.375 + 12)2/144) = 48.044 ft2
Punching shear due to self weight = (48.044/56.25)×20.52 = 17.3 kip
added to account moment effect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (γv x Mu x CAB) /Jc
γv = 1- γf
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/05)
/
1 + 2 3 b1 / b2
where
b1 and b2 = pier length and width, respectively (ACI 318, 13-1)
γv = 0.4
Pm = 4×(12+22.375) =137.5 in
Ac = Pm × deff = 137.5 × 22.375= 3,076.56 in2
About x direction,
Mu = 1.4 × 50 kip-ft = 840 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 22.375) / 2 = 17.19 in
From pages 206-207, R11.11.7.2 of ACE 318-2011 (FPS edition),
Jc = (deff×(C1 + deff)3)/6+(deff3×(C1+deff))/6+(deff ×(C2+deff)×(C1+deff)2)/2
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 670,076 in4
Vux_moment = ((γv × Mu × CAB) /Jc) × Ac = 26.52 kip
Total punching shear Vu = 230.516 - 17.3 + 26.52 = 239.736 kip
ß = L/B = 12/12 = 1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( βc4 ) f ' cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 1, 167.4 kip

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ' c bc d = (40 137.5 + 2) 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 1, 655.69 kip

d 22.375
V3 = 4 f '
c bc d = 4 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 778.316 kip
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 778.316 kip

So, 0.75×Vc = 583.74 kip


There can be two different scenarios due to which a pilecap may fail due to punching by corner piles.
Case 1
Punching of the pilecap may take place due to the corner piles where the shear line is present at a distance of
d/2 from the face of the piles as shown in the following figure.
where
Pd = diameter of pile = 18 in
Pe = edge distance = 18 in
d = effective depth = 22.375 in
Figure 98: Punching shear due to corner piles (case 1)
The reaction of the corner piles will punch out the pilecap along the punching shear line if the resistance is less
than the applied force.
Maximum reaction of corner pile = Pcr = 65.41 kip
Cl. 11.11.2.1 of ACI 318-11 shows three equations which are required to calculate the punching shear capacity.
The punching shear capacity will be minimum of the three equations & we are considering eqn. 11-33 as it
governs most of the time.
Resisting punching shear force = V c = 4λ f c bo d
As per Cl. 9.3.2.3, strength reduction factor = ϕ = 0.75

So = V c = ϕ × 4λ f c bo d
where

b0 = shear perimeter
= Pe +
1
4
2π ( Pd
2
+
d
2
) +P e =
π
4 (Pd + d ) + 2Pe
Equating applied and resisting punching shear force,
= V c = ϕ × 4λ f c bo d = Pcr
or
Pcr Pcr 65.41×1,000
d= = = = 5.09 in = 0.424
ϕ×4λ f c bo
(
ϕ×
π
4 (Pd + d ) + 2Pe )×4λ fc 0.75×
π
4
( )
(18 + 22.375) + 2×18 ×4×1× 4,000
Note: If in any case the applied load is an uplift force, then the punching shear will be calculated at the face of the
Pcr
corner pile. In this situation, the expression will be d = .
ϕ× ( π4 ( Pd ) + 2 Pe)×4λ fc
Case 2
The pilecap may fail due to one-way shear effect where the shear line occurs at a distance d from the face of the
corner piles as shown in the following figure.
Figure 99: One-way shear due to corner piles (Case 2)
Maximum reaction of corner pile = Pcr = 65.41 kip

As per Cl. 11.11.2.1 of ACI 318-11,

Resisting punching shear force = V c = 2λ f c bw d
As per Cl. 9.3.2.3, strength reduction factor = ϕ = 0.75

So = V c = ϕ × 2λ f c bw d
where
bw = shear perimeter.
As per the preceeding figure, the perpendicular on the base intersects at
midpoint of the base & divides it equally. It creates two equal right-angled
isosceles triangle whose height & base are equal. Hence, H = L/2.
(
L = 2H = 2 2Pe +
Pd
2
)
+ d = (2 2Pe + Pd + 2d )
Equating applied and resisting punching shear force,

= V c = ϕ × 2λ f c bw d = Pcr
or
Pcr Pcr 65.41×1000
d= = = = 6.07 in = 0.506
ϕ×2λ f c bw ( )
ϕ× 2 2Pe + Pd + 2d ×2λ fc 0.75× (2 2×18 + 18 + 2×22.375)×2×1× 4,000
So, dcritical will be the minimum of case 1 & case 2.

So, dcritical = 0.506 ft < d, Hence OK.

Calculation of One-way Shear
Figure 100: Section considered for one-way shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff =D-clear cover- 1.5×Ø = 27-2-2-1.5×0.625 = 22.063 in
Shearline Parallel to Z Axis (shear in the YZ plane)
For shear with respect to Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 21.188 Kip

Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 Kip

Contribution from self weight = 3.811 Kip
So Total V, Z1Z1 = 48.987 - 3.811 = 45.176 Kip
For shear with respect to Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 1,2 = 0 Kip
So Total V, Z2Z2 = 21.188 + 27.799 - 3.811 = 45.176 kip
So V (shear line parallel to Z direction, in the YZ plane) = 45.176 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22.063(10)−3 = 251.164 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 188.373 kip

Parallel to X Axis
For shear with respect to X1X1
So Total V, X1X1 = 42.38 - 3.811 = 38.57 Kip
For shear with respect to X2X2
So Total V, X2X2 = 55.598 - 3.817 = 51.787 kip
So V (parallel to X direction) = 51.787 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22.063(10)−3 = 251.164 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 188.373 kip


Figure 101: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz:
For moment with respect to Z1Z1:
Contribution from pile 1 = 49.851 × 21/12 = 87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 2 = 65.407 × 21/12 = 114.46 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 3,4=0 in·kip
Total moment = 87.24 + 114.46 = 201.7 ft·kip

Contribution self weight =14.259 ft·kip

So Total Mz Z1Z1 = 201.7 - 14.259 = 187.443 ft·kip
For moment with respect to Z2Z2:
Contribution from pile 4=49.851 ×21/12=87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 3=65.407 ×21/12=114.46 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 1,2=0 in·kip
Total moment = 87.24 + 114.46 = 201.7 ft·kip
So Total Mz Z2Z2 = 201.7 -14.259 = 187.443 ft·kip
So max Mz = 187.443 ft·kip
So Required Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 208.27 ft·kip
m = fy/0.85×fc = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
Rn = Mnz /(b×d2) = 0.057 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Calculation of Mx:
For moment with respect to X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 49.851 × 21/12 = 87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 = 0 ft·kip
Total moment = 2×87.24 = 174.47 ft·kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 174.47 - 14.259 = 160.21ft·kip
For moment with respect to X2X2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 0= 65.407 × 21/12 = 114.465 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ft·kip
Total moment = 2×114.465 = 228.93 ft·kip

So Total Mx X2X2 = 228.93 -14.259 = 214.665 ft·kip

So Max value of MX = 214.665 ft·kip
So Required Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 238.517 ft·kip
m = fy/0.85×fc = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
Rn = Mnz/(b×d2) = 0.0653 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.0011
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22.063 in
Therefore, Astx = 3.6 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22.063 in
Therefore, Astz = 3.6 in2
Comparison
Pile Reaction (kip) 49.851 49.851 49.851 None
65.407 65.407 65.407

(ft·kip)
238.517 238.72 238.761


Way) (kip)
51.787 51.787 53.47

Way) (kip)

Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1,200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN
Horizontal capacity = 50 KN
Uplift capacity = 50 KN

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 × pile diameter, D = 450 mm

Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 × pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2,500 mm

Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1,600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm
Weight of footing = 2.5 × 1.6 × 0.78 × 25 = 78 kN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.5 × 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1,278.78 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1,278.78/6 = 213.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +100·0.9/(4×0.9×0.9) = 240.91 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 100·0.9/(4×0.9×0.9) = 185.35 kN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 kN < 250 kN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity. Similarly, as there
is no tension pile case, each pile is safe against uplift.
Factored Design
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1,200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1,758.78 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 kN
Moment, Mz = 1.4(100) = 140 kN·m
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 332.02 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 254.24 kN

Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching check,deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 165 = 664 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =332 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 1(332.02) = 332.02 kN

Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 1(254.24) = 254.24 kN
So total punching shear, Vm= 2(333.02 + 137.782 + 254.24) = 1,448.08 KN
Area outside punching = (4 - (0.664 + 0.25)2) = 3.165 m2
Punching shear due to self weight = (3.165/4)*20.52 = 61.71 KN
Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318-11, 11-39 ACI 318-05)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2

where
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Pm = 4×(0.25+0.664) = 3.656 m
Ac = Pm× deff = 3.656 × 0.664= 2.428 m2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 100 kN·m
CAB = (0.25 + 0.664) / 2 = 0.407 m
C1 = C2 = 0.25m
Jc = (deff×(C1 deff)3)/6+(deff3×(C1+deff))/6+(deff ×(C2+deff)×(C1+deff)2)/2 = 0.3826 m4
Vux_moment = ((γv × Mu × CAB) /Jc) × Ac = 184.525 kN
Total punching shear Vu = 1,448.08 - 61.71 + 184.525 = 1,570.9 kN
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( ) f b d = 6, 049 kN
V1 = 2 +
4
βc
′
c c
= (40 ) f b d = 9, 341 kN
d ′
V2 bc c c
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4, 032 kN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 4,032 kN

So, 0.75×Vc = 3,024 kN
Vm< 0.75×Vc, Hence safe

Corner piles are 1, 2, 5, & 6
Critical Pile 1 & 2 with axial Reaction 333.02 kN
B1 = 1,450 mm & B2 =2,105 mm
d1 = 163 mm
d2 = 225 mm
d critical = 225 mm
Effective depth = 655 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe

Figure 104: Section considered for one-way shear
Effective depth for punching check, deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 656 mm

Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (656 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, & 6 = 0 kN
Contribution from self weight = 14.633 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 2(313.73) - 14.633 = 612.821 kN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, & 4 = 0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 14.633 kN

So, Total V, X2X2 = 2(240.233) -14.633 = 465.63 KN

Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 612.821 kN
V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 871.78 kN
0.75×Vc1 = 653.835 kN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z1Z1 = -0.926 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z2Z2 = -0.926 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
m = fy/0.85·fc= 415/(0.85·25) = 19.529
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = M25) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 415 N/mm2) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)

Figure 105: Section considered for moment

Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 332.02(0.775) = 257.32 kN·m
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 3.75 kN·m
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight = 19.744 kN·m
So Total Mz X1X1 = 2(257.32) + 2(3.75) - 19.744 = 498.636 kN·m
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 332.02(0.775) = 257.32 kN·m
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 3.75 kN·m
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 0 KNm
Contribution self weight = 19.744 kN·m
So Total Mz X2X2 = 2(257.32) + 2(3.75) - 19.744 = 498.636 kN·m
So Critical value of Mz = 498.636 kN·m
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 554.04 kN·m
Rn = Mnz/(b·d2) = 0.805 N/mm2
m·Rn/fy = 0.0379 < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.002

ρ = ρmin=0.0018
ρmin < ρ < ρmax, Hence OK
Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 kN·m
Contribution from piles 2, 4, & 6 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight =11.106 kN·m
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kN·m
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight =11.106 kN·m
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kN·m
So Max value of Mx = 274.696 kN·m
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
Rn = Mnz/(b·d2) = 0.555 N/mm2
m×Rn/fy = 0.0261 <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.00136
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0020
b = 1,600 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2099 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2,500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2,952 mm2

US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison
Pile Reaction, 332.019 332.019 332.019 None

Ultimate (kN)
332.019 332.019 332.019
293.13 293.13 293.13
293.13 293.13 293.13
254.241 254.24 254.24
254.241 254.24 254.24

(kN·m)
305.218 305.352 305.352
Shear Force, One- 612.821 612.827 612.827 Negligible

Way (kN)
-0.926 -0.917 -0.917

Way (kN)
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Bowles, Joseph E. Foundation Analysis and Design . 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. Page 475-481,
Example 9-1
Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc’ = 3,000psi (column and footing),
fy = 60,000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.

Figure 106: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
Find out ultimate soil pressure

Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
ΣPw = P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
Ultimate ratio UR= (168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875
Maximum soil pressure permitted under factored loads qult = qa x UR = 2 × 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads and then switching to
“ultimate” values.
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of column 1
Resultant vertical load R = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
Point of action of R is obtained as
R × e = 276 × 15, which gives e = 276 X 15/444 = 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444

444
B= 19.648 × 2.775
= 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
Find out bending moment and shear force

Uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu 1 + Pu 2) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft
Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):
dV = ∫0x q d x
V = 22.48 x – 168
V = 0 at x = 168 / 22.48 = 7.47 ft (locates point of Mmax)
Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM = ∫0x dV d x
M =
22.48( x )
2
2
(
− 168 x − 0.5 )
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M =
22.48(7.47)2
2
( )
− 168 7.47 − 0.5 = − 543.76 ft⋅kips
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Figure 107: Forces on foundation
Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x (3.625)2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips
Maximum shear force at the face of column 2
= 22.48 x 14.875 – 168 = 166.39 kips

Figure 108: Shear and Bending diagrams
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable)
8.17 × 11.825 d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
d = 166.39 / 119.1= 1.397 ft (16.765 in)
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using “d” just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc = 4 × 0.75 3, 000 = 164.317psi = 23.66ksf
Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft

The net shear is column load – upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
(12 + 8.38) × (12 + 16.765)
A= 144
= 4.07ft2
V = Pcol -Psoil = 168 – 4.07 x 22.48 / 8.17= 156.8 kips

156.8
Actual v = 5.794 × 1.397
= 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
At column 2 a four side zone gives

(15 + 16.765)2
A= 144
= 7.01ft2
And

V = 276 – 7.01 x 22.48 / 8.17 = 256.74 kips

Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x 4 / 12 = 10.59 ft
256.74
v= 10.59 × 1.397
= 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.
Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2)

For fy = 60 and fc’ = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96As:
(
As d −
a
2 ) =
Mu
ϕfy
(
As 16.765 − 0.98As = ) 543.76 × 12
0.9 × 60 × 8.17
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
Ast 0.94 200
ρ= bd
= 16.765 × 12
= 0.00467 > fy
(OK)
Less than maximum allowable percent of steel

Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 –in spacing across top of footing:
As = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in2
Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):
Ld is O.K.
Find steel in short direction under column 1

B’ = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft
8.17 − 1
L ′= 2
= 3.585 ft
168
q= 8.17 × 2.05
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
10.03(3.585)2
M = 2
12 = 773.45in⋅kips
Take d = (16.765 – 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 773.45
0.9 × 60
= 14.323
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:
L d = 0.04 × 0.60 × 60, 000 × 3, 000 = 26.3in
or
Ld = 0.004 × 0.875 × 60000 = 21 in
Ld furnished = 3.585 × 12 – 3 = 40 in

Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:

B’ = 15 + 16 × 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
8.17 − 1.25
L ′= 2
= 3.46 ft
276
q= 8.17 × 3.25
= 10.394ksf (conservative)
10.394(3.46)2
M = 2
12 = 746.6 in⋅kips
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 776.478
0.9 × 60
= 14.379
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Check dowel requirements of column to footing

At column 1 the supporting area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited to:
fc = 0.75 × 0.7 × fc’ = 1.575 ksi
p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
As = 0.005 × 144 = 0.72 in2
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
A2
ψ= A1
>2
Use 2
fc = 0.75 × 0.7 fc × 2 = 3.15 ksi
P = 15 × 15 × 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Comparison

Advanced Result
Average Base Pressure 0.01911 0.02 Negligible

(kip/in 2 )
Longitudinal moment that 543.76 63.656 kip-ft/ft × 8.17 ft = 4.4%

produces tension on top 520 kip-ft
(kip-ft)

US Mat Foundation Punching Shear Check

Advanced Result
Longitudinal moment that 147.7 185.73 (obtained using 24.6%

produces tension on Results Along Line
bottom (kip-ft) method)
Required Area of 0.94 Approximately 1.0 sq.in/ft 6.0%

Reinforcement (in 2 /ft) each on top and bottom
face
5.17 US Mat Foundation Punching Shear Check

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: fc = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, and C/C column distance =180 in.
Figure 109: Plan
Column 1 Column 2
12 in × 12 in 15 in × 15 in
4 #7 bars 4 #8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips

Column 1 Column 2
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
Footing dimension assumed 237 in × 98.04 in × 20.5 in,

(left overhang= 6 in, right overhang = 45 - 7.5 = 37.5 in)
Weight of footing = 237 × 98.04 × 20.5 × 0.15/123 = 41.35 kips
Total load on the footing = 1.2 × (60+110) +1.6 × (60+90) kips = 444 kips
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 444 /(237x98.04) = 0.0191 ksi = 19.11 psi
Mz = 168 × 8.875-276 × 6.125=-199.5 kip·ft = 2394 kip·inch
Zz = 98.04 × 2372/6 = 917801.5 in3
Mz/Zz = 2394 /917801.5 = -0.00261 ksi = -0.375 ksf
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Assuming that the bar size in both directions is the #11 bar,
deff = (20.5-2-1 × 1.375) inch = 17.125 inch = 1.427 ft
Distance from edge of column 1 to edge of slab 6 in < deff /2 = 8.5625
Column 1 is an edge column
Perimeter, bc = 2×(b + 0.5 × deff + 6) + (d + 2.0× (deff /2)) = 82.25 in
Punching area = (b + 0.5 × deff + 6) × (d + 2.0 × deff /2) = 772.633 in2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( ) f = (2 + ) 3, 000 = 328psi = 47.32ksf

V1 = 2 +
4
βc
′
c
4
1
= (40 + 2) f = (40 + 2) 3, 000 = 566psi = 81.46ksf

d ′ 17.125
V2 bc c 82.25
′
V3 = 4 f c = 4 3, 000 = 219psi = 31.55ksf
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 31.55 ksf

So, 0.75×Vc = 23.66 ksf
Vm = (168 × 1000 - 19.11 × 772.633 / 1000) / (82.25 × 17.125) = 119.2 psi =17.174 ksf
Vm< 0.75xVc, Hence safe
For Column 2

Assuming that the bar size in both directions is the #11 bar,
deff = (20.5-2-1 × 1.375) inch = 17.125 inch = 1.427 ft
Perimeter, bc = 2×(b + d + 2 × deff) = 128.5 in
Punching area = (b + deff) × (d + deff) = 1,032.016 in2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( ) f = (2 + ) 3, 000 = 328psi = 47.32ksf

V1 = 2 +
4
βc
′
c
4
1
= (40 + 2) f = (40 + 2) 3, 000 = 566psi = 81.46ksf

d ′ 17.125
V2 bc c 82.25
′
V3 = 4 f c = 4 3, 000 = 219psi = 31.55ksf
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 31.55 ksf

So, 0.75×Vc = 23.66 ksf
Vm = (276 × 1000 - 19.11 × 1032.016 / 1000) / (128.5 × 17.125) = 125.4135 psi =18.06 ksf
Vm< 0.75xVc, Hence safe
Comparison
Table 66: US Combined Foundation 2 comparison
Value of Calculation Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
Allowable punching shear 23.66 23.66 None

stress (ksf)
Punching shear stress 17.174 17.175 Negligible

(Column 1) (ksf)
Punching shear stress 18.060 18.061 Negligible

(Column 2) (ksf)

European Code (Eurocode EC2)
6
6.1 EN Combined Foundation 1
Example 1 for Combined Footing Designed to Eurocode EC2
Problem
Design a combined footing for 3 columns with the following data:
Vertical load (downwards) on each column Fy = 200 kN

Strength of concrete fc = 30 MPa
Grade of steel fy = 500 MPa
Column dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm
Center to center distance between columns = 5000 mm
Depth of soil above top of footing = 500 mm
Ground water table (GWT) = 200 mm below ground level (GL)
Unit weight of soil and concrete are 22 and 25 kN/m3 respectively
Surcharge on top of soil = 5 kN/m2
Projection of footing from the center of the two end columns = 800 mm
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 75 kN/m2
Coefficient of friction = 0.4, FOS against sliding = 1.5, FOS against overturning = 1.5
Neglect self weight for factored design.

Use British Annex for region specific values.

EN Combined Foundation 1
Calculations
Approximate area of footing required = Load/Bearing Capacity = (3×200)/75 = 8 m2
Let us assume a footing dimension of 11.6 m x 1.5 m x 0.5 m
Weight of footing = 11.6 × 1.5 × 0.5 x 25 = 217.5 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [11.6 × 1.5 - 3 × 0.5 × 0.5] × 0.5 × 22 = 183.15 kN
Surcharge = [11.6 × 1.5 - 3 × 0.5 × 0.5] × 5 = 83.25 kN
Reduction of weight due to buoyancy = 11.6 × 1.5 × (0.5+0.5-0.2) × 9.81 = 136.555 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing (Dry) = (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 + 83.25)
= 1115.775 kN
Total load on the footing (Wet) = (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 + 83.25 - 136.555)
= 979.22 kN
Total load on the footing (Wet) excluding surcharge
= (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 - 136.555) = 895.97 kN
Maximum corner pressure = 1115.775 /(11.6x1.5) = 64.125 kN/m2 < 75 kN/m2 . Hence Safe.

There is no lateral load. Hence, sliding force = 0
Maximum Resisting force due to friction = µ × Vertical load
Total service load on foundation = 895.97 KN (for stability calculation)
Maximum possible resisting sliding force (resultant direction) = 0.4 x 895.97 = 358.39 kN
Hence safe.
Since there is no moment on the foundation, overturning moment = 0.0
Maximum resisting moment (w.r.t Z axis) = 895.97 × 11.6 / 2 = 5196.63 kN-m
Maximum resisting moment (w.r.t X axis) = 895.97 × 1.5/ 2 = 671.98 kNm
Hence safe.
Effective Depth
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and a bar diameter of 12 mm, the effective depth is
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 432 mm
Note that 1.5d is based on the following:
Instead of one effective depth for the longitudinal bottom reinforcement, and another effective depth for the
transverse bottom reinforcement, a value of 1.5×d is used for both directions, as suggested by some textbooks)
Computation of bending moments and shear forces

Vertical load from column (factored) = 1.35 × 3 × 200= 810 kN
Stress on soil = 810/(11.6 × 1.5) = 46.55172 kN/m2, rounded off to 46.55 kN/m2
0.55 2
Moment at the left face of the left end column = 46.55 × 1.5 × 2
= 10.56 kNm (Sagging)
2
0.8
Moment at mid-point of left end column = 46.55 × 1.5 × 2
600 3.867 2
Maximum moment within the span = 1.35 11.6
× 2
- 200 × 3.067 = − 306 kNm (Hogging)
5.8 2
Moment at center of middle column = 46.55 × 1.5 × 2
- 1.35 × 200 × 5 = - 175.5 kNm
0.5 2
Moment in transverse direction at face of columns = 46.55 × 11.6 × 2
Shear a deff to the left of the left-most column = 46.55 × 1.5 × ( 0.8 - 0.25 - 0.432 ) = 8.24kN
Shear at the center of the left-most column = 46.55 × 1.5 × 038 = 55.86 kN
Shear immediately beyond center of the left-most column = [55.86 - 1.35 × 200] = -214.14 kN
Shear at deff to the right of the right face of the left-most column = [46.55 × 1.5 × (0.8 + 0.25 + 0.432) - 1.35 ×
200] = -166.5 kN

Shear a deff to the left of the left face of the middle column = [46.55 × 1.5 × (5.8 - 0.25 - 0.432) - 1.35 × 200] =
87.38 kN
Shear just before the center of the middle column = [46.55 × 1.5 × 5.8 - 1.35 × 200] = 135 kN
Shear immediately beyond the center of the middle column = [46.55 × 1.5 × 5.8 - 1.35 × 200 × 2] = -135 kN
Shear a deff to the right of the right side face of the middle column = [46.55 × 1.5 × (5.8 + 0.25 + 0.432) - 1.35 ×
2 × 200] = -87.38 kN
Figure 111: Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 112: Shear Force Diagram

Flexural design about Z-axis

Maximum moments, Muz = 10.56 kNm (sagging) and 306 kNm (hogging).
Muz_Critical = 306 kNm
(refer Clause 3.1.5, 3.16 & 3.1.7 and Fig 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 & 3.5)
m = 13.33
α cc = 1; α cT = 1; C RDC =0.156,
V min is calculated as per Clause 6.2.2
f ctk = 5 N/mm2 (As per BS Annex)
λ = 0.8; η= 1; λc = 1.5; λs = 1.15;
F cd = 20 N/mm2; (Clause 3.1.6)
Kumax = 0.3802
Depth of Neutral Axis = deff x Kumax = 164.2 mm
MuZmax_capacity = 0.962x106 x 1500= 1443.6 kN-m
MuZmax_capacity > Muz_Critical . Hence safe.
Flexural design about X-axis

Bending moment at critical section, MuX = 67.5 kNm (sagging and critical)
Kumax = 0.3802
Depth of Neutral Axis = deff x Kumax = 164.2 mm
MuXmax_capacity = 0.962 × 106 × 11600 = 11,163.8 kN-m
MuXmax_capacity > MuX . Hence safe.

Astx = 56.3 mm2, b = 1,500 mm, D = 500 mm
As per Clause 9.2.1, minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.26 x fctm/fyk > 0.0013
So, as per Table 3.1, fctm = 2.9 Mpa, So, ρmin = 0.0015
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0015×b×D = 1,125 mm2
Hence, required area = 1,125 mm2.
Provide 10 Ø12 @ 150 mm c/c- Provided area = 1,130 mm2
Astx = 1,676 mm2, b = 1,500 mm, D = 500 mm
Hence, required area = 1,676 mm2


Astx = 360 mm2, b = 11,600 mm, D = 500 mm
where b = 1,500 mm, D = 500 mm

Developed shear stress = 166.5(10)3/(1500 · 432) = 0.2569 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annexure-
Reinforcement ratio = 0.0026
C RDC =0.156,
k = 1.68
τc = 0.516 N/mm2
Vmin= 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2 = 0.417 N/mm2
So, take τc = 0.5162 N/mm2
So, V RDc = τc × effective depth × width = 334.5 kN > 166.5 kN
where effective depth = 432 mm and width = 1,500 mm
V RDc >F and τc > τv. Hence Safe.
Check for Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter at 2×deff from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (500 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 438 mm
For the two end columns, the outer face of the columns is 550 mm from the edge of the footing, which is smaller
than 2×deff. Thus, the punching shear perimeter goes outside the footing boundary.

Figure 113: Punching Line Arrangement
For each of the two end columns
Punching Shear force = 1.35 × 200 -

600
11.6 × 1.5
(
× 1.5 × 1.926 ) = 135 kN
Punching shear perimeter = Pm = (only one side of the punching shear rectangle is inside the footing) = 1,500
mm
As this footing is subjected to pure axial load, β = 1
Punching shear stress = τv = Vmax/(Pm×d) = 135×1000 / (1500×438) = 0.2055 N/mm2
For the Middle Column
Punching Shear force = 1.35 × 200 -

600
11.6 × 1.5
(
× 1.5 × 2.252 ) = 112.75 kN
As this footing is subjected to pure axial load, β = 1

Punching shear perimeter = Pm = (only two sides of the punching shear rectangle are inside the footing) = 3,000
mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm×d) = 112.75 × 1,000 / (3,000×438) = 0.0858 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 & 6.4.4 and BS Annexure-
This pedestal is supporting purely axial load, so eccentricity factor, β = 1
k = 0.346
Reinforcement percent for bars along X = 0.00257
Reinforcement percent for bars along Z = 0.00171
Reinforcement percent = 0.00257
Reinforcement percent for punching strength calculation= 0.00171
k = 1.675
τc = 0.516 N/mm2
Vmin = 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2 = 0.415 N/mm2
Vmin = 0.415 N/mm2
Comparison
Note: The following Global Settings are required within the GUI of STAAD Foundation Advanced to obtain the
numbers in the table below in the column STAAD Foundation Result:
On the Rigid Foundation Settings tab,
1. select the Neglect Footing Self Weight for Concrete Checks option in the Concrete Check Self Weight
Settings group and
2. select the Gross Bearing Capacity Input option in the Bearing Capacity Settings group.
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Difference

(General Mode)
Bearing Pressure, kN/m 2 64.125 64.125 None
Resisting sliding force, 358.39 358.405 Negligible

(kN)
Resisting Moment-Z 5,196.63 5,196.772 Negligible

against overturning, (kN-
m)
Resisting Moment-X 671.98 671.996 Negligible

against Overturning, (kN-
m)


(General Mode)
Shear Force (One-Way), 166.5 173.35 5%

(kN)
Shear Strength of concrete 516.2 517.51 Negligible

for one-way (τ c ), KN/m 2
Shear Force (Two-Way), 135 142.84 5%

kN
112.75 119.51
135 142.84
Shear Strength (Two- 479 503.75 5%

Way), KN/m 2
Governing Flexural 10.56 (Sagging @ Z axis) 14.12 (Sagging @ Z axis) 0% - 10%

Moments, kNm
306 (Hogging @ Z axis) 307.40 (Hogging @ Z axis)
67.5 (Sagging @ X axis) 72.15 (Sagging @ X axis)
Resisting Flexural 1,443.6 (about the Z axis) 1,443.61 (about the Z Negligible
Moment, kNm axis)
11,163.8 (about the X
axis) 11,163.92 (about the X
axis)
Provided Reinforcement Ø12 @ 99 mm c/c (X Top) Ø12 @ 95 mm c/c (X Top) >5%

Ø12 @ 150 mm c/c (Z Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z
Top) Top)
Ø12 @ 150 mm c/c (X Ø12 @ 105 mm c/c (X
Bot) Bot)
Ø12 @ 150 mm c/c (Z Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z
Bot) Bot)
6.2 EN Combined Foundation 2

Problem
Design a combined footing for 3 columns with the following data:

1 5 -400 3
2 4 -300 5


3 3 -200 7
where
Fx = force along the X direction (horizontal) at base of column
Fy = force along the Y direction (vertical) at base of column. A negative value
indicates that the force is acting downwards
Fz = force along the Z direction (horizontal) at base of column
Design should be performed for the following service and strength load combinations
Service combination case 101 = 1.0× Load case 1
Ultimate combination case 201 = 1.35× Load case 1
Strength of concrete fc = 30 MPa
Grade of steel fy = 500 MPa
Pedestal dimension = 500 mm× 500 mm
Center to center distance between columns = 5000 mm
Depth of soil above top of footing = 500 mm
Ground water table (GWT) = 5000 mm below ground level (GL)
Unit weight of soil and concrete are 22 and 25 kN/m3 respectively
Surcharge on top of soil = 0 kN/m2
Projection of footing from the center of the two end columns = 800 mm
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 kN/m2
Coefficient of friction = 0.4, FOS against sliding = 1.5, FOS against overturning = 1.5
Neglect Self weight for factored design
Use British Annex for region specific values.

Calculations
Approximate area of footing required = Load / Bearing capacity = (400+300+200)/150 m2 = 6 m2
Let us assume a footing dimension of 11.6 m× 1.5 m× 0.500 m footing dimension,
Service combination case 101:
FY from columns = (400+300+200)× 1.0 = 900 KN
Weight of footing = 11.6× 1.5× 0.500× 25 = 217.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 3× 0.5× 0.5× 1.0× 25 = 18.75 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [11.6x1.5 - 3x0.5x0.5]× 0.5× 22 = 183.15 kN
Surcharge = 0.0 kN
Reduction of weight due to buoyancy = 0.0 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing for LC101 = V = (900 + 217.5 + 18.75 + 183.15 ) = 1319.4 kN
Fx_tot = 5+4+3 = 12 kN
Fz_tot = 3+5+7 = 15 kN
So Mx = Fz_tot × lever arm = 15 ×1.5 = 22.5 kN
11.6 400x0.8 + 300x5.8 + 200x10.8
eccentricity = e = 2
- 400 + 300 + 200
= 1.1111
Mz = Mz (From Eccentricity) + Fx_tot × lever arm = 900×1.1111-12×1.5 = 982 kNm

Section modulus about X axis = Zx= 11.6× 1.5× 1.5 /6 = 4.35 m3
Section modulus about Z axis = Zz = 1.5 x11.6x11.6/6 = 33.64 m3

A = 11.6 x1.5= 17.4 m2

σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 99.847 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 41.464 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 51.809 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 110.191 kN/m2
Maximum corner pressure = 111 kN/m2 < 150 kN/m2 . Hence Safe
Minimum corner pressure = 41.5 kN/m2 > 0 kN/m2 . Hence no need to redistribute.
Critical load case and factor of safety for sliding and overturning
For service load case 101
Sliding force(X) = 12 kN
Sliding force(Z) = 15 kN
Sliding force(Resultant) = 12 2 + 15 2 = 19.2kN

max Resisting force = µ× Axial Load
Total service load on foundation = 1319.4 kN (for stability calculation)
Maximum possible resisting sliding force (X Direction) = 0.4× 1319.4 = 527.76 kN
Maximum possible resisting sliding force (Z Direction) = 0.4× 1319.4 = 527.76 kN
Maximum possible resisting sliding force (Resultant Direction) = 0.4× 1319.4 = 527.76 kN
FOS for Sliding (X) = 527.76 / 12 = 43.98 > 1.5. Hence safe.
FOS for Sliding (Z) = 527.76 / 15 = 35.184 > 1.5. Hence safe.
FOS for Sliding (Resultant) = 527.76 / 19.2 = 27.4875 > 1.5. Hence safe.
Overturning Moment (w.r.t X) = 22.5 kNm
Overturning Moment (w.r.t Z) = 981.99 kNm
max resisting Moment (w.r.t Z axis) = 1319.4 ×11.6 / 2 = 7652.52 kNm
max resisting Moment (w.r.t X axis) = 1319.4 ×1.5/ 2 = 989.55 kNm
FOS for overturning w.r.t Z axis) = 7652.52 / 981.99 = 7.7928 > 1.5. Hence safe.
FOS for overturning (w.r.t X axis) = 989.55 / 22.5 = 43.98 > 1.5. Hence safe.
Loads for concrete design (Load combination 201)
Vertical Load from column = V = 1.35×900 = 1215 kN
Mx =1.35x22.5 = 30.375 kN-m
Mz = 1.35x982 = 1325.70 kN-m


deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 × 12) mm = 432 mm

σ_left (Avg) = V/A + Mz/Zz = 1.35× [(900/17.4) + (982/33.64)] = 1.35× 80.91 = 109.236 kN/m2
σ_right (Avg)= V/A - Mz/Zz = 1.35× [(900/17.4) - (982/33.64)] = 1.35× 22.53 = 30.419 kN/m2
σ_transverse_far (Avg) = V/A + Mx/Zx = 1.35× [(900/17.4) + (22.5/4.35)] = 1.35× 56.897 = 76.810 kN/m2
σ_transverse_near(Avg) = V/A - Mx/Zx = 1.35× [(900/17.4) - (22.5/4.35)] = 1.35× 46.55 = 62.845 kN/m2
Moment at left end column face location

80.91 + 76.88 76.88 + 2x80.91 0.8
= 1.35 × 2
× 0.8 × 1.5 × 80.91 + 76.88
× 3
+ 5 × 1.5 = 61.68 kNm (Sagging)
Moment at Span
80.91 + 62.238 62.238 + 2x80.91 3.71
= 1.35 2
× 1.5 × 3.71 × 80.91 + 62.238
× 3
- 400 × 2.91 + 5 × 1.5 = - 520.44 kNm
(Hogging) at 3.71 m from left boundary
Moment at middle column
80.91 + 51.72 51.72 + 2x80.91 5.8
= 1.35 2
× 1.5 × 5.8 × 80.91 + 51.72
× 3
- 400 × 5 + 9 × 1.5 = - 257.349 kNm (Hogging)
Moment at right end column

80.91 + 26.556 26.556 + 2x80.91 10.8
= 1.35 2
× 1.5 × 10.8 × 80.91 + 26.556
× 3
- 400 × 10 - 300 × 5 + 12 × 1.5 = 14.9 kNm
(Sagging)
Moment at column face (Transverse Direction) near
53.44 + 46.55 53.44 + 2x46.55 1
= 1.35 2
× 1.0 × 11.6 × 53.44 + 46.55
× 3
- 900 × 0.25 + 15 × 1.5 - 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 × 25 × 3 × .25 = - 104.4
(Sagging)
Moment at column face (Transverse Direction) far
56.89 + 49.997 49.997 + 2x56.89 1
= 1.35 2
× 1 × 11.6 × 49.997 + 56.89
× 3
- 900 × 0.25 - 15 × 1.5 = 93.33 kNm (Sagging)
80.91 + 76.88
Shear at left end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 0.8 × 1.5 - 400 = - 412.19 kNm
80.91 + 76.88
Shear just before left end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 0.8 × 1.5 = 127.813 kN
80.91 + 51.72
Shear a middle column location = 1.35 × 2
× 5.8 × 1.5 - 700 = - 166.13 kN
80.91 + 51.72
Shear just before end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 5.8 × 1.5 - 400 = 238.87 kN

80.91 + 26.556
Shear at right end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 10.8 × 1.5 - 900 = - 39.86 kNm
80.91 + 26.556
Shear just before right end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 10.8 × 1.5 - 700 = 230.143 kN
80.91 + 80.316
Shear at deff (left) from left end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 0.118 × 1.5 = 19.26 kN
80.91 + 73.45
Shear at deff (right) from left end column location = 1.35 × 2
× 1.482 × 1.5 - 400 = - 308.38 kN
80.91 + 55.15
Shear at deff (left) from middle column location = 1.35 × 2
× 5.118 × 1.5 - 400 = 165.072 kN
Shear at deff (right) from middle column location

80.91 + 48.2877
= 1.35 × 2
× 6.482 × 1.5 - 700 = - 97.073 kN
Shear at deff (left) from right end column location

80.91 + 29.989
= 1.35 × 2
× 10.118 × 1.5 - 700 = 191.097 kN
Shear at deff (right) from right end column location

80.91 + 23.124
= 1.35 × 2
× 11.482 × 1.5 - 900 = - 5.55 kN
All moments are in kNm
Figure 115: Bending Moment Diagram

All shear values are in kN
Figure 116: Shear Force Diagram
Check for Moment About Z Axis (sagging & Hogging)

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 25 kNm (sagging) and 521 kNm (hogging).
Take, Muz_Critical = 521 kNm
m = 13.33
α cc = 1; α cT = 1; C RDC =0.156, V min = Calculate as per Clause 6.2.2;
fctk = 5 N/mm2 (As per BS Annex)
λ = 0.8; η= 1; λc = 1.5; λs = 1.15;
Fcd = 20 N/mm2; (Clause 3.1.6)
Kumax = 0.3802
Depth of Neutral Axis= X = deff × Kumax = 164.2 mm
MuZmax_capacity = 0.962 × 106 × 1500= 1443.6 kNm.
MuZmax_capacity > Muz_Critical . Hence Safe.
Check for Moment About X Axis (sagging & Hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, MuX = 104.4 kNm (sagging and critical)
Kumax = 0.3802
Depth of Neutral Axis= X = deff × Kumax = 164.2 mm
MuXmax_capacity = 0.962 × 106 × 11600 = 11163.8 kNm.
MuXmax_capacity > MuX. Hence Safe.


Astx = 133.4 mm2
As per Clause 9.2.1
minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.26× fctm/fyk > 0.0013
So, as per Table 3.1, fctm = 2.9 Mpa, ρmin = 0.0015
User defined ρmin = 0.002, therefore take 0.002
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.002× b× D = 1,500 mm2
take 1,500 mm2 i.e. 10-Ø12 @ 105 mm c/c
provide Ø12 @ 105 mm c/c- Provided area = 1,582 mm2
Astx = 2916 mm2
take 2916 mm2 i.e. Ø12 @ 55 mm c/c
provide 26-Ø12 @ 55 mm c/c- Provided area = 2,939 mm2
Astz = 556 mm2
As per Clause 9.2.1
take 11,600 mm2 i.e. Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c
provide 105 - Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c- Provided area = 11,869 mm2
Provide Minimum area of steel
As per Clause 9.2.1


Developed shear stress = 308.4(10)3/(1500 · 432) = 0.475 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annex:
Reinforcement ratio X= 0.004535
So, pt = 0.004535
C RDC =0.156,
k= 1.68
τc = 0.620 N/mm2
Vmin = 0.035× k3/2× fck1/2 = 0.4174 N/mm2
So, VRDc = τc× effective depth× effective width = 401.91 kN > F= 309 kN
V RDc >F and τc > τv. Hence Safe.
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter at 2xdeff from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (500 - 50 - 1.0× 12) mm = 438 mm
Pm = 4 · (500 mm + 4x 438 mm) = 9008 mm
Now, the punching line exceeds footing boundary. So practically punching shear behavior is changed into one
way shear. So, calculation is not repeated.
Note: Refer to EN Combined Foundation 1 (on page 376) for a detailed explanation.
Nevertheless, the process of calculation of beta factor is shown below.
Calculation of Eccentric Factor, β

Size of pedestal = C1× C2 = 0.5 m× 0.5 m× 1 m
Footing size = 11.6 m× 1.5 m× 0.5 m
If clear cover= 50 mm & provided dia. of bar at bottom = 12 mm (If diameter of bar is different along X & Z
directions, consider the smaller one.),
Effective depth for punching = dp = overall depth - clear cover - minimum dia. of bar at bottom
= (0.5 - 0.05 - 0.012) = 0.438 m
Straight length of shear perimeter = bx = C1 + 4 × dp = 0.5 + (4 × 0.438) = 2.252 m
Straight width of shear perimeter = bz = C1 + 4 × dp = 0.5 + (4 × 0.438) = 2.252 m
Column 1
Governing load case = 201. For this load combination,

Total factored vertical load = factored load + weight of pedestal

V = [(1.35× 400) + (0.5× 0.5× 1× 25)] = (540 + 6.25) = 546.25 KN
Total factored moment about X = Mx = 1.35× 3× 1.5 = 6.075 KNm
Total factored moment about Z = Mz = 1.35× 5× 1.5 = 10.125 KNm
Considering absolute values,
Eccentricity along X direction = ex = Mz/V = (10.125/546.25) = 0.018535 m
Eccentricity along Z direction = ez = Mx/V = (6.075/546.25) = 0.011121 m
So, for axial load & bi-axial moment Eccentric Factor:
β = 1 + 1.8 ( ) ( )
ex 2
bz
+
ez 2
bx
= 1 + 1.8 ( 0.018535
2.252
)2 + ( 0.011121
2.252
)2 = 1.0172
Column 2
Total factored axial load = factored load + weight of pedestal
V = [(1.35× 300) + (0.5× 0.5× 1× 25)] = (405 + 6.25) = 411.25 KN
So, for axial load & bi-axial moment Eccentric Factor:
β = 1 + 1.8 ( ) ( )
ex 2
bz
+
ez 2
bx
= 1 + 1.8 ( 0.019696
2.252
)2 + ( 0.024620
2.252
)2 = 1.0252
Column 3
V = [(1.35× 200) + (0.5× 0.5× 1× 25)] = (270 + 6.25) = 276.25 KN
So, for axial load & bi-axial moment Eccentric Factor
β = 1 + 1.8 ( ) ( )
ex 2
bz
+
ez 2
bx
= 1 + 1.8 ( 0.021991
2.252
)2 + ( 0.051312
2.252
)2 = 1.045

Figure 117: Punching Line Arrangement
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference
(General Mode)
Bearing Pressure, KN/m 2 99.847 99.8466 None
41.464 41.4637
51.809 51.8086
110.191 110.1914
Governing Shear for 12 (X) 12 (X) Negligible

Sliding, KN
15 (Z) 15 (Z)
Resisting Shear for 527.76 (All) 527.76 (All) None

Sliding, KN
Governing Moment for 22.5 (X) 22.5 (X) Negligible

Overturning KNm
981.99 (Z) 981.982 (Z)
Resisting Moment for 989.55 (X) 989.532 (X) Negligible

Overturning KNm
7,652.52 (Z) 7,652.38 (Z)
Shear Force (One-Way), 308.4 305.02 1%

kN
Resisting Shear Strength 620 620.51 Negligible

of Concrete (One-Way),
kN/sqm

EN Isolated Foundation 1
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

(General Mode)
Governing Flexural 24.499 (Sagging, Z) 26.9 (Sagging, Z) 1-2%

Moment, kNm
520.44 (Hogging, Z) 517.05 (Hogging, Z)
104.4 (Sagging, X) 112.08 (Sagging, X)
Resisting Flexural 1443.6 (Z) 1443.6 (Z) Negligible

Moment, kNm
11163.8 (X) 11163.9 (X)
Provided Reinforcement Ø12 @ 55 mm c/c (X Top) Ø12 @ 55 mm c/c (X Top) None

Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z
Top) Top)
Ø12 @ 105 mm c/c (X Ø12 @ 105 mm c/c (X
Bot) Bot)
Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z Ø12 @ 110 mm c/c (Z
Bot) Bot)
β 1.0172 1.017 Negligible
1.0252 1.025
1.045 1.045
6.3 EN Isolated Foundation 1

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 800kN,Fx = 8 kN, Fz = 5 kN, Mz=23 kNm, Mx=20 kNm, fc
= 30 N/mm2, fy = 500 N/mm2, Pedestal cross section dimension = 500 mm × 500 mm, Top of pedestal 300 mm
above ground level, Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 175 kN/m2.Unit weight of soil and concrete are 16 and 25
KN/m3 respectively, Height of soil on footing =1400mm, Water table is 200 mm below ground level, Surcharge =
5 kN/sqm, Self-weight factor =1.
Use British Annexure for region specific values.
Coefficient of friction =0.4, Factor of safety (FOS) against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5


Total Moment about the X-axis = 20 + 5*(1.7 + 0.6) = 31.5 kNm
Total Moment about the Z-axis =23 - 8*(1.7 + 0.6) = 4.6 kNm
Total Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of footing = (2.8 m × 2.8 m) (0.6 m) (25 kN/m3) = 117.6 kN
Self wt of pedestal =(0.5m × 0.5m) (1.7m) (25 KN/m3) = 10.625kN
Weight of soil = (1.4m).(2.8m × 2.8 m - 0.5m × 0.5m).(16KN/m3) = 170.02kN
Surcharge = (5 KN/m2) (2.8 × 2.8 - 0.5 × 0.5) m2= 37.95 kN
Uplift force due to buoyancy = 2.8 × 2.8 × (1.4 + 0.6 - 0.2) × 9.81 =138.44 kN
Column reaction load = 800 kN
Total Vertical Load, V (without buoyancy) = 1136.195 kN
Total Vertical Load, V (considering buoyancy) = 1,136.195 - 138.44 = 997.757 kN
Section modulus about Z axis, Zz = Z · X2/6 = 2.8 × 2.82/6 =3.659 m3

Section modulus about X axis, Zx = Z · X2/6 = 2.8 × 2.82/6 =3.659 m3

Mx= 31.5 kNm
Mz = 4.6 kNm
Calculate corner pressure for bearing capacity check in dry condition:
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 137.57 kN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 135.06 kN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 152.27 kN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 154.79 kN/m2
Maximum pressure = 155 kN/m2 <175 kN/m2 (Gross bearing capacity)
Hence safe
Total effective vertical load on the foundation (considering buoyancy and neglecting surcharge) = 800 + 117.6 +
10.625 + 170.02 - 138.44 = 959.807 kN
Along X Direction
max Resisting force = µ x Total effective vertical load on foundation = 0.4 (959.807 kN)
= 383.92 kN
FOS = 383.92 / 8 = 47.99 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5kN
= 383.92 kN
FOS = 383.92 / 5 = 76.78 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Resultant Direction
Sliding force = 52 + 82 = 9.43 kN

= 383.92 kN
FOS = 383.92 / 9.43 =40.71 > 1.5
Hence OK
About the X Axis
Overturning Moment = 31.5 kNm

max resisting Moment = 0.5 × (2.8 m) × (959.807 kN) = 1,343.73 kNm

FOS = 1343.73 /31.5 = 42.658 > 1.5
Hence OK
About the Z Axis
Overturning Moment = 4.6 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × (2.8 m) × (959.807 kN) = 1,343.73 kNm
FOS = 1343.73 / 4.6 =292.12 > 1.5
Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 1.35 × 800 kN = 1,080 kN
MX =1.35 × 31.5 = 42.525 kNm
MZ =1.35 × 4.6 = 6.21 kNm
Table 67: Corner pressures for the factored load case (kN/m2)
Corner 1 Corner 2 Corner 3 Corner 4
127.829 124.435 147.681 151.076
Check for Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 0.5×(corner1+corner4) = 139.46 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 0.5×(corner2+corner3) =136.06 kN/m2 (right end)
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = 446.824 x 0.576 = 257.37 kNm
the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right) = 440.37 x 0.575=253.21 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(Z) = 257.37 kNm


deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
m= 13.33
α cc = 1; α cT = 1; C RDC =0.156
V min is calculated as per Clause 6.2.2;
λ = 0.8 ; η= 1 ; λc = 1.5 ; λs = 1.15 ;
Fcd = 20 N/mm2 ; (Clause 3.1.6)
Kumax = 0.3802
Mumax = 4,087.6 kNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 0.5*(corner1+corner2) =126.13 k N/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 0.5*(corner3+corner4) =149.39k N/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 135.69k N/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 139.84k N/m2
Hence, moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = 421.53x0.569 = 239.85k Nm
moment at the right critical section Mu (Right ) = 465.67x0.582 = 271.02k Nm
So, max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu( X ) = 271 k Nm


deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 × 12) mm = 532 mm
m= 13.33
α cc = 1; α cT = 1; C RDC =0.156
V min is calculated as per Clause 6.2.2;
λ = 0.8 ; η= 1 ; λc = 1.5 ; λs = 1.15 ;
Fcd = 20 N/mm2; (Clause 3.1.6)
Kumax = 0.3802
Mumax = 4,087.6 kNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK

(refer Clause 3.1.5, 3.16 & 3.1.7 and Fig 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 & 3.5 and BS Annexure for Min % of reinf )
Along X Direction
As per Clause 9.2.1:
minimum area of steel ratio, ρmin = 0.26 x fctm/fyk > 0.0013

minimum area of steel, AstXmin = 2,520 mm2
required area of steel, AstXrqrd = 1,125 mm2
So take 2,520 mm2 - 12 mm dia bars @ 122 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 120 mm c/c, i.e. 2,600 mm2
Along Z Direction
As per Clause 9.2.1:
minimum area of steel ratio, ρmin = 0.26 x fctm/fyk > 0.0013
minimum area of steel, AstZmin = 2,520 mm2
required area of steel, AstZrqrd = 1,125 mm2
So take 2,520 mm2 - 12 mm dia bars @ 122 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 120 mm c/c, i.e. 2,600 mm2

Shear Line Parallel to X Direction
Critical section for shear is at a distance, deff, away from the face of column
Hence, the SF at the left critical section = [(126.13 + 131.264 )/2 ] 0.618 × 2.8 = 222.698 kN
Hence, the SF at the right critical section = [(149.39 + 144.257 )/2 ] 0.618 × 2.8 = 254.064 kN
Critical shear force F = 254.064 kN (rounded off to 255 kN)

As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annexure

CRDC = 0.156
k = 1.61
τc = 0.434 N/mm2
Vmin= 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2 = 0.3928 N/mm2
So, VRDc = τc × effective depth × effective width = 646.4 kN > F = 254.064 kN
VRDc >F
Hence OK
Shear Line Parallel to Z Direction
Critical section for shear is at a distance, deff, away from the face of column
Hence, the SF at the left critical section = [(139.46 + 138.71 )/2 ] 0.618 × 2.8 = 240.673 kN
Hence, the SF at the right critical section = [(136.06 + 136.811 )/2 ] 0.618 × 2.8 = 236.088 kN
Critical shear force F = 240.673 kN (rounded off to 241 kN)

As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annexure

CRDC = 0.156
k = 1.61
τc = 0.434 N/mm2
Vmin= 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2 = 0.3928 N/mm2
So, VRDc = τc × effective depth × effective width = 709.2 kN > F = 241 kN
VRDc >F
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter at a distance of 2×deff from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0 × 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching Shear perimeter, u = 2. (500+500) + 4.Π.538 = 8763.43 mm
Area inside shear perimeter = (4.Π.5382 + 5002 + 8x538x500)/106 = 6.04 m2
Vmax = (2.8 × 2.8 -6.04) × 137.755 = 247.86 kN
Calculation of Eccentric Factor, β
Size of pedestal = C1 X C2 = 0.5 m X 0.5 m X 1.7 m
Footing size = 2.8 m X 2.8 m X 0.6 m
If clear cover= 50 mm & provided dia. of bar at bottom = 12 mm (If dia. of bar is different along X & Z direction,
consider the smaller one.),

Effective depth of for punching = dp = overall depth - clear cover - minimum dia. of bar at bottom
= (0.6 - 0.05 - 0.012) = 0.538 m
Straight length of shear perimeter = bx = C1 + 4 X dp = 0.5 + (4 X 0.538) = 2.652 m
Straight width of shear perimeter = bz = C2 + 4 X dp = 0.5 + (4 X 0.538) = 2.652 m
Governing load case = 201
As per the load combination given in 201 load case,
V = (1080 + (0.5X0.5X1.7X25)) = (1080 + 10.625) = 1090.625 KN
Total factored moment about X = Mx = 42.525 KNm
Total factored moment about Z = Mz = 6.21 KNm
For axial load & bi-axial moment, eccentricity factor (β) can be calculated from equation 6.43 of EN 1992 as:
β = 1 + 1.8 ( ) ( )
ex
bz
2
+
ez
bx
2
= 1 + 1.8 ( 0.05694
2.652
)2 + ( 0.038991
2.652
)2 = 1.0267
Vmax, including β, = 1.0267 × 247.86 = 254.478 kN
Punching shear capacity, as per Clause 6.2.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 & 6.4.4 and BS Annex:
k = 0.346
Reinforcement percent for bars along X = 0.001745
Reinforcement percent for bars along Z = 0.001745
Reinforcement percent for punching strength calculation= 0.001745
k = 1.61
τc = 0.434 N/mm2
V min = 0.035 x k3/2 x fck1/2 = 0.3928 N/mm2
So, VRDc = τc × effective depth × punching shear perimeter = 0.434 × 538 × 8,763.43/103
= 2,046.19 kN
take V RDc = 2,046 kN > F = 254.478 kN,
V RDc >F
Hence safe

Comparison
Note: The following Global Settings are required within the GUI of STAAD Foundation Advanced to obtain the
numbers in the table below in the column STAAD Foundation Result:
On the Rigid Foundation Settings tab,
1. select the Neglect Footing Self Weight for Concrete Checks option in the Concrete Check Self Weight
Settings group and
2. select the Gross Bearing Capacity Input option in the Bearing Capacity Settings group.

(General Mode)
Corner Pressure, kN/m 2 137.57 137.57 None
135.06 135.06
152.27 152.27
154.79 154.79
Resisting force for sliding, 383.92 383.94 None

kN
383.92 383.94
383.92 383.94
Resisting Moment for 1,343.73 1,347 .678 Negligible

Overturning, kNm
1,343.73 1,347 .678
Governing Oneway Shear 254.064 252.20 Negligible

Force for shear plane
parallel to global X, kN
Governing Oneway Shear 240.673 238.94 Negligible

Force for shear plane
parallel to global Z, kN
Resisting Shear Force for 646.4 714.364 11%

both planes (One-Way),
kN 646.4 714.364
Governing Punching Shear 254.478 266.18 6%

Force, kN
Eccentricity Factor, β 1.0267 1.0267 None
Resisting Punching Shear 2,046 2,247.19 10%

Force, kN


(General Mode)
Governing Flexural Z axis - 257.37 Z axis - 257.33 Negligible

Moment, kNm
X axis - 271.02 X axis - 270.69
Resisting Flexural Z axis - 4,087.6 Z axis - 4,086.7 None

Moment, k Nm
X axis - 4,087.6 X axis - 4,086.7
Provided reinforcement Ø 12 bars @ 120 mm c/c Ø 12 bars @ 90 mm c/c 14%

(both ways) (both ways)
6.4 EN Isolated Foundation 2

Problem
Find the maximum and minimum corner pressures on an isolated footing with the following data:
Load Fy = 80kN, Mz = 150kNm, f c = 30 N/mm2, f y = 5 00 N/ mm2 , Plan dimension of pedestal = 500 mm × 500
mm, protrusion of the pedestal above ground level (GL) is 5 00 mm, Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150kN/m2.
Unit weight of soil and concrete are 16 and 25 KN/cu. m respectively , Height of soil above top of footing = 5 00
mm, Ground Water Table level (GWT) is at 50 m below GL, Surcharge = 0k N/sq. m, Self-weight factor =1 .
Minimum contact area required is 70%.

Solution
Assuming a 2.6 m × 2.6 m × 0.5m footing dimension,
Total Moment wrt Z = 150kNm
Total Moment wrt × = 0kNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
Due to presence of uniaxial moment and positive value for Mz, we can conclude:
σ1= σ4= σ max = V/A + Mz/Zz
σ2= σ3= σmin = V/A -Mz/Zz
Total Vertical Load on soil -
Selfweight of footing = ( 2.6m × 2.6 m) . (0.5 m) .(25 KN/m3) = 84.5 kN
Selfweight of pedestal = ( 0. 5 m × 0. 5 m) ( 1.0 m) (25 KN/m3) = 6.25k N
Weight of soil on footing = ( 0.5 m ). ( 2.6 m × 2.6 m - 0. 5 m × 0. 5 m) . (1 6 KN/m3) =
52.08k N
Surcharge = 0 kN
Uplift force due to buoyancy = 0k N (GWT is below the level of the base of footing)
Column reaction load = 80 kN
Total Vertical Load V = 80 + 84.5 + 6.25 + 52.08 = 222.83 kN
Zz = Z · X2/6 = 2.6 × 2.6 2/6 = 2.93 m3
Mz = 150kNm
Calculate corner pressure for bearing capacity check in dry condition:
σ max = V/A + Mz/Zz = 84.1692 rounded off to 84.17 kN/m2
σ min = V/A -Mz/Zz = -18.2432 rounded off to 18.24 kN/m2
So, a partial-out-of-contact situation has occurred. Hence, redistribution is necessary.

In partial uplift situations involving an axial load and uniaxial moment, the CG of applied loads and CG of the soil
pressure reaction have to pass through the same point. The CG of applied loads from left end of the footing =
Mz 2.6 150
B
2
− P
= 2
− 222.83
= 1.3 − 0.6732 = 0.6268 m
Thus, CG of the force resulting from the soil pressures too is at 0.6268m from the left end
So, length of contact region (see X' in the above figure) = 3 × 0.6268 = 1.88 m.
Maximum corner pressure is obtained from the equation:
Reactions due to base pressures = Applied axial force (222.83 kN)
′ ′
σ × X
Hence 2
× 2.6 = 222.83 kN
222.83
σ′ = 1.3 × 1.88
= 91.174 kN/m2
So, σmax = 91.174 kN/m2 and σmin= 0 kN/ m2

Maximum corner pressure = 91.174 kN/m2 < 150kN/m2 (Gross Bearing capacity). Hence safe.
Area in uplift (out of contact area) = (2.6-1.88) × 2.6= 1.871 m2

EN Pilecap Foundation 1
Percentage of out-of-contact-area = 1.871 × 100/ (2.6 × 2.6) = 27.69 % < 30%. Hence ok.
Comparison
Table 68: EC2 verification 4 comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Mode)
Corner Pressure (before 84.1692 84.1692 None

redistribution) kN/m 2
-18.2432 -18.2432
-18.2432 -18.2432
84.1692 84.1692
Corner Pressure (after 91.174 91.149 Negligible

redistribution) kN/m 2
0 0
0 0
91.174 91.149
Out of contact area, m 2 1.871 1.87 Negligible
6.5 EN Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation for the following data: Load Fy = 500.00 KN, fc = 30 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, Column
Dimension = 250 mm × 250 mm.
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm

Vertical (axial compression) capacity = 250 kN
Horizontal (shear) capacity = 100 kN
Uplift (axial tension) capacity = 80 kN

Note: Pile cap design assumes an initial depth and then finds a suitable depth for final design. If the two are
different, one or more iterations may be required until the assumed depth matches the final depth. In this
example problem, the value used for the initial depth happens to be the same as the final depth required, thus,
no iterations are required (i.e., the design is successful in the first iteration).
Minimum depth required for the pile cap = 1.5× pile diameter = 1.5× 400 mm = 600 mm
c/c pile distance is equal to 3× the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile arrangement, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 69: Location of Piles in Plan
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Y Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm ×1900 mm × 750 mm

Weight of pilecap = 1.9 x1.9 × 0.75 × 25 kN = 67.6875 kN

Therefore, total load on the pile cap = (500 + 67.6875 ) kN = 567.6875 kN
So, Pile reaction = 567.6875 /4 = 141.9218 kN < 250 kN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe for lateral & uplift forces.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.35(500) + 1(67.6875 ) = 742.6875 kN
Load on each pile = 742.6875 /4 = 185.6719 kN
Calculation of Moment About Z Axis
Figure 121: Moment Location

So Total Mz X1X1 = 88.1941 × 2 - (67.6875 / 1.9) × ((1.9 - 0.25) / 2)2 / 2 = 164.2646 kN·m


So Total Mz X2X2 = 88.1941 × 2 - (67.6875 / 1.9) × ((1.9 - 0.25) / 2)2 / 2 = 164.2646 kN·m
Calculation of Moment About X Axis

For moment about Y1Y1
So Total Mx Y1Y1 = 88.1941 × 2 - (67.6875 / 1.9) × ((1.9 - 0.25) / 2)2 / 2 = 164.2646 kN·m
So Total Mx Y2Y2 = 88.1941 × 2 - (67.6875 / 1.9) × ((1.9 - 0.25) / 2)2 / 2 = 164.2646 kN·m
So Max value of Mx = 164.2646 kN·m

max bar size given which is 16 mm.
deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 × 16 = 626 mm
η = 1.0 , as fc < 50 mPa , Clause No.3.1.7(3)
λ = 0.8; as fc < 50 mPa Clause No.3.1.7(3)
Ƴc =1.5 and Ƴs = 1.15; Clause No.3.1.6
Fcd = αcc × fc / Ƴc = 20 N/mm2
m = 13.33
(Ƴs . m . Fcd)
kumax = fy + (Ƴs . m . Fcd)
= 0.3801
Xz = kumax × deff = 237.94659 mm

About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 164.2646 kN·m
Resisting Moment, MRz = ( η × Fcd) × ( λ × Xz ) × bw × deff - ( λ × Xz

2
)=
(626 - 0.8 × 237.94659
2
)
1.0 × 20 × 0.8 × 237.94659 × 1900 × 1, 000, 000
= 3, 839.7369kN⋅m
Hence OK
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section= Mux = 164.2646 kN·m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar,
effective depth calculation is done using max bar size given which is 16 mm.

deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 × 16 = 626 mm
Resisting Moment, MRx = ( η × Fcd) × ( λ × Xz ) × bw × deff -( λ × Xz

2
)=
(626 - 0.8 × 237.94659
2
)
1.0 × 20 × 0.8 × 237.94659 × 1900 × 1, 000, 000
= 3, 839.7369kN⋅m
Hence OK

Along X Direction
As Per EN-1992-1-1: 2004 Clause No. 3.1.7(3),3.2.7 and Fig.3.5,3.8
solving equation for Ast,
percentage, ρ = 0.0765
Astx = 911 mm2
Per Cl. 9.2.1, the minimum area of steel ratio, ρmin = 0.26 × fctm / fyk > 0.0013
So, as per Table 3.1, fctm = 2.9 MPa, so ρmin = 0.0015
Provide 11 -16mm bars @ 180 mm c/c spacing
Along Z Direction
Astz = 911 mm2
Per Cl. 9.2.1, the minimum area of steel ratio, ρmin = 0.26 × fctm / fyk > 0.0013
So, as per Table 3.1, fctm = 2.9 MPa, so ρmin = 0.0015
Provide 11 -16mm bars @ 180 mm c/c spacing

Design for Shear
Figure 122: Shear Location
Shear Force in YZ Plane (Shear-line parallel to Global Z)
When a shear line passes over a pile, like that shown in the above figure, only part of the reaction from the pile is
considered for the calculation of the shear force.
In this example, we have to consider the shear contributed by the zone that is shaded orange for piles 1 and 2.
The proportion of the pile reaction considered is the same proportion as the area contained in the portion
beyond the shear line resulting from the segmentation of the pile cross section by the shear line.

In this example, the area of cross section A1, and the segmented area A2, is the same for both piles. If the
reaction of pile 1 is R1, and that of pile 2 is R2, the reaction contributed by them would be
[R1 x (A2/A1)] + [R2x (A2/A1)] = (R1+R2) x (A2/A1)
Geometrical calculation for finding the area of sector of the piles:

Included angle = 81.95°
Area of pile = π (0.2)2 = 0.1256 m2
Area of sector = orange portion + blue portion = (81.95 / 360) × 0.1256 = 0.0286 m2
Area of triangle = blue portion = 0.0198 m2
Distance of oneway shear line from center of pilecap = 0.125 + 0.626 = 0.751 m < (0.6 + 0.2) m. Hence, shear
line cuts through the piles.
So, shear contribution ratio = (0.0286-0.0198)/ 0.1256 = 0.07
For shear in the YZ plane passing through X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 185.6719 × 0.07= 13 kN
So Total V, X1X1 = 2x13 - 67.6875* (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 18.91 kN
For shear in the YZ plane passing through X2X2
So Total V, X1X1 = 2x13 - 67.6875* (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 18.91 kN
So Maximum V along section X1X1= 18.91 kN
Shear Force in XY Plane (Shear-line Parallel to Global X axis)
For shear in the XY plane passing through Y1Y1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 4= 185.6719 × 0.07= 13 kN
So Total V, Y1Y1 = 2x13 - 67.6875* (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 18.91 kN
For shear in the XY plane passing through Y2Y2

So Total V, Y2Y2 = 2x13 - 67.6875* (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 18.91 kN

So the maximum shear force = 18.91 kN

Shear line Parallel to Z Axis
Vumax = 18.91 kN
ρ = ·Astx/(B × deff) = 0.00185 < 0.02, hence take ρ =0.00185
200
K =1+ deff
= 1.56 < 2.0
τc = cRdc × K × (100 × ρ × fc )0.33 = 0.156 × 1.56 × (100 × 0.00185 × 30)0.33 = 0.4298 N/mm2
Vmin = 0.346 N/mm2 < τc, Hence, τc =0.4298 N/mm2
τv < τc , Hence safe.
Shear Along Z Direction (Shear line Parallel to X axis)
Vumax = 18.91 kN
ρ = ·Astx/(B × deff) = 0.00253 < 0.02, hence take ρ =0.00253
200
K =1+ deff
= 1.56 < 2.0
τc = cRdc × K × (100 × ρ × fc )0.33 = 0.156 × 1.56 × (100 × 0.00185 × 30)0.33 = 0.4298 N/mm2

Punching Shear
Figure 123: Punching Shear Location
deff = 750 - (50 + 50 + 16) = 634 mm

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 2d = 1,268 mm from the column face.
Therefore, punching shear line is beyond the pile cap boundary. So, failure by punching shear is not possible and
therefore no check is performed.
Comparison
Table 70: Eurocode pilecap verification - comparison
Value of Calculation Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced General Mode
Pile Reaction, Service (kN) 141.9218 141.921 None
Pile Reaction, Ultimate 185.6719 185.671 None

(kN)
Governing Moment, Mx 164.2646 164.262 Negligible

(kN·m)
Governing Moment, Mz 164.2646 164.262 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force, One-Way, X 18.91 18.924 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force, One-Way, Z 18.91 18.924 Negligible

(kN)


Shear Force, Two-Way, Z 0 0 None

(kN)

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation for the following data: Load Fy = 1,200 kN, Mx = 22 kN·m, Mz = 65 kN·m, Fx = 20
kN·m. Fz = 30 kN, fc = 30 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, Pedestal Dimension = 400 mm × 400 mm. Pedestal ht= 1200 mm.
Height of soil above footing = 600 mm. Unit weight of concrete and soil are 25 and 20 kN/m3 respectively.
Diameter of pile= 300 mm

Figure 124: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal Dimensions

Depth of pile cap is equal to 1.5× the pile diameter, D = 450 mm

Take depth = 800 mm
Note: Pile cap design assumes an initial depth and then finds a suitable depth for final design. If the two are
different, one or more iterations may be required until the assumed depth matches the final depth. In this
example problem, the value used for the initial depth happens to be the same as the final depth required, thus,
no iterations are required (i.e., the design is successful in the first iteration).
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter = 900 mm. Edge distance =500 mm
Assuming six pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0
Table 71: Location of Piles in Plan
1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Figure 125: Arrangement of Piles
Pile cap dimension is 2,800 mm × 1900 mm × 800 mm

Weight of pilecap = 2.8 × 1.9 × 0.8 × 25 kN = 106.4 kN
Weight of pedestal = 0.4 × 0.4 × 1.2 × 25 kN = 4.8 kN
Weight of soil = (2.8 × 1.9 - 0.4 × 0.4) × 0.6 × 20 kN = 61.92 kN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,200 + 106.4 + 4.8 + 61.92 ) kN = 1373.12 kN

Moment from lateral load (Fz) = (1.2 + 0.8) × 20= 60 kN·m

Moment Mx (from input) = 22 kN·m
So Total moment Mx= 82 kN·m
Moment from lateral load (Fx) = (1.2+ 0.8) × 20 = 40 kN·m
Moment Mz (from input) = 65 - 40 = 25 kN·m
So Total moment Mz= 25 kN·m
So, Pile reaction from vertical load= 1373.12 / 6= 228.8533 kN
ƩX2 = 3.24 sqm and ƩZ2 = 1.215 sqm.
Using Rivet theory, Axial Reaction of pile =
Fy Mx.Z Mz.X
(± ) (± )
N N N
∑ Zi 2 ∑ Xi2
i=1 i=1
where
N = number of piles
So,
reaction at Pile 1 = (1373.12 /6) - (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) + (25*0.9/3.24) = 205.42741 kN
reaction at Pile 2 = (1373.12 /6) + (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) + (25*0.9/3.24) = 266.16815 kN
reaction at Pile 3 = (1373.12 /6) - (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) = 198.48296 kN
reaction at Pile 4 = (1373.12 /6) + (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) = 259.223 kN
reaction at Pile 5 = (1373.12 /6) - (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) - (25*0.9/3.24) = 191.53852kN
reaction at Pile 6 = (1373.12 /6) + (82x0.9x0.5/1.215) - (25*0.9/3.24) = 252.2793 kN
As all reactions are downward, there is no uplift.
2 + 30 2
20
All piles observe a lateral loading of 6
= 6.009kN
So Critical vertical reaction= 266.168 kN < 300 kN, Hence OK

Lateral reaction = 6.009 kN < 100 kN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, each pile is safe in uplift.
Factored Design
So, Total Axial Load on pilecap = 1.35(1,200) + 1(173.12) = 1793.12 kN
Total Moment on pilecap Mx = 1.35(82) = 110.7 kN·m
Total Moment on pilecap Mz = 1.35(25) = 33.75 kN·m
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1793.12 /6 = 298.8533 kN
Reaction from moment Mx = ±110.7 (0.45)/[6(0.452)] = ±41 kN

Reaction from moment Mz = ±33.75 (0.9)/[4(0.92)] = ±9.375 kN

So, Reaction at Pile 1= 267.2283 kN
About Z Axis
Contribution from pile 1 = 267.2283 × 0.7 = 187.06 kN·m
Total Moment Mz X1X1 =267.2283 × 0.7 +349.2283 × 0.7 = 431.5149 kN·m
Total Moment Mz X2X2 =248.4783 × 0.7 + 330.4783 x 0.7 = 405.2697 kN·m
So Max value of Mz due to pile reactions alone = 431.5149 kN·m (Gross)
So Max value of Mz (Net)= 431.5149 kN·m - 25x1.9x0.8x 1.2x1.2/2 - 20x1.9x0.6x 1.2x1.2/2 = 387.7437
kN·m
About X Axis


Contribution from pile 5 = 248.4783 × 0.25 =62.12 kN·m
Total Mx Y1Y1 = 193.39 kN·m (Gross)
Total Mx Y2Y2 = 254.89 kN·m
So, Max value of Mx due to pile reactions alone = 254.89 kN·m (Gross)
So, Max value of Mx (Net)= 254.89 - 25x2.8x0.8x0.75x0.75/2 - 20x2.8x0.6x0.75x0.75/2 = 229.69 kN·m

deff = 800 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 × 16 = 676 mm
η = 1.0 , as fc < 50 MPa , Clause No.3.1.7(3)
λ = 0.8; as fc < 50 MPa Clause No.3.1.7(3)
m = 13.33
(Ƴs . m . Fcd)
= 0.3801

Moment About Z Axis
Resisting Moment, MRz = ( η × Fcd) × ( λ × Xz ) × bw × deff - ( )=

λ × Xz
2
1.0 × 20 × 0.8 × 256.952 × 1, 900 × (676 - )10−6 = 4, 477.609 kN⋅m > 387.7437 kN⋅m
0.8 × 256.952
2
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section= Mux = 229.69 kN·m
Resisting Moment, MRx = ( η × Fcd) × ( λ × Xz ) × bw × deff - ( λ × Xz

2
)=
1.0 × 20 × 0.8 × 256.952 × 2, 800 × 626 - ( 0.8 × 237.94659
2
)10−6 = 6, 598.582 kN⋅m > 229.69 kN⋅m
Hence OK


Along X Direction
solving equation for Ast, (reinforcement parallel to X)
Astx = 2,002 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.002 × B × D = 0.002 × 1,900 × 800 = 3,040 mm2
Provide 16 bars @ 115 mm c/c spacing
Along Z Direction
Astz = 1,178 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.002 × B × D = 0.002 × 2,800 × 800 = 4,480 mm2
Calculation of One-way Shear
Critical shear distance for shear from center = 876 mm

After geometrical calculation of finding the area of sector

Included angle = 161.586 degrees.
Area of sector = 0.031727 m2
Area of triangle = 0.003555 m2
Area of partial pile = 0.07068 - (0.031727-0.003555) = 0.0425 m2
Area of pile = 0.07068 m2
So, contribution ratio = 0.6013
Contribution from pile 1 = 267.2283 × 0.6013 = 160.684 kN
So Total V, X1X1 = 370.68 kN
So, Total V, X1X1 = 348.13 kN
So, Max V for shear plane parallel to Z axis = 370.68 kN (Gross)
So, Max V for shear plane parallel to Z axis (net) = 370.768 - 25x1.9x0.8x0.524-20x1.9x0.6x0.524= 338.82 kN
For shear about Y1Y1
Shear line is at a distance of deff from column face. So, shear line from column face is at a distance of 400 × 0.5 +
676 = 876 mm from center. Now, Top position of pile is at a distance of 0.5 × 900+ 0.5 × 300 = 600 mm from
center.
Contribution from pile 1,3,5 = 0 kN
So Total V, Y1Y1 = 0 kN
For shear about Y2Y2
Contribution from pile 2, 4 , 6 = 0 kN
So Total V, Y2Y2 = 0 kN
So, Max V, for shear plane parallel to X direction = 0 kN
X direction (
due to pile reactions alone
)=0
So, Max V, for shear plane parallel to X axis (net) = 0 - 25 × 2.8 × 0.8 × 0.074 - 20 × 2.8 × 0.6 × 0.074 × 0.8 ×
0.074 = -6.6304 kN


Shear in YZ Plane (Shear Plane Parallel to Z axis)
Vumax = 338.892 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 338.892 × 1,000/(1,900×676) = 0.2638 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annexure:
CRDC = 0.156
ρt = ·Astx/(B × deff) = 0.00266 < 0.02, hence take ρ =0.00266
200
K =1+ deff
= 1.56 < 2.0
τc = cRdc × K × (100 × ρt × fc )0.33 = 0.47796 N/mm2

Shear in XY Plane Direction (Shear Plane Parallel to X axis)
Vumax = 6.6304 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 6.6304 × 1,000/(2,800×676) = 0.0035 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.2 and BS Annexure:
ρ = ·Astx/(B × deff) = 0.002548 < 0.02, hence take ρ = 0.002548
200
K =1+ deff
= 1.5439 < 2.0
CRDC = 0.156
τc = cRdc × K × (100 × ρt × fc )0.33 = 0.4712 N/mm2


Punching Shear
deff = 800 - (50 + 50 + 16) = 684 mm

So it would be a 3136mm × 3136 mm square with round edges (as per 1992-1-1:2004, clause 6.4.3 (3), 6.4.4 (4)
& Fig 6.13, Fig 6.15), which exceeds whole pile cap area.
So, pile contribution is zero and no punching shear is required here.

Comparison

Pile Reaction, Service (kN) P1=205.42741 P1=205.427 Negligible

P2=266.16815 P2=266.168
P3=198.48296 P3=198.482
P4=259.2237 P4=259.223
P5=191.53852 P5=191.537
P6=252.27926 P6=252.278
Pile Reaction, Ultimate P1=267.2283 P1=267.228 Negligible

(kN)
P2=349.2283 P2=349.228
P3=257.8533 P3=257.852
P4=339.8533 P4=339.853
P5=248.4783 P5=248.477
P6=330.4783 P6=330.477
Governing Moment, Mx 229.69 229.686 Negligible

(kN·m)
Governing Moment, Mz 387.74 387.737 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force, One-Way, X 6.63 (in reverse direction) 6.63 (in reverse direction) None
(kN)
Shear Force, One-Way, Z 338.81 338.892 Negligible

(kN)

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 500.00 kN, Mz= 50 kN·m, fc = 30 MPa, fy = 500 MPa,
Column Dimension = 500 mm × 500 mm.
Diameter of pile= 300 mm


Note: STAAD Foundation Advanced starts with a minimum pile cap depth (given as input) and calculates the pile
arrangement based of that. If the pile arrangement is fixed, ultimate design is started with the initial depth,
which is increased as required per the design. Therefore, the pile arrangement must be checked again if the final
depth is greater than the initial depth. In this example, the design passes with the initial depth and therefore it is
not necessary to be rechecked after the ultimate design.
Minimum depth required for the pile cap = 1.5× pile diameter = 1.5 × 300 mm = 450 mm
Minimum c/c pile distance required is equal to 3x the pile diameter = 900 mm.
Provided c/c pile distance = 1200 mm
Edge distance = 400 mm
Assuming two pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)

Table 73: Pile Locations in Plan
1 -600 0
2 600 0
Pile cap dimension is 2000 mm × 800 mm × 900 mm

No. of pile = n =2
Weight of footing = 2 × 0.8 × 0.9 × 25 kN = 36 kN
Therefore, total load on the pile cap = P = (500 + 36 ) kN = 536 kN
MzX
P
So, reaction in each pile = n
±
∑X2
∑X 2
= (0.62 + 0.62) = 0.72
Axial Reaction of pile =
Fy Mx.Z Mz.X
(± ) (± )
N N N
∑ Zi 2 ∑ Xi2
i=1 i=1
where
N = number of piles
So,
536 50 × 0.6
reaction at Pile 1 = 2
+ 0.72
= 309.67kN
536 50 × 0.6
reaction at Pile 2 = 2
− 0.72
= 226.33kN
Maximum reaction on pile = 309.67 < 350 kN

Hence OK
As there is no lateral load or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
So, load on pilecap = P1 = 1.35(500) + 1(36) = 711 kN
Mz1 = 1.35(50) = 67.5 kN·m
P1 M z1 X
So, reaction in each pile = n
±
∑X2
∑X 2
= (0.62 + 0.62) = 0.72
711 67.5 × 0.6
Reaction at Pile 1 = 2
+ 0.72
= 411.75kN

711 67.5 × 0.6

Reaction at Pile 2 = 2
− 0.72
= 299.25 kN
It is a two pile arrangement and the reaction on pile 1 is maximum. Therefore, the shear and moment at left side
governs.
About Z Axis
Contribution from pile 1 = 411.75 × (0.6-(0.5/2)) = 144.1 kN·m
So Total Mz about X1X1 = 144.11 - (36 / 2) * ((2 - 0.5) / 2) ^2 / 2 = 139.05 kN·m
About X Axis
Since the two-pile arrangement cannot resist moment with respect to the transverse direction (Mux), calculation
of the moment about the X axis is not required. Any moment about the X axis is directly resisted by the piles in
bending. This example has no transverse moment acting on the piles.

deff = 900 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 × 16 = 776 mm
η = 1.0 , as fc < 50 MPa , Clause No.3.1.7(3)
λ = 0.8; as fc < 50 MPa Clause No.3.1.7(3)
m = 13.33
(Ƴs . m . Fcd)
= 0.3801


Moment About Z Axis
Resisting Moment, MRz = ( η × Fcd) × ( λ × Xz ) × bw × deff - ( λ × Xz

2
)=
1.0 × 20 × 0.8 × 294.96 × 800 × 776 - ( 0.8 × 294.96
2
)10−6 = 2, 484.33 kN⋅m
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Calculate (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
η ⋅ Ƴs ⋅ f c
ρ= fy
(1 - 1 - a)
where
a = 2 . | Muz |
η ⋅ f cd ⋅ bw ⋅ deff 2
Ast = ρ × bw × deff
ρ = 0.001003
Astx = 622 mm2
Along Z Direction
Provide minimum area of steel along Z direction.

One-way shear should be checked at a distance d from face of column.

Shear Along X Axis (Shear Line Parallel to Z Axis)
critical section distance from face of column = 776 mm
Along X direction, available length of pile cap from face of column = (2000-500)/2 = 750 mm
Shear line is outside the pile cap, hence one-way shear check is not required.
ρ = Astx/(B × de) = 1607.68 /(800 × 776) = 0.00253 < 0.02, hence take ρ = 0.00253
200
K =1+ deff
= 1.5076 < 2.0
τc = cRdc × K × (100 × ρ × fc )0.33 = 0.156 × 1.5076 × (100 × 0.00253 × 30)0.33 = 0.459N/mm2
Vmin = 0.346 N/mm2 < τc, Hence, τc = 0.459 N/mm2

For 2 -pile arrangement, this check is not required, as it is acting like one-way beam

Punching Shear
deff = 900 - (50 + 50 + 16) = 784 mm

Along X direction, available length of pile cap from face of column = (2000-500)/2 = 750 mm
Along Z direction, available length of pile cap from face of column = 400 mm
Therefore, punching shear line exceeds pile cap boundary. So, no meaning of checking punching shear
Comparison

Pile Reaction, Service (kN) Pile 1= 309.67 Pile 1= 309.667 Negligible

Pile 2= 226.33 Pile 2= 226.332
Pile Reaction, Ultimate Pile 1= 411.75 Pile 1= 411.75 None

(kN)
Pile 2= 299.25 Pile 2= 299.24800


Governing Moment, Mz 139.0475 139.048 None

(kN·m)
Shear Force, One-Way, X 0 -0.468 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force, Two-Way, N/A N/A None

(kN)

Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)
7
7.1 Deadman Guy Anchor 1
Problem
Location: 380 ft Brenham (Wesley), TX guyed tower Design Project
Figure 133: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231°
Necessary Factors of Safety:
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification:
strength of concrete = 4 ksi
strength of steel = 60 ksi
strength of guy rod steel = 50 ksi
unit weight of concrete, γc = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition:

Deadman Guy Anchor 1
Table 75: Soil Test Report Summary
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
1 Sand 0-2 0 30 115
2 Sand 2-15 0 30 115
3 Sand 15-below 0 30 115
Assume depth of Ground Water Table (GWT) = 8 ft below ground line (GL)
Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30°
Surcharge on soil at GL =0 kip/ft2
Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load, H = P×cosθ = 83.815 × cos(54.231°) = 48.9656 kip
Vertical component of load, V = P×sinθ = 83.815 × sin(54.231°) = 68.0245 kip
Min area required for guy rod = 83.815/50 = 1.677 in2. I.e., if single rod is used, min dia of rod required = 1.5 in.
Table 76: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips)
Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd γ Overburden Ka Pa Kp Pp Adhesion

Type Depth (pcf) actual (Psf) (psf) (psf) Factor α
(ft) (pcf)
sand 0 0 30 115 115 0 0.334 0 3.006 0 0
sand 0.5 0 30 115 115 57.5 0.334 19.19 3.006 172.8 0
sand 1 0 30 115 115 115 0.334 38.37 3.006 345.7 0
sand 1.5 0 30 115 115 172.5 0.334 57.56 3.006 518.5 0
sand 2 0 30 115 115 230 0.334 76.74 3.006 691.3 0
sand 2.5 0 30 115 115 287.5 0.334 95.93 3.006 864.2 0
sand 3 0 30 115 115 345 0.334 115.1 3.006 1037 0
sand 3.5 0 30 115 115 402.5 0.334 134.3 3.006 1210 0
sand 4 0 30 115 115 460 0.334 153.5 3.006 1383 0
sand 4.5 0 30 115 115 517.5 0.334 172.7 3.006 1556 0
sand 5 0 30 115 115 575 0.334 191.9 3.006 1728 0

Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd γ Overburden Ka Pa Kp Pp Adhesion

Type Depth (pcf) actual (Psf) (psf) (psf) Factor α
(ft) (pcf)
sand 5.5 0 30 115 115 632.5 0.334 211 3.006 1901 0
sand 6 0 30 115 115 690 0.334 230.2 3.006 2074 0
sand 6.5 0 30 115 115 747.5 0.334 249.4 3.006 2247 0
sand 7 0 30 115 115 805 0.334 268.6 3.006 2420 0
sand 7.5 0 30 115 115 862.5 0.334 287.8 3.006 2593 0
sand 8 0 30 115 115 920 0.334 307 3.006 2765 0
sand 8.5 0 30 115 52.6 946.3 0.334 315.7 3.006 2844 0
sand 9 0 30 115 52.6 972.6 0.334 324.5 3.006 2923 0
sand 9.5 0 30 115 52.6 998.9 0.334 333.3 3.006 3003 0
sand 10 0 30 115 52.6 1025 0.334 342.1 3.006 3082 0
Ka=tan2 (450+ ϕ/2)

Kp=tan2 (450- ϕ/2)
Note: ϕ is in degrees.
Pa= γ×h×Kp
Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ×h×Ka
where
Ka = Active EP coeff of the present layer
γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer)
Pp= γ×h×Kp + 2C×√(Kp)
Pp of a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ×h×Kp
where
Kp = Passive EP coeff of the present layer
γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer
C = Cohesion of Present layer in kip/ft2
Note: Here, γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If the soil layer is below GWT, then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤1
Take a 11.5' x 4' x 3.5 ft block with 0.5' tow with total embedment depth 10'.

Soil Depth upper lvl of Soil Depth lower lvl of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2333.2891 1166.645
7 7.5 2506.1254 1253.063
7.5 8 2678.9616 1339.481
8 8.5 2804.9066 1402.453
8.5 9 2883.9604 1441.98
9 9.5 2963.0142 1481.507
9.5 10 3042.068 1521.034

Figure 134: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Check for Safety Against Sliding

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 9,606.163 lb/ft
Length = 11.5 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 9,606.163 × 11.5 /1000 = 110.471 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9656 kKip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 110.471 / 48.9656 = 2.12
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety Against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 30°, consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft.
Figure 135: Dispersion line diagram
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block.
Soil Soil γ actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 115 10 9.5 6.2763 5.987 24.05 23.47 16.55 15.97 193.24
505
0.5 1 115 9.5 9 5.9875 5.699 23.47 22.9 15.97 15.4 181.85
128
1 1.5 115 9 8.5 5.6987 5.41 22.9 22.32 15.4 14.82 170.79
116

upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
1.5 2 115 8.5 8 5.4099 5.121 22.32 21.74 14.82 14.24 160.06
47
2 2.5 115 8 7.5 5.1211 4.832 21.74 21.16 14.24 13.66 149.67
19
2.5 3 115 7.5 7 4.8322 4.543 21.16 20.59 13.66 13.09 139.61
276
3 3.5 115 7 6.5 4.5434 4.255 20.59 20.01 13.09 12.51 129.88
728
3.5 4 115 6.5 6 4.2546 3.966 20.01 19.43 12.51 11.93 120.49
545
4 4.5 115 6 5.5 3.9658 3.677 19.43 18.85 11.93 11.35 111.43
728
4.5 5 115 5.5 5 3.677 3.388 18.85 18.28 11.35 10.78 102.71
277
5 5.5 115 5 4.5 3.3882 3.099 18.28 17.7 10.78 10.2 94.321
915
5.5 6 115 4.5 4 3.0993 2.811 17.7 17.12 10.2 9.621 86.264
72
6 6.5 115 4 3.5 2.8105 2.522 17.12 16.54 9.621 9.043 78.541
183
6.5 7 115 3.5 3 2.5217 2.233 16.54 15.97 9.043 8.466 48.151
304
7 7.5 115 3 2.5 2.2329 1.944 15.97 15.39 8.466 7.888 41.095
082
7.5 8 115 2.5 2 1.9441 1.655 15.39 14.81 7.888 7.311 34.372
519
8 8.5 52.6 2 1.5 1.6553 1.366 14.81 14.23 7.311 6.733 27.983
613
8.5 9 52.6 1.5 1 1.3664 1.078 14.23 13.66 6.733 6.155 21.928
366

upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
9 9.5 52.6 1 0.5 1.0776 0.789 13.66 13.08 6.155 5.578 16.206
776
9.5 10 52.6 0.5 0 0.7888 0.5 13.08 12.5 5.578 5 10.818

844
Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α C×α×A (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
0 0.5 22223.181 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 20912.897 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 19640.984 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 18407.441 0 0 0 0 0
2 2.5 17212.269 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 3 16055.467 0 0 0 0 0
3 3.5 14937.037 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 4 13856.977 0 0 0 0 0
4 4.5 12815.287 0 0 0 0 0
4.5 5 11811.968 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.5 10847.02 0 0 0 0 0
5.5 6 9920.4428 0 0 0 0 0
6 6.5 9032.2361 0 0 0 0 0
6.5 7 5537.3999 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
7 7.5 4725.9345 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
7.5 8 3952.8397 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
8 8.5 1471.9381 0.5 15.5 0 0 0

Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α C×α×A (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
8.5 9 1153.432 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
9 9.5 852.47642 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
9.5 10 569.0712 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of concrete block = L×B×H×γc = 11.5 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 24.15 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 11.5 x 62.4/1000 = 5.7408 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 24.15-5.7408 = 18.4092 kip
Weight of soil over top of anchor in a truncated pyramid = 215.93 kip
Uplift resistance due to soil/concrete adhesion = 0 Kip
Total downward force due to surcharge (after distribution through soil)
= surcharge × Top surface area of block × {top surface area/ dispersed surface area}
= s×L×W×[L×W/{(L+2×h×tanø))×(W+2×h×tanø)}]
= 0 × (11.5×4) × (11.5×4) / ( (11.5+2×(10-3.5) × tan(0.01745×30)) × (4+2×(10-3.5) ×
tan(0.01745×30))) =
0 Kips
Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 18.4092 + 215.93 + 0 + 0 = 234.34 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 68.0245 kip
Net Safety factor = 234.34 / 68.0245 = 3.445
Required Factor of safety against Uplift = 1.5
Available FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Design Checks for the Top & Front Face Rebar

Top Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force,V= 68.0245 kip
Length, L = 11.5 Kip
Force/Length = w = V/L = 5.915 kip
Bending Moment = w×L2/8 = 97.786 ft·kip
Factored Moment, M = 1.3 × 97.786 = 127.1218 ft·kip
ϕ = 0.9

ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5×top rebar dia
deff = 38.19 in
Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of top rebar = As = 2.404 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.883847 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 408.37 ft·kip
Ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1, Hence OK
Front face Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force, V = 48.9656 kip
Length, L = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.258 kip/ft
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 44.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.757583 inch
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK

Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Comparison
Table 77: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (kip) 110.471 110.388 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kip) 234.34 234.496 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.257 2.253 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.445 3.448 Negligible
Factored moment resisted 127.1218 127.086 Negligible

by top rebar (ft·kip)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 Negligible

(vertically hogging)
(ft·kip)

by front rebar (ft·kip)

(horizontally hogging)
(ft·kip)
7.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2

Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition:
Axial Tension = 75.926 Kip


unit weight of concrete = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of soil = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition
Table 78: Soil test report summary
1 clay 0-2 0 0 106
2 clay 2-15 800 0 106
3 clay 15-below 800 0 106
Assume depth of Ground Water Table (GWT) from GL = 8 ft

Surcharge on soil at GL =0 Kip/ft2
Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 in2. I.e., if a single rod is used, the minimum diameter of that rod required =
1.4 in.
Table 79: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

Type Depth (pcf) den n Factor
(ft) (Psf) α
clay 0 0 0 106 106 0 1.001 0 1.001 0 0
clay 0.5 0 0 106 106 53 1.001 53.07 1.001 53.07 0
clay 1 0 0 106 106 106 1.001 106.1 1.001 106.1 0

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

(ft) (Psf) α
clay 1.5 0 0 106 106 159 1.001 159.2 1.001 159.2 0
clay 2 0 0 106 106 212 1.001 212.3 1.001 212.3 0
clay 2.5 800 0 106 106 265 1.001 265.3 1.001 1866 0.735
clay 3 800 0 106 106 318 1.001 318.4 1.001 1919 0.735
clay 3.5 800 0 106 106 371 1.001 371.5 1.001 1972 0.735
clay 4 800 0 106 106 424 1.001 424.5 1.001 2026 0.735
clay 4.5 800 0 106 106 477 1.001 477.6 1.001 2079 0.735
clay 5 800 0 106 106 530 1.001 530.7 1.001 2132 0.735
clay 5.5 800 0 106 106 583 1.001 583.7 1.001 2185 0.735
clay 6 800 0 106 106 636 1.001 636.8 1.001 2238 0.735
clay 6.5 800 0 106 106 689 1.001 689.9 1.001 2291 0.735
clay 7 800 0 106 106 742 1.001 742.9 1.001 2344 0.735
clay 7.5 800 0 106 106 795 1.001 796 1.001 2397 0.735
clay 8 800 0 106 106 848 1.001 849.1 1.001 2450 0.735
clay 8.5 800 0 106 43.6 869.8 1.001 870.9 1.001 2472 0.735
clay 9 800 0 106 43.6 891.6 1.001 892.7 1.001 2494 0.735
clay 9.5 800 0 106 43.6 913.4 1.001 914.6 1.001 2516 0.735
clay 10 800 0 106 43.6 935.2 1.001 936.4 1.001 2537 0.735
Kp=tan2(450 + ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2(450 - ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ×h×Ka
where
Ka = Active Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
γ = Density of Soil at present layer

Pp= γ×h×Kp + 2C.√(Kp)

So Pp or a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ×h×Kp
where
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
γ = Density of Soil at present layer
C = Cohesion of Present layer, in Kip/ft2
Note: Here γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C , α ≤ 1
Table 80: Soil layers
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2317.4172 1158.709
7 7.5 2370.4843 1185.242
7.5 8 2423.5513 1211.776
8 8.5 2460.9987 1230.499

8.5 9 2482.8262 1241.413
9 9.5 2504.6538 1252.327
9.5 10 2526.4814 1263.241
Figure 137: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift
Check for Safety against Sliding

Length = 14 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 8543.207 × 14 /1000 = 119.605 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9706 kip
Check for Safety against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 0°, consider no wedge to support uplift load.
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block.

upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 106 6.5 6 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
0.5 1 106 6 5.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
1 1.5 106 5.5 5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
1.5 2 106 5 4.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
2 2.5 106 4.5 4 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
2.5 3 106 4 3.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
3 3.5 106 3.5 3 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
3.5 4 106 3 2.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
4 4.5 106 2.5 2 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
4.5 5 106 2 1.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
5 5.5 106 1.5 1 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
5.5 6 106 1 0.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
6 6.5 106 0.5 0 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
6.5 7 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 7.5 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thckness Area of Factor α ( C ) (psf) C. α.A (psf)
layer(ft) layer(ft) effective for contact
adhesion (ft) (sq.ft)
0 0.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 2968 0 0 0 0 0
2 2.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
2.5 3 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
3 3.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
3.5 4 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
4 4.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
4.5 5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
5 5.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
5.5 6 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
6 6.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
6.5 7 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
7 7.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
7.5 8 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8 8.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8.5 9 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9 9.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9.5 10 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water affecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L × B × H × γc = 14 × 4 × 3.5 × 0.15 = 29.4 kips
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 × 4 × 14 × 62.4/1000 = 6.9888 kip


Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete adhesion = 74.08 kip
= surcharge x Top surface area of block x {top surface area/ dispersed surface area}
= s×L×W×[L.W/{(L+2×h×tanø)).(W+2.h.tanø)}]
= 0×(14×4) × (14×4) / ( (14+2×(10-3.5) × tan(0.01745×0))×(4+2×(10-3.5) ×
tan(0.01745×0))) = 0 kips
Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 22.4112 + 38.58 + 74.08 + 0 = 135.072 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 58.0229 Kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5
Design Checks for the Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 14 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 4.14449285714286 Kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
Effective Depth = deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 38.19 in
Area of each top rebar (assuming #7 bar) = 0.601 in2
ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Vertical Force, V = 48.9706 Kip

Length, L = 14 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 3.4979 Kip/ft
Factored Moment M = 1.3 × 85.699 = 111.4087 ft·kip
Figure 139: Bending moment diagram - front face
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
deff = 44.19 in
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.757583 in
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result


Advanced Result


(ft·kip)


(ft·kip)
Sliding Resistance (Kips) 119.605 119.548 0.05
Uplift Resistance (Kips) 135.072 135.126 0.04
Horizontal FOS 2.443 2.44 0.13
Vertical FOS 2.328 2.33 0.09
Factored moment resisted 132.0033 131.963 0.04

by top rebar ( Kip.ft)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 0.18

(Kip.ft)
Factored moment resisted 111.4087 111.454 0.05

by front rebar (Kip.ft)
Max moment capacity 355.472 354.856 0.18

(Kip.ft)

Problem

Axial Tension = 92.435 kip
FOS against uplift = 1.5
Ultimate load factor = 1.3
Material Specification
Table 82: Soil test report summary
1 silt 0 500 20 105
2 silt 2 500 20 105
3 silt 15 500 20 105

Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 in2. I.e., if a single rod is used, the minimum
diameter of the rod required = 1.6 in.

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) Kp P p (psf)

Type Depth (pcf) den (Psf)
(ft)
silt 0 500 20 105 105 0 0.491 0 2.043 1429.3
silt 0.5 500 20 105 105 52.5 0.491 25.77 2.043 1536.6
silt 1 500 20 105 105 105 0.491 51.53 2.043 1643.8
silt 1.5 500 20 105 105 157.5 0.491 77.3 2.043 1751.1
silt 2 500 20 105 105 210 0.491 103.1 2.043 1858.3
silt 2.5 500 20 105 105 262.5 0.491 128.8 2.043 1965.6
silt 3 500 20 105 105 315 0.491 154.6 2.043 2072.9
silt 3.5 500 20 105 105 367.5 0.491 180.4 2.043 2180.1
silt 4 500 20 105 105 420 0.491 206.1 2.043 2287.4
silt 4.5 500 20 105 105 472.5 0.491 231.9 2.043 2394.6
silt 5 500 20 105 105 525 0.491 257.7 2.043 2501.9
silt 5.5 500 20 105 105 577.5 0.491 283.4 2.043 2609.1
silt 6 500 20 105 105 630 0.491 309.2 2.043 2716.4
silt 6.5 500 20 105 105 682.5 0.491 335 2.043 2823.6
silt 7 500 20 105 105 735 0.491 360.7 2.043 2930.9
silt 7.5 500 20 105 105 787.5 0.491 386.5 2.043 3038.2
silt 8 500 20 105 105 840 0.491 412.3 2.043 3145.4
silt 8.5 500 20 105 42.6 861.3 0.491 422.7 2.043 3188.9
silt 9 500 20 105 42.6 882.6 0.491 433.2 2.043 3232.4
silt 9.5 500 20 105 42.6 903.9 0.491 443.6 2.043 3276
silt 10 500 20 105 42.6 925.2 0.491 454.1 2.043 3319.5
silt 10.5 500 20 105 42.6 946.5 0.491 464.5 2.043 3363
silt 11 500 20 105 42.6 967.8 0.491 475 2.043 3406.5
silt 11.5 500 20 105 42.6 989.1 0.491 485.5 2.043 3450

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) Kp P p (psf)

Type Depth (pcf) den (Psf)
(ft)
silt 12 500 20 105 42.6 1010 0.491 495.9 2.043 3493.5
Kp = tan2(450+ϕ/2)
Kp = tan2(450-ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
where
γ = Density of soil at present layer

where
Kp = Passive Earth pressure coefficient of the present layer
C = Cohesion of present layer, in kip/ft2
Note: Here γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used.
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤ 1
Take a 10' × 4 ' × 5 ' block without tow at a total embedment depth 12'.
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0

2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 2984.5298 1492.265
7.5 8 3091.7854 1545.893
8 8.5 3167.1708 1583.585
8.5 9 3210.6859 1605.343
9 9.5 3254.2011 1627.101

Length = 10 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 16,316.053 × 10 /1000 = 163.161 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 78.9806 kip

FOS is greater than the minimum required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety Against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 20°, consider no wedge to support uplift load.
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block
Soil Soil γ actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
0 0.5 105 7 6.5 2.5489 2.367 15.1 14.73 9.098 8.7337
0.5 1 105 6.5 6 2.3668 2.185 14.73 14.37 8.734 8.3696
1 1.5 105 6 5.5 2.1848 2.003 14.37 14.01 8.37 8.0054
1.5 2 105 5.5 5 2.0027 1.821 14.01 13.64 8.005 7.6413
2 2.5 105 5 4.5 1.8206 1.639 13.64 13.28 7.641 7.2772
2.5 3 105 4.5 4 1.6386 1.457 13.28 12.91 7.277 6.913
3 3.5 105 4 3.5 1.4565 1.274 12.91 12.55 6.913 6.5489
3.5 4 105 3.5 3 1.2745 1.092 12.55 12.18 6.549 6.1848
4 4.5 105 3 2.5 1.0924 0.91 12.18 11.82 6.185 5.8206
4.5 5 105 2.5 2 0.9103 0.728 11.82 11.46 5.821 5.4565
5 5.5 105 2 1.5 0.7283 0.546 11.46 11.09 5.457 5.0924
5.5 6 105 1.5 1 0.5462 0.364 11.09 10.73 5.092 4.7283
6 6.5 105 1 0.5 0.3641 0.182 10.73 10.36 4.728 4.3641
6.5 7 105 0.5 0 0.1821 0 10.36 10 4.364 4
7 7.5 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
10 10.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.5 11 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 11.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.5 12 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α (C) (psf) C. α×A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
0 0.5 66.492505 6981.713 0 0 0.99 500 0
0.5 1 62.219927 6533.092 0 0 0.99 500 0
1 1.5 58.079939 6098.394 0 0 0.99 500 0
1.5 2 54.072541 5677.617 0 0 0.99 500 0
2 2.5 50.197734 5270.762 0 0 0.99 500 0
2.5 3 46.455517 4877.829 0 0 0.99 500 0
3 3.5 42.84589 4498.818 0 0 0.99 500 0
3.5 4 39.368853 4133.73 0 0 0.99 500 0
4 4.5 36.024407 3782.563 0 0 0.99 500 0
4.5 5 32.81255 3445.318 0 0 0.99 500 0
5 5.5 29.733284 3121.995 0 0 0.99 500 0
5.5 6 26.786608 2812.594 0 0 0.99 500 0
6 6.5 23.972522 2517.115 0 0 0.99 500 0
6.5 7 21.291027 2235.558 0 0 0.99 500 0
7 7.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930

Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α (C) (psf) C. α×A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
7.5 8 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
8 8.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
8.5 9 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
9 9.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
9.5 10 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
10 10.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
10.5 11 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
11 11.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
11.5 12 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
Height of soil above top level of block = 7 ft

Height of water affecting the weight of concrete = 12 - 8 = 4 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L × B × H × γc = 10 x 4 x 5 x 0.15 = 30 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 4 × 4 × 10 × 62.4/1000 = 9.984 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 30-9.984 = 20.016 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 69.3 kip
= s×L×W×[L.W/{(L+2×h×tanø))×(W+2×h×tanø)}]
= 0×(10×4) × (10×4) / ( (10+2×(12-5)×tan(0.01745×20))×(4+2×(12-5)×tan(0.01745×20))) =
0 kip

Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 20.016 + 61.98 + 69.3 + 0 = 151.296 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 48.024 kip
Required Factor of safety against Horizontal Load = 1.5
Now Design Check Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 10 kip
Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.8024 kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
deff = 56.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2
ratio = 603.099 / 78.039 = 7.729 >1, Hence OK
Length, L = 10 kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 7.89806 kip/ft

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 5 ft
deff = 44.19 in
Total area of front rebar = As = 1.803 in2
ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result



Advanced Result

(ft·kip)


(ft·kip)

Problem
Axial Tension = 250 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 50°

1 C- Øtype 0 0 20 104
2 C- Øtype 3 0 20 104
3 C- Øtype 5 500 22 105
4 C- Øtype 8 800 15 105
5 C- Øtype 10 800 20 106
6 C- Øtype 12 850 15 106
7 C- Øtype 20 850 15 106

Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod:
Horizontal component of load, H = P×cosθ = 250 ×cos(50°) = 160.6297 kip
Vertical component of load, V = P×sinθ = 250 ×sin(50°) = 191.5676 kip

Min area required for guy rod = 250/50 =5 in2. I.e , if a single rod is used, then the
minimum diameter of that rod required = 2.6 inch.
Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

(ft) (Psf) α
C- 0 0 20 104 104 0 0.491 0 2.043 0 0

Øtype
C- 0.5 0 20 104 104 52 0.491 25.52 2.043 106.2 0

Øtype
C- 1 0 20 104 104 104 0.491 51.04 2.043 212.5 0

Øtype
C- 1.5 0 20 104 104 156 0.491 76.57 2.043 318.7 0

Øtype


(ft) (Psf) α
C- 2 0 20 104 104 208 0.491 102.1 2.043 424.9 0

Øtype
C- 2.5 0 20 104 104 260 0.491 127.6 2.043 531.2 0

Øtype
C- 3 0 20 104 104 312 0.491 153.1 2.043 637.4 0

Øtype
C- 3.5 0 20 104 104 364 0.491 178.7 2.043 743.6 0

Øtype
C- 4 0 20 104 104 416 0.491 204.2 2.043 849.9 0

Øtype
C- 4.5 0 20 104 104 468 0.491 229.7 2.043 956.1 0

Øtype
C- 5 0 20 104 104 520 0.491 255.2 2.043 1062 0

Øtype
C- 5.5 500 22 105 105 572.5 0.455 279.1 2.202 2662 0.99
Øtype
C- 6 500 22 105 105 625 0.455 303 2.202 2777 0.99

Øtype
C- 6.5 500 22 105 105 677.5 0.455 326.9 2.202 2893 0.99
Øtype
C- 7 500 22 105 105 730 0.455 350.9 2.202 3009 0.99

Øtype
C- 7.5 500 22 105 105 782.5 0.455 374.8 2.202 3124 0.99
Øtype
C- 8 500 22 105 105 835 0.455 398.7 2.202 3240 0.99

Øtype
C- 8.5 800 15 105 105 887.5 0.589 429.6 1.701 3932 0.735
Øtype
C- 9 800 15 105 105 940 0.589 460.6 1.701 4021 0.735

Øtype
C- 9.5 800 15 105 42.6 961.3 0.589 473.1 1.701 4057 0.735
Øtype


(ft) (Psf) α
C- 10 800 15 105 42.6 982.6 0.589 485.7 1.701 4094 0.735

Øtype
C- 10.5 800 20 106 43.6 1004 0.491 496.4 2.043 4338 0.735
Øtype
C- 11 800 20 106 43.6 1026 0.491 507.1 2.043 4383 0.735

Øtype
C- 11.5 800 20 106 43.6 1048 0.491 517.8 2.043 4427 0.735
Øtype
C- 12 800 20 106 43.6 1070 0.491 528.5 2.043 4472 0.735

Øtype
C- 12.5 850 15 106 43.6 1092 0.589 541.3 1.701 4439 0.71
Øtype
C- 13 850 15 106 43.6 1113 0.589 554.2 1.701 4476 0.71

Øtype
C- 13.5 850 15 106 43.6 1135 0.589 567 1.701 4514 0.71
Øtype
C- 14 850 15 106 43.6 1157 0.589 579.9 1.701 4551 0.71

Øtype
C- 14.5 850 15 106 43.6 1179 0.589 592.7 1.701 4588 0.71
Øtype
C- 15 850 15 106 43.6 1201 0.589 605.6 1.701 4625 0.71

Øtype
C- 15.5 850 15 106 43.6 1222 0.589 618.4 1.701 4662 0.71
Øtype
C- 16 850 15 106 43.6 1244 0.589 631.3 1.701 4699 0.71

Øtype
Ka = tan2(450+ ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2(450- ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
where


where
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
C = Cohesion of present layer in kip/ft2
Note: Here, γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤ 1
Take a 12' x 6' x 8' block with 0.5' tow at a total embedment depth 16'.
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0

5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 0 0
7.5 8 0 0
8 8.5 3585.8214 1792.911
8.5 9 3976.5905 1988.295
9 9.5 4039.3571 2019.679
9.5 10 4075.5883 2037.794
10 10.5 4216.0538 2108.027
10.5 11 4360.672 2180.336
11 11.5 4405.2086 2202.604
11.5 12 4449.7453 2224.873
12 12.5 4455.6838 2227.842
12.5 13 4457.8949 2228.947
13 13.5 4494.9765 2247.488
13.5 14 4532.0582 2266.029
14 14.5 4569.1398 2284.57
14.5 15 4606.2214 2303.111
15 15.5 4643.3031 2321.652
15.5 16 4680.3847 2340.192

Total Passive resistance per unit length = 34,774.35 lb/ft
Length = 12 ft

Tot Passive resistance = 34,774.35 × 12 /1000 = 417.293 kip

Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 160.6297 Kip
Check for Safety against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 28°, consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft.
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block.
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 104 16 15.5 9.0114 8.745 30.02 29.49 24.02 23.49
0.5 1 104 15.5 15 8.7454 8.479 29.49 28.96 23.49 22.96
1 1.5 104 15 14.5 8.4794 8.213 28.96 28.43 22.96 22.43
1.5 2 104 14.5 14 8.2134 7.947 28.43 27.89 22.43 21.89
2 2.5 104 14 13.5 7.9475 7.681 27.89 27.36 21.89 21.36
2.5 3 104 13.5 13 7.6815 7.416 27.36 26.83 21.36 20.83
3 3.5 104 13 12.5 7.4155 7.15 26.83 26.3 20.83 20.3
3.5 4 104 12.5 12 7.1495 6.884 26.3 25.77 20.3 19.77
4 4.5 104 12 11.5 6.8835 6.618 25.77 25.24 19.77 19.24
4.5 5 104 11.5 11 6.6176 6.352 25.24 24.7 19.24 18.7
5 5.5 105 11 10.5 6.3516 6.086 24.7 24.17 18.7 18.17
5.5 6 105 10.5 10 6.0856 5.82 24.17 23.64 18.17 17.64
6 6.5 105 10 9.5 5.8196 5.554 23.64 23.11 17.64 17.11
6.5 7 105 9.5 9 5.5536 5.288 23.11 22.58 17.11 16.58
7 7.5 105 9 8.5 5.2877 5.022 22.58 22.04 16.58 16.04
7.5 8 105 8.5 8 5.0217 4.756 22.04 21.51 16.04 15.51
8 8.5 105 8 7.5 4.7557 4.49 21.51 20.98 15.51 14.98

Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
8.5 9 105 7.5 7 4.4897 4.224 20.98 20.45 14.98 14.45
9 9.5 42.6 7 6.5 4.2237 3.958 20.45 19.92 14.45 13.92
9.5 10 42.6 6.5 6 3.9578 3.692 19.92 19.38 13.92 13.38
10 10.5 43.6 6 5.5 3.6918 3.426 19.38 18.85 13.38 12.85
10.5 11 43.6 5.5 5 3.4258 3.16 18.85 18.32 12.85 12.32
11 11.5 43.6 5 4.5 3.1598 2.894 18.32 17.79 12.32 11.79
11.5 12 43.6 4.5 4 2.8938 2.628 17.79 17.26 11.79 11.26
12 12.5 43.6 4 3.5 2.6278 2.362 17.26 16.72 11.26 10.72
12.5 13 43.6 3.5 3 2.3619 2.096 16.72 16.19 10.72 10.19
13 13.5 43.6 3 2.5 2.0959 1.83 16.19 15.66 10.19 9.66
13.5 14 43.6 2.5 2 1.8299 1.564 15.66 15.13 9.66 9.128
14 14.5 43.6 2 1.5 1.5639 1.298 15.13 14.6 9.128 8.596
14.5 15 43.6 1.5 1 1.2979 1.032 14.6 14.06 8.596 8.064
15 15.5 43.6 1 0.5 1.032 0.766 14.06 13.53 8.064 7.532
15.5 16 43.6 0.5 0 0.766 0.5 13.53 13 7.532 7
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor, α (C) (psf) C×α×A
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact (psf)
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
0 0.5 353.46306 36760.16 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 339.37096 35294.58 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 325.56184 33858.43 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 312.0357 32451.71 0 0 0 0 0

for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
2 2.5 298.79255 31074.43 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 3 285.83239 29726.57 0 0 0 0 0
3 3.5 273.1552 28408.14 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 4 260.761 27119.14 0 0 0 0 0
4 4.5 248.64978 25859.58 0 0 0 0 0
4.5 5 236.82155 24629.44 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.5 225.2763 23654.01 0 0 0.99 500 0
5.5 6 214.01403 22471.47 0 0 0.99 500 0
6 6.5 203.03475 21318.65 0 0 0.99 500 0
6.5 7 192.33845 20195.54 0 0 0.99 500 0
7 7.5 181.92513 19102.14 0 0 0.99 500 0
7.5 8 171.7948 18038.45 0 0 0.99 500 0
8 8.5 125.94744 13224.48 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8.5 9 116.38308 12220.22 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9 9.5 107.10169 4562.532 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9.5 10 98.103293 4179.2 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
10 10.5 89.387875 3897.311 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
10.5 11 80.955441 3529.657 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
11 11.5 72.80599 3174.341 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
11.5 12 64.939522 2831.363 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
12 12.5 57.356038 2500.723 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
12.5 13 50.055537 2182.421 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
13 13.5 43.03802 1876.458 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863

for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
13.5 14 36.303486 1582.832 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
14 14.5 29.851935 1301.544 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
14.5 15 23.683367 1032.595 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
15 15.5 17.797783 775.9833 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
15.5 16 12.195182 531.7099 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
Height of soil above top level of block = 8 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 16 - 9 = 7 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L×B×H×γc = 12 x 6 x 8 x 0.15 = 86.4 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 7 x 6 x 12 x 62.4/1000 = 31.4496 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 193.3 kip
= s×L×W× [L×W/{(L+2×h×.tanϕ))×(W+2×h×tanϕ)}]
= 0×(12×6) × (12×6) / ( (12+2×(16-8)×tan(0.01745×28))×(6+2×(16-8)×tan(0.01745×28))) =
0 kips
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 54.9504 + 490.67 + 193.3 + 0 = 738.921 kip
Allowable anchor uplift resistance = V = 191.5676 kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5

Design Checks for Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 12 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 15.96397 kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 6 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 92.19 inch
Area of each top rebar (Assuming #7 bars) = 0.601 in2
Assuming 6 bars, the total area of top rebar = As = 3.606 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.883847 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 1,488.8 ft·kip
ratio = 1,488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
Horizontal Force, H = 160.6297 kip
Length, L = 12 ft
Force/Length = w = V/L = 13.386 kip/ft

Factored Moment M = 1.3 × 240.945 = 313.2285 ft·kip

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 8 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Tie bar dia -0.5 × front rebar dia
deff = 68.19 inch
Area of each front rebar (assuming #7 bars) = 0.601 in2
Assuming 6 bars, total area of front rebar = As = 3.606 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.662885 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 1,101.2 ft·kip
ratio = 1,101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 417.293 413.188 1%
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 738.921 719.286 2.7%
Horizontal FOS 2.598 2.571 1%
Vertical FOS 3.858 3.756 2.6%

by top rebar ( ft·kip)
Max moment capacity 1,488.835 1,486.29 Negligible

(ft·kip)

Max moment capacity 1,101.17 1,099.277 Negligible

(ft·kip)

Drilled Pier Foundations
8
8.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Reference
American Petroleum Institute. API RP 2A-WSD Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms -
Working Stress Design
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 45 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft3, Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi

Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Figure 147: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi

Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.169 ft
Effective Overburden Pressure

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Ψ, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
α, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2

α = 0.5 × Ψ -0.5 Ψ ≤ 1.0
α = 0.5 × Ψ -0.25 Ψ > 1.0
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0

Layer α
Layer3 0.59045
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ = Friction angle between soil and pier
Friction angles are selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × c
For cohesionless soil layer, f = K ×Po × tanδ
Layer Shaft Friction (psf)
Layer1 125.788
Layer2 589.040
Layer3 1180.889
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f × As
Layer Qf (kip)
Layer1 6.3228
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 66.7777
Total Skin Friction 121.214
Modified Skin Friction Based on Neglected Zones for Skin Friction

Qf (modified) is calculated by considering top and bottom neglect layer
Layer Qf_modified (kip)
Layer1 2.3711
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 51.9382
Total Modified Skin Friction 102.423

Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 × c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po × Nq
Nq is selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q × Ap
Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, Qp_bott = 56.549 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ ρconc = 14.137 kip
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt = 144.834 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_mod Q p_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 48.278 kip
Comparison
Table 89: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
Unfactored Tip Resistance 56.549 56.571 Negligible

(kip)

Unfactored Skin 102.423 102.487 Negligible

Resistance (kip)
Unfactored Total Axial 144.834 144.916 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
Factored Tip Resistance 18.849 18.857 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Skin Resistance 34.141 34.162 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Total Axial 48.278 48.305 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
8.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API

Reference
American Petroleum Institute. API RP 2A-WSD Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms -
Working Stress Design
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program

3 ( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft

Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Layer1 315
Layer2 1345
Layer3 2504
Layer4 3626
Skin Friction
Ψ, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 0.7987
Layer4 0.8274
α Factor
Layer α
Layer1 0.3746
Layer2 0.5528
Layer3 0.5597
Layer4 0.5497

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ, Friction angle between soil and pier
Friction angles are selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1

Shaft friction, f, from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3

Layer1 375
Layer2 608
Layer3 1119
Layer4 1649
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f × As
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer1 24.000
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 248.677

Layer Qf_modified (psf)
Layer1 4.707
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 165.785
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, q = 9 × c
For cohesionless soil layer, q =po × Nq

Nq is selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900
Layer3 18000
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q × Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer

Qp_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt=648.11 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_mod Q p_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 216.037 kip
Comparison
Table 90: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison

(kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)
8.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Reference
Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D.G., Bachus, R.C. (1999) Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4 - Ground Anchors and
Anchored Systems (FHWA-IF-99-015). Washington, D.C.:Federal Highway Administration.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 13
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 16
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth

3( ) Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.362ft

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer × Depth to the center of the layer)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
β1 Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18 or 11.19

β1 = 1.5 − 0.245 depth for N60 ≥ 15 11.18
β1 =
N60
1.5 − 0.245 depth for N60 < 15 11.19
15
Layer β1
Layer1 0.9017
Layer2 0.8536
Layer3 0
δ, Friction angle between soil and pier

Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction, f , from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × su
For cohesionless soil layer, f = β × σ vi

Layer1 389.50
Layer2 1347.86
Layer3 1100.0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
Layer1 19.578
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 62.204

Layer Rs_modified (kip)
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Total Modified Skin Friction 165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4b
For cohesive soil layer,
q = 9 × c if c ≥ 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.

q = (4/3) × ln(Ir + 1)×c if c < 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 × N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2

Layer q (kip)
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.53
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.623
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 17.623 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
Σ Rs_mod + R B_bott − Self_wt = 169.303 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣR
s_mod R B_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 56.434 kip
Comparison
Table 91: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)


(kip)

Capacity (kip)
8.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA

Reference
Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D.G., Bachus, R.C. (1999) Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4 - Ground Anchors and
Anchored Systems (FHWA-IF-99-015). Washington, D.C.:Federal Highway Administration.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy = 100kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, N60 10
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60 12
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin friction Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc = 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3

Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft


1 315
2 1345
3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer α
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18 or 11.19

β = 0 (for all layers)
δ Friction angle between soil and pier
Shaft friction, f, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × su
For cohesionless soil layer, f = β x σ vi
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
Skin Friction Resistance, Qf, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f × As

Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702

1 6.912
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Σ (Total Modified Skin Friction) 382.206
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layer,
q = 9 × c if c ≥ 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.

q = (4/3) × ln(Ir + 1)×c if c < 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 × N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611
4 27
End Bearing for each layer, Qp, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759
3 70.510
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4

i i
where
dw = depth of water
γw = density of water
Factored Capacity
ΣR
s_mod R B_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 92: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic

Capacity (kip)
8.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic

Reference
Vesić, Aleksandar Sedmak (1973). “Analysis of Ultimate Loads on Shallow Foundations,” Journal of Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99. No SM1, p.53.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy = 100 kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150 lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi

Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 32.169 ft

Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (psf)
1 432

2 1579
3 2789
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6)
Layer α
1 0
2 0
3 0.55

K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
For cohesive soil layer, f = α x c
1 199.532
2 852.039
3 1100
tan(δ1) = 0.577, tan(δ2) = 0.675

Skin Friction Resistance, Qf, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204

Layer Rs (kip)

1 3.761
2 69.596
3 48.381
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q , from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Cohesionless Soil
(
N qp = e πtan (δ)tan2 45 +
δ
2
) (Vesic 1973, Eqn 4)
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr × Nqp ×c

For cohesionless soil layer q =po × Nqp
Layer q (psf)
1 7,949
2 46,485
3 18,000
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 57.809
2 92.488

Layer RB (kip)
3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 56.549 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4

i i
Factored Capacity
Σ Rs_mod
i R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 54.753 kip
Comparison
Table 93: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

8.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic

Reference
Vesić, Aleksandar Sedmak (1973). “Analysis of Ultimate Loads on Shallow Foundations,” Journal of Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99. No SM1, p.53.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Critical Depth
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
1 315
2 1345

3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
tan(δ) = 0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814


Layer R s_modified (kip)
1 6.911
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Layer q (psf)
1 9000
2 9900
3 18000
4 27000
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 113.097
2 124.407
3 226.195
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4


i i
Factored Capacity
Σ Rs_mod
i R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 94: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

Plant Foundations
9
9.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1
This example file is typically installed in
C:\Users\Public\Documents\STAAD Foundation Advanced\Examples\Plant Foundations
\vertical-vessel-foundation-design-1.sfa.
Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Foundation Type
Octagonal footing - soil supported
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1
Figure 153: Tank and foundation elevation
Anchor Bolt Data
Figure 154: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 132 in

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1 in
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in.
Number of Anchor Bolts, Nb = 10
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 1.5 ft
Design Parameters

Plant Foundations
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 150 pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Table 95: Primary load description
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Empty Load (De) -20 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -40 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -60 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) -30 0 0
Live Load (Dl) 0 0 0
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 90 mph
Exposure category B, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8

Plant Foundations
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment

(ft) (psf) (ft) (ft2) (kips) (ft·kips)
0 - 15 0.5747 0.0130 10 150 1.328 9.960
15 - 20 0.6240 0.0141 10 50 0.481 8.410
20 - 25 0.6650 0.0151 10 50 0.512 11.53
25 - 30 0.7006 0.0159 10 50 0.540 14.84
Total 2.860 44.74
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip

Total Wind Moment = 44.74 ft-kip
Seismic Load per ASCE 7-05
Importance Factor, I = 1 (ASCE 7-05 Cl. 11-5.1, based on an occupancy category of I or II)
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s (assumed)
Long Period, TL = 12 s (assumed)
Site Class C (assumed)
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997 (assumed)
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805 (assumed)
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1 (ASCE 7-05, Section 11.4.3)
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.3 (ASCE 7-05, Section 11.4.3)
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332 (ASCE 7-05, Section 11.4.4)
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697 (ASCE 7-05, Section 11.4.4)
Response Modification Factor, R = 2 (ASCE 7-05, Table 15.4-2)
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs
From Equation 12.8-2 ASCE 7-05: SDS / (R/I) = 1.332 / (2/1) = 0.666
Cs does not have to exceed the value from Equation 12.8-3 ASCE 7-05: SD1 / [T × (R/I)] = 0.697 / [4.1 ×
(2/1)] = 0.085
Hence, Cs = 0.805
Seismic Base Shear - Empty load case = Cs × De = 1.701 kip
Seismic Base Shear - Operating load case = Cs × Do = 3.402 kip
Load Combination Table

Plant Foundations
Table 96: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level (PIP STC01015 Section 4.2.2.3 Table 3)
Load Case Empty Operating Wind Partial Seismic Test Erection Live Load
Weight Weight Wind Weight Weight
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 0.7
4 1 1
5 0.9 0.7
6 0.9 0.7
7 1 1
8* 0.83 0.83
* For case 8, the code allows the allowable stress on soil to be increased by 20% (see Table 3 of section 4.2.2.3).
In SFA, this is implemented by keeping the multiplying factor on allowable soil pressure to 1.0, but the load
factor is changed to 1/1.2 = 0.83
Table 97: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Table 98: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level (PIP STC01015 Section 4.2.2.3 Table 4)
Load Empty Operating Wind Partial Seismic Test Erection Live Load
Wind Load
Case
1 1.4
2 1.2 1.6
3 1.2 1.6
4 1.2 1
5 0.9 1.6
6 0.9 1
7 0.9 1
8 1.6 0.9
9* 1.4
10* 1.6 1.2
* Cases 9 and 10 are not being considered in STAAD Foundation Advanced presently
Table 99: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 40 0 0
2 40 2.860 44.735
3 40 2.382 19.053
4 20 2.860 44.735
5 36 2.382 19.053
6 18 1.191 9.5264
7 30 1.430 22.368
8 49.8 1.187 18.565

Plant Foundations
Table 100: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level
1 56 0 0
2 48 0 0
3 48 4.577 71.577
4 48 3.403 27.218
5 18 4.577 71.577
6 36 3.403 27.218
7 18 1.702 13.609
8 27 2.288 35.788
Pedestal Design
SFA performs the dowel reinforcement calculation for the pedestal for each load case independently, and the one
that causes the highest tensile force in the dowel is deemed critical. In this model, it turns out that the tensile
force is zero for all the load cases (due to the fact that the P&M combination from each load case is such as to
cause no tension for any of them). Thus, the calculation shown below is for the first ultimate load case, which is
denoted as 201 in the SFA model for this example.
Pedestal flat is the term defined as “C” in the figure shown on “Table 1 – Octagon Properties” on page 16 of PIP
STE03350 December 2008. Its value is denoted there as
C = 0.4142136×D where “D” is the diameter “Dp” of the pedestal octagon.
Hence, Pedestal flat = Pf = C = 0.4142136 × 12 ft = 4.971 ft
In the above document, the plan area of the pedestal is defined as
0.8284272 D2 = 0.8284272 × 12 × 12 = 119.29 ft2
Pedestal weight Wped = 119.29 × 2 ft × 0.15 kcf = 35.788 kip
Mped = overturning moment at pedestal base = 0 kip
1.6Mped = 1.6 × (0) = 0 kip-ft (Load Comb. 201)
Nd = number of dowels = assume 24
Dowel Circle, DC = 11.5 ft
Du + Wped = operating weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 56 + 35.788 = 91.788 kip
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4

Plant Foundations
4M u, ped De + D p 4(0) 91.788

Fu = N d × DC
− 0.9 Nd
= 24 × 115
− 0.9 24
= − 3.44 kip
A negative value for Fu signifies that the force in the dowel bar is compressive. Thus, the tensile force is 0.0.
Fu = 0 kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = 0 in2
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5: 24 #5 bars
Dowel Bar Size Provided = #5 bar
Stability Against Sliding
The equations for the plan area of the footing and pedestal are obtained from Table 1 – Octagon Properties” on
page 16 of PIP STE03350 December 2008.
Wf = Selfweight of footing = Plan Area × Thickness × Unit weight of concrete =
(0.828427 × 16 × 16) ft2× 2 ft × 0.150 kip/ft3 = 212.07736 × 2 × 0.15 = 63.6232 kips
Wp = Selfweight of pedestal = Plan Area × Thickness × Unit weight of concrete =
(0.828427 × 12 × 12) ft2× 2 ft × 0.150 kip/ft3 = 119.2935 × 2 × 0.15 = 35.788 kip
Ws = weight of soil, = Plan area of footing beyond the pedestal × height of soil × Unit
weight of soil = (212.07736 – 119.2935) ft2× 2 ft × 0.11 kip/ft3 = 20.412 kip
Weight of footing + pedestal + soil = 63.6232 + 35.788 + 20.4124 = 119.823 kips
Coefficient of friction = 0.4
Load case Vertical load Total Vertical Restoring force Disturbing force = Sliding Ratio =
(kips) at top of load at bottom of (kips) = Horizontal load restoring force /
pedestal (P) footing = P+Wf Coefficient of acting at the top Disturbing force
+Wp+Ws (kips) friction × Total of pedestal (kips)
vertical load
1 40 159.823 63.9292 0 N/A
2 40 159.823 63.9292 2.86 22.3528
3 40 159.823 63.9292 2.382 26.8384
4 20 139.823 55.9292 2.86 19.5556
5 36 155.823 62.3292 2.382 26.1667
6 18 137.823 55.1292 1.191 46.2881
7 30 149.823 59.9292 1.43 41.9085
8 49.8 169.623 67.8492 1.187 57.1602
Note: In the above table, the positive value is used for all “P” terms acting downward.
Stability Against Overturning

Plant Foundations
Stability ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Section 4.7.4 Eqn. 15 .

Lever Arm (feet) for calculating overturning moment about base of footing for horizontal loads acting at top of
pedestal = 2 ft + 2 ft = 4 ft
In column (h) in the table below, Df = diameter of the Octagonal footing = 16 feet
Column (a) Column (b) Column (c) Column (d) Column (e) Column (f) Column (g) Column (h)
Load case Total Disturbing Overturning Moments at Total Eccentricity Overturning

Vertical load force = moment due the top of overturning “e” = ratio SBR =
at bottom of Horizontal to the pedestal moment (kip- Column (f) / Df/2e
footing = P load acting horizontal acting from feet) Column (b)
+Wf+Wp at the top of loads (kip-ft) the vessel
+Ws (kips) pedestal (kip-ft)
(kips)
1 159.823 0 0 0 0 0 N/A
2 159.823 2.86 11.44 44.735 56.175 0.35148 22.7607
3 159.823 2.382 9.528 19.058 28.586 0.17886 44.7276
4 139.823 2.86 11.44 44.735 56.175 0.40175 19.9125
5 155.823 2.382 9.528 19.058 28.586 0.18345 43.6082
6 137.823 1.191 4.764 9.529 14.293 0.1037 77.1415
7 149.823 1.43 5.72 22.368 28.088 0.1874 42.6725
8 169.623 1.187 4.748 18.565 23.313 0.1374 58.2072
Soil Bearing Pressure

These calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 102: Soil bearing check
Load Case Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
1 0.754 0.754
2 0.890 0.879
3 0.720 0.715
4 0.886 0.875
5 0.711 0.707
6 0.744 0.741

Plant Foundations
Load Case Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
7 0.877 0.871
8 0.605 0.602
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.890 ksf

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.879 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 155: One-way shear dimensions
Select bar diameter = 4/8/12 = 0.0417 ft

Effective depth = footing depth - cover - 1.5 × bar dia. = 1.6875 ft
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 2.539 ft
Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 0.8513 ft

Plant Foundations
Critical load case: 203
LC e Df P A e/Df Self-weight Ped. D

203 0.536 16 48 211.97 0.0335 119.8 12
P/A = 0.791 ksf

1 + 8.19×(e/Df) = 1.274
Diagonal bearing pressure = 1.274 ×0.791 = 1.009 ksf
Bearing pressure on critical section = 0.986 ksf
Self weight = 0.15 × 2 + 0.11 × 2 = 0.52 ksf
Shadow area = ((a+b)/2) × 0.851
Soil reaction of shadow area = ((1.009 + 0.986)/2) × shadow area = 0.997 × shadow area
Soil + self weight of shadow area = (2 × 0.15 + 2 × 0.11) × shadow area = 0.52 × shadow area
Total force = (0.997 – 0.52) × shadow area = 0.477 × shadow area
Side Length, a = (√2-1) × Footing Diameter = 6.627 ft
b=a + 2 × 0.851 = 8.33 ft
((a+b)/2)/b = 0.899
One way shear, Vu = (Total force / b) / Effective depth = 0.899 × 0.477 × 0.851 / 1.688 = 0.216 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, ϕVC = 13.661 ksf

Plant Foundations
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-11 Eqn. 11-3, ϕVC = 13.661 ksf
Two way Shear Check
Figure 156: Two-way shear check
Critical load combination 203

Effective depth = footing depth - cover - 1.0 × max. bar dia. = 1.708 ft
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 50.523 ft
Punching area = (0.9102 × ped. dia. + Effective depth)2 = 52.55 ft2
Punching Shear Force per axial load, Vu = (0.791 – (0.15+0.11)×2)×(footing area – punching area) = 14.28
kip
added to account for the moment effect.
Vu γv M u C AB
ϑu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (ACI 318-11 Eq. 11-37 / ACI 318-05 Eq. 11-39)
γf =
1 (ACI 318-11 / ACI
2 b1 318-05 Eq. 13-1)
1+
3 b2
where
b1 and = the pier length and
b2 width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Ac = bo x d = 50.523 x 1.708 = 86.31 ft2
Mu = 71.577 + 4.577 × 4 = 89.885 kip-ft

Plant Foundations
CAB = (12×0.9102 + 1.708) / 2 = 4.21 ft

C1 = C2 = 10.922 ft
Jc = 2305.413 ft4
γv M u C AB
Punching Shear Force per moment, Vu = Jc
× Ac = 8.5 kip
Punching Shear Force, Vu = 14.28 + 8.5 = 22.78 kip

Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-05 Eq.s 11-34 & 35, ϕVc = 1,976 kip
Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-11 Eq.s 11-32 & 33, ϕVc = 1,976 kip
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
ℓd = ′ = 12 in
4β f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.75 ft
db = 0.5 in
Rn = Mu / (0.9×d2) = 0.585 ksf
m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
m·Rn / fy = 1.19(10)-3
1− 1 − 2m( Rn
fy )
ρ= m
= 0.007

Ast_req = p·d·1ft = 1.7 in2
pmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req
Ast_min = pmin·d·1ft = 0.421 in2
Spacing Required
s = 4 in.
Area of Steel Provided
Ast_prov = (π·db 2/4)·1ft/s = 0.589 in2
Bar Size = 4
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft

Plant Foundations
Comparison
Table 103: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Value of… Hand Calculations STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 16 16 none
Footing Thickness (ft) 2 2 none
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 0.890 0.889 negligible
Stability Check 19.912 19.912 none
One Way Shear Check 0.216 0.216 none

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 22.781 22.759 negligible

(kip)
Reinforcement Provided 0.589 0.589 none

in Footign (in2 )

Input Parameters
Geometrical Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 15 ft
Foundation Type

Plant Foundations
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 24 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Anchor Bolt Data
Figure 158: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 168 in

Plant Foundations
Bolt Diameter, BD = 1 in.

Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Erection Load (Dr) -70 0 0
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%

Plant Foundations
Wind Speed, V = 110 mph

Exposure category C, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 105: Wind loads
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
2 0.848884 0.028727 13 26 0.507899 0.507899
15 0.848884 0.028727 13 169 3.301344 28.06143
20 0.901885 0.030521 13 65 1.349026 23.60796
25 0.945265 0.031989 13 65 1.413912 31.81303
30 0.982253 0.033241 13 65 1.469238 40.40405
40 1.043581 0.035316 13 130 3.121944 109.268
50 1.093775 0.037015 13 130 3.272105 147.2447
52 1.102844 0.037322 13 26 0.659847 33.65219

Total Wind Moment = 414.559 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Response Modification Factor, R = 2

Plant Foundations
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient

Cs = 5.973x10-3
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0.167 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0.394 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0.436 kip
Load Combination Table
Table 106: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Case Load
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 66 0 0
2 66 15.09532 414.5593
3 66 0.275945 2.207563
4 28 15.09532 414.5593
5 59.4 0.275945 2.207563
6 25.2 0.117068 0.936542
7 70 7.547658 207.2797
8 60.59 6.264556 172.0421
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
3 79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4 79.2 0.394208 3.153661

Plant Foundations
5 25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6 59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7 25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp × tan(45) = 6.213 ft
Pedestal area = D p2 − 2 ( Dp − P f
2
) 2
= 186.396ft 2
Pedestal weight, Dp = 186.396 × 4 × 0.15 = 118.838 kip

M ped = O.T.M. at pedestalbase = 414.56 + 15.095 ×4 = 474.94 kip-ft
1.6Mped = 1.6 × (474.94 kip-ft) = 759.904 kip-ft (Load Comb. 205)
Dowel Circle, DC = 14.5 ft
Du + Wped = operating weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 25.2 + 111.838 = 136.038 kip
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
Fu =
4M uped
N d × DC
− 0.9
De + D p
Nd
=
4(759.904)
30(14.5)
− 0.9( 136.038
30 ) = 2.91kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required

As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = 0.054 in2
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : 30 #5 bars
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.596 ft2
Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2
(Load Comb. 203)

Plant Foundations
M uped De + D p 759.904 136.038

Pu = LA
+ 0.9 Nb
= 0.667(14.5)
+ 0.9 2
= 9.98kip
Fc = Pu/An = 0.12 ksi

Fc < f'c, OK
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 110: Stability Ratio
Load Case Eccentricity Stability Ratio
1 0.000 0
2 1.826 4.929712
3 0.014 646.6431
4 2.117 4.251975
5 0.014 631.2025
6 0.007 1302.479
7 0.900 10.00197
8 0.773 11.64614
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 1.89 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 1.82 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 159: One-way shear dimensions

Plant Foundations
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing (X1) = 2.174 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing (X2) = 0.6 ft
Shear Stress, Vu = 0.7 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity ϕVC per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3 = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check
Figure 160: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 60.906 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 83.901 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, ϕVc = 2,092 kip
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
ℓd = ′ = 12 in
4β f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.25 ft
Rn = Mu / (0.9·1ft·d2) = 8.54(10)-4 ksi = 0.854 psi
m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
m·Rn / fy = 2.51(10)-4
1− 1 − 2m ( Rn
fy )
ρ= m
= 0.000

Ast_req = ρ·d·1ft = 0.0 in2

Plant Foundations
Minimum Area of Steel Req

ρmin = 0.0018
Ast_min = ρmin·d·1ft = 0.408 in2
Spacing Required
s = 4 in.
Area of Steel Provided
Ast_prov = (π·db2/4)·1ft/s = 0.589 in2
Bar Size = 4
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 18 18 None
Footing Thickness (ft) 2 2 None
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 1.82 1.82 None
Stability Check 4.25 4.25 None
One Way Shear Check 0.7 0.698 None

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 83.901 82.643 1.5%

(kip)
Reinforcement Provided 0.18765 0.18765 9

(in2)


Plant Foundations
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005, ACI 318-2011, and ACI 318-2014 editions. You can
select different design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Figure 161: Plan

Plant Foundations
Figure 162: Footing Elevation
Figure 163: Section
Foundation Type
Wind Load

Plant Foundations
In accordance with ASCE/SEI7-05
V = 115mph
Vessel Data
Empty wt. (De) = 170.3 kip

Operating wt.(Do) = 345.2kip
Test wt. (Dt) = 624.1 kip
Structure and Soil Data

Allowable net soil bearing pressure at a depth of 5 feet for transient load combinations (i.e., load combinations
that include wind loads) = 3.25 ksf
Consider self-weight for factored design
Unit weight of soil, γ =110pcf
f' c = 4,000 psi
f y = 60,000 psi
From Wind Load Analysis
(Nominal loads)
V = 44.75 kip
M = 1,902 ft·k(at top of grout)
Anchor Bolts
24,1-1/2-inch Ø type ASTM F1554, Grade 36, with a 4-inch Ø × 15-inch-long sleeve and 1-ft - 2-inch projection
on a 14' - 10.5" Ø bolt circle (non pretensioned)
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 inches = 178.5 inches+ 9 inches = 187.5 inches (Equation 1a, PIP STE03350)
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 inches + 8 × (1.5inches) = 190.5 inches (Equation 1b, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 9 inches - BD = 178.5 inches + 4 inches + 9 inches - 1.5 inches
= 190.0 inches (Equation 1d, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 7 × (BD) = 178.5 + 4 + 7 × (1.5inches) = 193 inches Controls = 16.083ft
(Equation 1e, PIP STE03350)
Use a 16-ft - 1-1/8-inch octagon
Note: Pedestal diameter had to be increased to 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches to provide a sufficiently large projected
concrete failure area to resist the tensile load in the anchor bolts.
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal area= 259.781 ft2 (Table 1, PIP STE03350)
Pedestal weight (Dp) = (259.781) × (4.5) × (0.15 kcf) = 175.352kip

Plant Foundations
Mped = O.T.M. at pedestal base = 1902+ (4.5 ft) × (44.75 kip) = 2103.375 ft·k
Mu ped = 1.6 Mped = 1.6 × (2103.375 kip-ft) = 3365.4ft·k
(Load Factors should be in accordance with PIP STC01015,Table 4)
Dowel Circle Diameter DC = 17.71 - (say 0.5 ft) = 17.208 ft
De + Dp = empty weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 170.3 + 175.4 = 345.7 kip
Fu = 4 × M uped / [Nd × DC] - 0.9 (De + Dp)/Nd (Equation 2, PIP STE03350)
= ( 4 × 3365.4) / [(36) × (17.21)] - 0.9(345.6)/36
= 13.089 kip
Asreqd = Fu/ ϕ fy = 13.09/ (0.9 × 60) (Equation 3, PIP STE03350 )
= 0.242 in2
Use 36 #5 bars (A s = 0.31 inch2) with #4 ties at 15 inches c/c (minimum controls)
Footing Design
Foundation type: octagonal-shaped foundation
Select Trial Octagon Size
M ftg = Moment at footing base due to user-defined wind load = 1,902 + 6.0 × 44.75 =
2,170.5ft·k
SB = allowable gross soil bearing= 3.25 + 5× 0.11 = 3.80ksf
Section 4.7.1, , trial diameter = (2.6) × (M ftg /SB) 1/3 = (2.6) × (Section 4.7.1, Eqn 8, PIP
[(2,170.5)/(3.80)] 1/3 = 21.57 ft STE03350)
Try a 21-ft - 8-3/4-inch octagon.
Area = 391.1 ft2
Check Required Thickness for Pedestal Reinforcing Embedment
For #5 hooked bar,
0.02Ψ λ f y
c 0.02(1.0)(1.0)60, 000 (ACI 318-11, Section 12.5.2)
ℓdh = db = 0.625 = 11.86in
′ 4, 000
f c
Asreq'd / Asprov = (0.242 in2 )/(0.31 in2 ) = 0.78

Treq'd = (3 in clear cover ) + (2 layers) × (0.75 in bar) + (0.78) × (0.7) × (11.86 in) = 10.98
in
(assuming #6 bars )
Tmin = 12 inches
So
footing thickness = 18 inches is adequate

Plant Foundations
Footing Weights
Net weight of pedestal = (259.7 ft2)[(4.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) - (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 175.3 kip
Weight of footing + soil = (391.1 ft2)[(1.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) + (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 138.6 kip
Total (Ds) = 175.3 kip + 138.6 kip = 313.9 kip
P e = D e + D s = 170.3 kip + 313.9 kip = 484.2 kip
P o = D o + D s = 345.2 kip + 313.9 kip = 659.1 kip
P t = D t + D s = 624.1 kip + 313.9 kip = 938.0 kip
Check Soil Bearing and Stability

(Load combinations as per PIP STC01015, Table 3)
Load Comb 101 - [1.0(Ds + De) + 1.0W]
P = Pe = 484.2 kip, M ftg (due to user-defined wind force as described previously) =
2,170.5 ft·k
e = Mftg/P = (2,170.5)/ (484.2) = 4.48 ft
Stability ratio = b/(2 × e) = (21.73)/ [2 × (4.48)] = 2.43 > (Eqn 15, Cl. 4.7.4.3 of PIP
1.5 STE033350)
where
b = D = trial diameter of the footing
O.K.
(Equation 15, Clause 4.7.4.3 of PIP STE03350)
e/D = (4.48)/(21.73) = 0.206 > 0.122 ∴ Ldiag = 2.85 (Clause 4.7.2 and Fig. B, PIP
STE03350 )
f = LP/A = (2.85 × 484.2)/(391.1) = 3.53ksf < 3.80 ksf
Hence, O.K.
Load Comb 102 - [1.0(Ds + Do) + 1.0W]
P = Po = 659.1 kip Mftg (due to user-defined wind force as described previously) =
2,170.5 ft·k
e = Mftg/P = (2,170.5)/ (659.1) = 3.29 ft
e/D = (3.29)/(21.73) = 0.152 > 0.122 ∴ Ldiag = 2.25 (Clause 4.7.2 and Fig. B, PIP
STE03350)
f = LP/A = [(2.25) × (659.1)]/(391.1) = 3.79ksf < 3.80ksf (Equation 11, PIP STE03350)
Hence, O.K.
Load Comb 103 - [1.0(Ds + Dt) + 0.35Wp]
Wp = Partial Wind (user-defined wind load for this example)
where moment due to 1.0Wp as described earlier = 2,170.5 ft·k

Plant Foundations
P = Pt = 938.0 kip
Partial wind velocity= 68 mph
M ftg due to 0.35Wp = 0.35(2170.5) = 759.675 ft-kip
e = M ftg /P = (759.675) / (938.0) = 0.81 ft
e/ D = (0.81)/(21.73) = 0.037 < 0.122
f = P/A × [1 + (8.19) × (e/D)] (Equation10a, Clause 4.7.2.3 of PIP STE03350)
= [(938.0) / (391.1)] × [1 + (8.19) × (0.037)] = 3.1251 ksf <1.2 × 3.80 ksf
Hence, O.K.
Use 21-ft - 8-3/4-in dimensioned octagon footing to ensure safety against bearing pressure.
Bottom Reinforcement
( Load combinations as per PIP STC01015, Table 4)
Load Comb 203 - [1.2(Ds + Do) + 1.6W]
P u = 1.2 × 659.1 = 790.92 kip

M u = 1.6 × 2170.5 = 3472.8 ft·k
e = M u /P u = (3472.8)/ (790.9) = 4.39 ft
e/D = (4.39)/ (21.73) = 0.202 > 0.132 (flat)
From Clause 4.7.2.4 and Figure B of PIP STE03350:
L = 2.70 (flat)
K = 0.225(flat) (Figure B, PIP STE03350)
KD = 0.225 × 21.73 = 4.89ft
SB = LP/A = (2.70 × 790.9)/ (391.1) = 5.46 ksf
Find Equivalent Square for pedestal:
side = 259.7ft2 = 16.12ft

Plant Foundations
projection = (21.73 - 16.12)/2 = 2.81 ft

SB at face of equivalent square:
= 5.46 × ( (16.84 - 2.81)/ (16.84) )= 4.55 ksf
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 1.2 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.73ksf
Mu = {(4.55 -0.73) × (2.81)2 /2 + (5.46 - 4.55) × (2.81)2 /3} = 17.48 kip-ft/ft
Load Comb 202 [1.2(Ds + De) + 1.6W]
Pu = 0.9 × 484.2 kip = 435.78 kip

M u = 1.6 × 2,170.5 = 3,472.8 ft·k
e = M u /P u = (3,472.8)/(435.8) = 7.97 ft
e/D = 7.97/21.73 = 0.367 > 0.132 (flat)
L = 7.63(flat) K = 0.660(flat) (Table 2, PIP STE03350)
KD =(0.660) × (21.73) = 14.34ft
SB =LP u /A = (7.63 × 435.8)/ (391.1) = 8.50 ksf
SB at face of equivalent square:
= ((8.50) × (7.39 - 2.81))/ (7.39) = 5.27 ksf
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 0.9 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.55ksf
M u = {((5.27 - 0.55) × (2.81) 2 )/ 2 + ((8.50- 5.27) × (2.81) 2 )/3} /ft = 27.14 kip-ft/ ft
d = 18 - 3 - 0.75 - 0.75/2 = 13.875 inches = 1.16 ft
(Considering #6 dia bars )
m = fy/( β1. fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
β 1 = 0.85 × (as fc = 4000 psi) (Clause 10.2.7.3)
Mn= Mu/ ϕ =( 27.14×12)/0.9 = 361.87 in-kip [ ϕ = 0.9]
Rn = Mn/b·d2 =361.87/(12×13.8752) = 0.157 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m.{1- √ (1-2m.Rn/fy)} = 0.0027
A s = 0.0027× 12×13.875 = 0.45 in2 /ft

Plant Foundations
As min =0.0033 × 12 × 13.875 = 0.55 in2 /ft

4/3 As = 4/3 × 0.45 = 0.60 in2 /ft
Use #6 at 9 in each way (bottom); A s = 0.59 in2/ft
Shear Check (Beam Shear)

Load Comb 202 [0.9(Ds + De) + 1.6W]
(Critical case)
SB (at distance d from face):
= (8.50 × (7.39 - 2.81 + 1.16))/ 7.39= 6.6 ksf
V u (at distance d from face):
= ( 6.6 - 0.55) × (2.81- 1.16) + (8.50 - 6.6) × (2.81- 1.16 )/2 = 11.55kip/ft
V u = ( 11.55 ) × (1,000)/ [(12) × (13.875)] = 69.369 psi= 9.989 ksf
Per ACI 318-05, ACI 318-11, Eqn. 11-3, allowable shear:
′
V allow = 2ϕ f c = 2(0.75) 4, 000 = 94.86 psi > V u
hence OK
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.75
Punching Shear
Load Comb 201 [1.4(Ds + Dt)]: Considering net pressure:
Pu/A = (1.4× 938.0) / 391.1 = 3.36 ksf
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 1.4 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.854 ksf
Vu (Total shear at d/2 away from equivalent square)
Vu = [3.36 - 0.854] × [391.1 - ( 16.12+ 1.16)2 ] = 231.81 kip
deff = 18 - 3 - 0.75 = 1.188 ft
bo = 4×(16.12+1.188) = 69.232 ft
vu = Vu /(d × bo) = ( 231.81 × 1000) /[( 14.25) × ( 69.232 × 12)] = 19.5814 psi
v c (allowable) = the smaller of ACI 318-11 or ACI 318-08, Equation11-32 and 11-33 (ACI 318-05, Equation11-34
and 11-35)
vc = ϕ (αs d / bo + 2) f ′ (ACI 318-11/08,Eqn 11-32 and ACI 318-05, Eqn 11-34)

c
= 0.75 × [(40) × ( 1.188)/( 69.23) + 2] × (4000)1/2 = 127.4 psi
vc = ϕ4 f ′ (ACI 318-11/08,Eqn 11-33 and ACI 318-05, Eqn 11-35)

c
= 0.75 × (4) × (4000)1/2 = 190 psi

vc (allowable) = 127.4 psi > 19.581 psi O.K.
Load Comb 203 [1.2(Ds + Do) + 1.6W] (considering net pressure)

Plant Foundations
Pu = 414.24kip
Mu = (71.6 × 6 +3043.2) ft·k
Pu /A = (414.24 + 1.2 × 313.93)/ (391.1) = 2.022ksf
Factored pressure due to soil + concrete = 1.2 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.73 ksf
Punching shear due to unbalanced transfer moment, V u_moment
V u_moment = 0.4× M u × 4×1.188×(1.188+16.117) ^2/(2×Jc)
Jc = 4107 ft^4 (per ACI318, R11.11.7.2)
V u_moment = 240.536kip
Vu (Total shear at d/2 away from equivalent square)
Vu = [2.022 - 0.73 ] × [391.1 - ( 16.12 + 1.188)2 ] +240.536 = 358.818 kip (Critical)
Top Reinforcement
Check to see if concrete can take weigh of concrete plus soil above footing without top reinforcement. Use load
factor of 1.4.
Factored pressure due to soil+ concrete =1.4 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.854ksf
Mu = 0.854× (2.81)2 )/2 = 3.37 kip-ft= 3370 inch-lb/inch
f ′
t = 5ϕ f ′
c = 5(0.55) 4, 000 = 173.9 psi (Equation 16, PIP STE03350)
treqd = teff + 2 in =(6 × Mu/ f't )1/2 + 2 in (Equations 17a and 18, PIP STE03350)
= [6 × (3370)/ (173.9)]1/2 + 2 in = 12.78 inches< 18 inches
Wind loads (rather than earthquake) govern footing design. Therefore, no top reinforcement is required.
Comparison
Advanced Result
Pedestal Design, Tensile Force In Each 13.514 13.089 Negligible

Dowel (kip)
Area of Dowel Bar Required (in2) 0.25 0.242 Negligible
Dowel Reinforcement #5 - 36 nos #5 - 36 nos None
Pedestal Stirrup Reinforcement #4 @ 15 in #4 @ 15 in None
Diagonal Bearing Pressure - soil bearing 3.766 3.79 Negligible

check (kip/ft2)
Punching Shear Force (Vu) kip 358.803 358.818 Negligible
Shear Stress Vu (One-way), kip/ft2 9.961 9.989 None

Plant Foundations

Advanced Result
Footing Effective Depth, (ft) 1.156 1.156 None

reinforcement
calculations Moment Mu (kip- 26.985 27.14 Negligible
ft/ft)
Spacing Required 9 9 None

(in)
Bar Size #6 #6 None

\vertical-vessel-pilecap-foundation-1.sfa.
Input Parameters
Vessel Geometry

Effective Diameter, Dve = 14 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = N/A
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4.5 ft
Diameter, Dp = 17.708 ft
Foundation Type
Octagonal pilecap on piles
Pile arrangement: concentric rings
Pile Cap Geometry
Pile Cap Diameter, Df = 33.099 ft

Pile Cap Length, PCL = 33.099 ft
Pile Cap Length, PCW = 33.099 ft
Pile Cap Depth, Tf = 1.833 ft

Plant Foundations
Anchor Bolt Data
Bold Circle Diameter, BCD = 178.5 in

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1.5 in
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 4 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 39 in
Design Parameters
Pile
Soil Depth, Ts = 3.5 ft

Plant Foundations
Soil Density, γsoil = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, γc = 150 pcf
Concrete Strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar type: Imperial
Table 112: Primary Load Description
Empty Load (De) -170.3 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -345.2 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -624.1 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) 0 0 0
Wind Load
User-defined wind load

Partial wind case: percentage of wind = 100%
Total Wind Moment = 1,902 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
101 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
103 0 0 0.35 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
201 0 10 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0
202 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
203 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear (kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 -170.3 44.75 1902
102 -345.2 44.75 1902
103 -624.1 15.633 665.7
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear (kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 -873.74 0 0
202 -153.27 71.6 3043.2
203 -414.24 71.6 3043.2
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 in = 178.5 in + 9 in = 187.5 in
Minimum
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 in + 8 x (1.5ins) = 190.5 in
BC + SD + 9 inc - BD = 178.5 in + 4 in + 9 in - 1.5 in = 190.0 in
Use a 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches octagon
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp × tan(45) =88.019 in
Pedestal area D p2 − 2 ( Dp − P f
2
) 2
= 259.773 ft 2
Pedestal weight, Dp = (259.773) × (4.5) × (0.15) = 175.347 kip

Mped = O.T.M. at pedestal base = 1,902 kip-ft + 4.5 ft × 44.75 kip = 2,103.4 kip-ft

Plant Foundations
Mu ped = 1.6Mped = 1.6 × (2,103.4 kip-ft) = 3365.4kip-ft (Load Comb. 202)

Dowel Circle, DC = (17.71-ft pedestal) - 0.5 ft (2×Cover) = 17.208 ft
D e + D p = empty weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 170.3 kip + 175.347 kip = 345.647 kip
4M u ped De + D p 4(3, 365.4) 345.647
Fu = N d × DC
− 0.9 Nd
= 32(17.208)
− 0.9 32
= 14.725 kip
Asreq'd = Fu/ ϕ fy = (14. 725 kip) / (0.9) x (60 ksi) = 0.273 in2
Use 24 #5 bars (A s = 0.31 inch ) with #4 ties at 15 in c/c (minimum reinforcement controls)
Pile Cap Design

Footing Weights
Weight of pedestal = (259.773 ft2x [(4.5 ft) x (0.15 kcf)] = 175.347 kip
Pile Capflat, PCf = Df* tan (45) = 164.521 in
Pile Cap area D f2 − 2 ( D f − Pcf

2
) 2
= 907.578 ft 2
Equivalent square pile cap side = 90.578 = 30.126 ft

Weight of footing = (907.578 ft2) [(1.833ft) x (0.15kcf)] = 249.548 kip
Weight of soil = (907.578 - 259.773 ft2) [(3.5ft) x(0.11kcf)] =249.405 kip
Total Self Weight = 175.347 kip + 249.548 kip + 249.405 kip = 674.336kip
For pile cap design, the pedestal is considered as a square which is equivalent in area to the
octagonal geometry:
Pside2 = 259.773 ft2

Pside = 16.117 ft
Check Pile Capacity

Plant Foundations
Pile No X (ft) Y (ft)

1 9.549 0.000
2 8.270 4.775
3 4.775 8.270
4 0.000 9.549
5 -4.775 8.270
6 -8.270 4.775
7 -9.549 0.000
8 -8.270 -4.775
9 -4.775 -8.270
10 0.000 -9.549
11 4.775 -8.270
12 8.270 -4.775
13 14.549 0.000
14 12.600 7.275
15 7.275 12.600
16 0.000 14.549
17 -7.275 12.600
18 -12.600 7.275
19 -14.549 0.000
20 -12.600 -7.275
21 -7.275 -12.600
22 0.000 -14.549
23 7.275 -12.600
24 12.600 -7.275
Control Load Combination Case for pile compression: 103

Maximum compressive force = 1.0 x (Total self weight +Test)/ number of pile + (0.35xMoment by Wind x
distance to center) / I
I = 1817.14 ft2
Maximum compressive force = (674.336 + 624.1) / 24 + 0.35 x 2103.4 x 14.549 / 1817.14 = 59.99 kips < 65
kips (Vertical allowable) OK
Control Load Combination Case for pile lateral: 102
Shear force / pile = 44.75/24 = 1.86 kips < 40 kips (Lateral allowable) OK
Check One-way Shear

Plant Foundations
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 7.696 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 6.456 ft
Governing load combination case: 201
Calculation of Pile reaction
Pile Reaction = (1.4 x Total Self Weight + 1.4 x Dt ) / 24 = 75.742 kips
Effective depth, deff = Pt - Embedment -Cover- 1.5 x rebar diameter
= 22 - 3 - 3 -1.5 x 0.75 = 14.875 in = 1.24 ft
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 + deff = 9.298 ft
Calculate partial pile reaction for pile # 7
Equivalent square for pile area = (Pile Dia. / 2)2 × π = 0.785 ft2
Equivalent square side = 0.785 = 0.886 ft
Contribute area = [0.886/2 - (9.549-9.298)] x 0.886 = 0.171 ft2
Reaction of pile #7 = (1-0.171/0.785) x 75.742 = 59.296 kips
Calculate one-way shear due to self weight:
= 1.4 × Pile Cap Side × ( Pile Cap Side - Pside) × (1.833ft) × (0.15kcf) + (3.5ft) × (0.11kcf)
= 160.469 kip
One Way Shear force, Vu = 3 x 75.742 + 59.296 - 160.469 = 127.749 kips
Allowable One Way Shear,
vc = 2ϕ f ′
c ( ) ( )( )
× b × deff = 2 0.75 4, 000 28.212 14.875 = 477.749 kips
where
b = Length along critical section = PCf + 2 x (Df/2 - 9.298) = 28.212ft
ϕ = strength reduction factor = 0.75
vc = 477.749 kips > 127.749 kip, Hence OK

Plant Foundations
Check Punching Shear

Effective depth, deff = Pt - Embedment -Cover- 1.0 × rebar diameter
= 22 - 3 - 3 -1.0 x 0.75 = 15.25 in
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 + deff / 2 = 8.694 ft
Calculate partial pile reaction for pile # 2, 6, 8, 12
Contribute area = 0.027 ft2
Reaction of pile #2 = 2.624 kips
Total Pile reaction = 16 × 75.742 + 8 × 2.624 = 1,233 kips
Effective Pile Cap Weight + Soil Weight = 1.4×(Pile Cap Area - 8.6942) × (Tf × 150pcf + 3.5 × 110 pcf) =
559.228 kips
Punching shear, Vu = Total Pile reaction - Effective Pile Cap Weight =1233 - 559.228 = 673.639 kip
Critical section perimeter, bo = 4 × 8.694 = 69.553 ft
Allowable Punching Shear, vc = the smaller of ACI 318-11, Equation 11-32 and 11-33
(
vc1 = ϕ αs
deff
bo
+2 ) f ′c bo deff
(ACI 318-11, Equation 11-32)
= 0.75 ( 40 × 1.24
69.428 ) ( )( )( )
+ 2 4, 000 69.553 1.271
122
103
= 2, 415 kip
vc2 = ϕ4 f ′c bo deff (ACI 318-11, Equation 11-33)
() (
= 0.75 4 4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 1, 649 kip

Plant Foundations
(
vc3 = ϕ 2 +
4
β
) f ′c bo deff (ACI 318-11, Equation 11-31)
= 0.75 2 +( ) 4
1 (
4, 000 69.553 1.271)( )( ) 122
103
= 3, 623 kip
vc = 1,649 kip > 674 kip, Hence OK
Flexural Reinforcement Design

Critical section for moment is considered at the face of the equivalent pedestal.
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 = 8.059 ft
Control Moment by piles, Mupile = 1,319 ft-kip
Control Moment by self weight and soil weight, Muself = 585 kips
Resisting Moment = Mnz = Mu/ ϕ = 815.56 ft-kip
m = fy/0.85×fc= 60/ (0.85×4) = 17.65
ß1= 0.85 (as fc = 4) Clause 10.2.7.3
ρ = 0.85×ß1× fc × 87/fy × (87 + fy) = 0.028507 Clause 10.3.3
ρmax = 0.75×ρ = 0.02138 Clause 10.3.5
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) Clause 7.12.2
Length along critical section, b = PCf + 2 x (Df/2 - 8.059) = 30.692ft
Rn = Mnz/b·deff2 = 0.12 ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0706 <1 Hence OK
1- (
1 - 2m
Rn
fy )
ρ= m
= 2.05 × (10)-3
ρ min < ρ < ρ max , Hence OK

Reinforcement area required, As = 0.00205 × 12 × 14.875 = 0.366 in2 /ft
Use #6 bars at 11 inches E.W . (bottom); As = 0.482 in2 /ft
Comparison
Advanced Result
Pile Reaction (kip) 75.742 75.757 Negligible
Governing Moment (ft- 815.56 799.556 2%

kip)

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1

Advanced Result
Shear Force, One-way 127.49 127.854 Negligible

(kip)
Allowable Shear Stress, 477.749 477.744 Negligible

One-way (kip)
Shear Force, Two-way 673.639 676.886 Negligible

(kip)
Allowable Shear Stress, 1,649 1,648.745 Negligible

Two-Way (kip)
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.
9.5 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1

Location: Santa Ana California
S1 = 0.5312, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.25, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 s, Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 s, Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity of Vessel From Top of Pedestal, CG = 9 ft
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
CS = 0.024, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear = 5.902 kip
Operating Load Case Base Shear = 11.804 kip

Plant Foundations
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment = 59.021 kip ft

Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment = 118.043 kip ft
Comparison
Base Shear Empty Case 5.902 5.902 none

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 11.804 11.804 none

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 59.021 59.021 none

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.043 118.043 none

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Yorba Linda California
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, S1 = 0.857367
Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, SS = 2.09511
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 5 s, Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
FA = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
FV = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Empty Load Case Base Shear

Plant Foundations
Shearempty = CS x Emptywt = 3.969 kips

Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shearoperating = CS x Operatingwt = 7.939 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentempty = Shearempty x CG = 39.693 kip·ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 79.386 kip·ft
Comparison
Base Shear Empty Case 3.9693 3.969 Negligible

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 7.9386 7.939 Negligible

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 39.693 39.69 Negligible

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 79.3858 79.39 Negligible

Case (kip·ft)

Location: San Antonio, Texas
SS = 0.12141, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips
FA = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3

Plant Foundations
FV = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3

CS = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Momentempty = Shearempty x CG =4.91 kip·ft
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 9.819 kip·ft
Comparison
Base Shear Empty Case 0.49096 0.491 Negligible

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 0.98192 0.982 Negligible

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 4.9096 4.91 Negligible

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 9.8192 9.82 Negligible

Case (kip·ft)

Location: New York, New York
Site Class = D
Site Class Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundations

Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =24.992 kip·ft
Comparison
Base Shear Empty Case 1.25 1.25 None

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 2.499 2.499 None

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 12.496 12.496 None

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 24.992 24.992 None

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Nashville, Tennessee

Plant Foundations
Site Class = E, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
CS = 9.039x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =18.077 kip·ft
Comparison
Base Shear Empty Case 0.904 0.904 None

(kip)

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 9.039 9.039 None

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 18.077 18.077 None

Case (kip·ft)

Plant Foundations

Location: Santa Ana California
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Empty Weight of Vessel WE = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel Wop = 200 kip
Center of Gravity of Vessel From Top of Pedestal, CG = 9 ft
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = Cs×Wop = 4.722 kip
Comparison
Seismic Response 0.024 0.024 none

Coefficient (C s )
Base Shear Operating Case 4.722 4.722 none

(kip)

Location: Yorba Linda California 92887

Plant Foundations
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
V = Cs·Operatingwt = 14.289 kip
Comparison
Seismic Response 0.0715 0.071 Negligible

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: Mountain Valley 73062
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundations

Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
Comparison
Seismic Response 0.017 0.017 None

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: San Bernadino 92411
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
T = 3.5 s, Fundamental Period of Vessel

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3

Fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Cs = 0.202, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Comparison
Seismic Response 0.202 0.202 None

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)
9.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, H = 60 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 15 ft
Diameter of Pedestal, Dp = 17 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 s
Pedestal height Above Ground = 1 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Foundation Type
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.4.4 and Table 6-4
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5

Plant Foundations
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8

Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6 and Table 6-3
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256·Kd·Kz·Kzt·V2·I
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F = qz·G·Cf·A
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
Table 126: Calculation of the force and moment – based on Table 6-3 page 79 of ASCE 7-05
Elevation (ft) Kz qz Height(ft) Width (ft) A (ft2) F (kip) M (ft·kip)
(psf)
0-1 0.849 15.19 1 17 17 0.220 0.110
1-15 0.849 15.19 14 15 210 2.712 21.698
15-20 0.902 16.14 5 15 75 1.029 18.010
20-25 0.945 16.92 5 15 75 1.079 24.269
25-30 0.982 17.58 5 15 75 1.121 30.823
30-40 1.044 18.68 10 15 150 2.382 83.358
40-50 1.094 19.58 10 15 150 2.496 112.329
50-60 1.137 20.34 10 15 150 2.594 142.663
60-61 1.141 20.42 1 15 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.89 449.01
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier = 13.89 kip

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 449.01 ft·kip

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier 13.89 13.89 none

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 449.01 448.01 none

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, h = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 20 ft
Foundation Type
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6

Plant Foundations
qz = 0.00256·Kd·Kz·V·I·G·Cf
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
Kz qz (psf) A (ft2) F (kip) M (ft·kip)
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 1,169.945 ft·kip
Comparison
Wind Shear on Top of Pier 28.774 28.774 None

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1,169.945 1,168.516 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data

Plant Foundations
Height of Vessel = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft
Foundation Type
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522

Plant Foundations
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 1,124.42 ft·kip
Comparison

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1,124.42 1,123.23 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 22 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 6 ft
Foundation Type
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2

Plant Foundations
Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

Velocity Pressure
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 6 0.079 0.040
0.575 19.449 84 1.111 8.888
0.624 21.115 30 0.431 7.538
0.657 22.245 24 0.363 7.987
Σ 1.984 24.452

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 24.452 ft·kip
Comparison

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 24.452 24.293 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Plant Foundations
9.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

In this example, we demonstrate the calculation of the forces and moments for service and strength conditions at
the two support locations for a stacked exchanger on a combined footing on soil.
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip

Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip

Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bolt data

Anchor bolt dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 5ft/2 = 4.5 ft

Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 36.8 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 42.4 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition

Plant Foundations
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip

Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
μ = 0.4
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Partial Wind Load for Test and Erection Loads (%) = 100
PIP Load combinations

Table 131: Service level load combinations per PIP
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng Trans Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
109 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
110 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
111 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
112 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Plant Foundations
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng Trans Trans n
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
115 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.41 0 0 0
116 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.41 0 0
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 132: Strength level load combinations per PIP
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
201 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
202 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
203 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
204 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
207 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
208 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
215 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
216 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
217 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Table 133: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
102 42.4 0 0 0 0
103 42.4 0 5 0 0
104 42.4 2 0 0 0
105 42.4 0 4 0 0
106 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
107 36.8 0 5 0 0
108 36.8 2 0 0 0
109 38.16 0 2.8 0 0
110 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
111 33.12 0 2.52 0 0
112 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
113 44.0 0 5 0 0
114 44.0 2 0 0 0
115 39.176 0 2.05 0 0
116 39.176 0.82 0 0 0
117 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 134: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
102 63.6 0 0 0 0
103 63.6 0 5 0 0
104 63.6 2 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
105 63.6 0 6 0 0
106 63.6 4.5 0 0 0
107 55.2 0 5 0 0
108 55.2 2 0 0 0
109 57.24 0 2.8 0 0
110 57.24 7.35 0 0 0
111 49.68 0 2.52 0 0
112 49.68 4.9 0 0 0
113 66 0 5 0 0
114 66 2 0 0 0
115 58.764 0 2.05 0 0
116 58.764 0.82 0 0 0
117 55.2 0 0 0 0
Table 135: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
202 50.88 0 0 0 0
203 50.88 0 8 0 0
204 50.88 3.2 0 0 0
205 50.88 0 4 0 0
206 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
207 33.12 0 8 0 0
208 33.12 3.2 0 0 0
209 38.16 0 4 0 0

Plant Foundations
210 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
211 33.12 0 3.6 0 0
212 33.12 7 0 0 0
213 39.60 0 8 0 0
214 39.60 3.2 0 0 0
215 56.64 0 4 0 0
216 56.64 1.6 0 0 0
217 33.12 0 0 0 0
Table 136: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
202 76.32 0 0 0 0
203 76.32 0 8 0 0
204 76.32 3.2 0 0 0
205 76.32 0 6 0 0
206 76.32 4.5 0 0 0
207 49.68 0 8 0 0
208 49.68 3.2 0 0 0
209 57.24 0 6 0 0
210 57.24 4.5 0 0 0
211 49.68 0 5.4 0 0
212 49.68 3 0 0 0
213 59.4 0 8 0 0
214 59.4 3.2 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
215 84.96 0 4 0 0
216 84.96 1.6 0 0 0
217 49.68 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.

In this example, we demonstrate the calculation of the forces and moments for service and strength conditions at
the two support locations for a stacked exchanger on a combined footing on soil. The procedure for calculating
the earthquake loads is described in detail.
Vessel Loads
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip

Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bolt data
Anchor bolt dia., Db = 1 in

BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 6.5ft/2 = 3.75 ft

Plant Foundations
Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft

CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 40 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 60 kip
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft = 12.416 ft
fa = 1.0, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip

Plant Foundations
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)

μ = 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip
PIP Load combinations

Table 137: Service level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
109 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
110 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
111 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
112 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
115 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
116 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0

Plant Foundations
Comb. ng s Trans n
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 138: Strength level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
201 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
202 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
203 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
204 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
207 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
208 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
215 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
216 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
217 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 139: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
101 60 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
102 60 0 0 0 0
103 60 0 5 10 0
104 59.33 2 0 0 0
105 60 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
106 54.82 -7.772 0 0 0
107 40 0 5 10 0
108 39.33 2 0 0 0
109 54 0 -3.109 -21.762 0
110 50.37 -5.44 0 0 0
111 36 0 -2.073 -14.508 0
112 33.58 -3.627 0 0 0
113 44 0 2.5 5 0
114 43.67 1 0 0 0
115 53.12 0 1.025 2.05 0
116 52.98 0.41 0 0 0
117 40 0 0 0 0
Table 140: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
101 90 0 0 0 0
102 90 0 0 0 0
103 90 0 5 10 0
104 90.67 2 0 0 0
105 90 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
106 95.18 -3.331 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
107 60 0 5 10 0
108 60.66 2 0 0 0
109 81 0 -4.663 -32.643 0
110 84.63 -2.332 0 0 0
111 54 0 -3.109 -21.762 0
112 56.418 -1.554 0 0 0
113 66 0 2.5 5 0
114 66.33 1 0 0 0
115 79.68 0 1.025 2.05 0
116 79.82 0.41 0 0 0
117 60 0 0 0 0
Table 141: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
201 84 0 0 0 0
202 72 0 0 0 0
203 72 0 8 16 0
204 70.93 3.2 0 0 0
205 72 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
206 66.82 -7.772 0 0 0
207 36 0 8 16 0
208 34.93 3.2 0 0 0
209 54 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
210 48.82 -7.772 0 0 0
211 36 0 -2.961 -20.725 0

Plant Foundations
212 32.55 -5.181 0 0 0
213 39.6 0 4 8 0
214 39.067 1.6 0 0 0
215 76.8 0 2 4 0
216 76.53 0.8 0 0 0
217 36 0 0 0 0
Table 142: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
201 126 0 0 0 0
202 108 0 0 0 0
203 108 0 8 16 0
204 109.067 3.2 0 0 0
205 108 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
206 113.18 -3.331 0 0 0
207 54 0 8 16 0
208 55.067 3.2 0 0 0
209 81 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
210 86.18 -3.331 0 0 0
211 54 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
212 57.45 -2.221 0 0 0
213 59.4 0 4 8 0
214 59.93 1.6 0 0 0
215 115.2 0 2 4 0
216 115.47 0.8 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
217 54 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 391.444 kN

Empty Load = 284.686 kN
Test Load = 391.444 kN
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 84 kN
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 284.686 kN
Longitudinal Miscellaneous Moment = 20.55 kN·m
Miscellaneous Axial Load = 20.55 kN
Upper Exchanger Diameter (UD) = 1.0668 m

Lower Exchanger Diameter (LD) = 1.0668 m
Height from Pier top to Upper Exchanger (H) = 2.51 m
Soil Depth (SD) = 0.762 m
Height of Pier top from Top of Footing (B) = 1.9812 m
Spacing of Exchangers (S) = 1.68 m
Pier To Pier Distance = 3.35 m


Plant Foundations
PIP Load Combinations

Table 143: Service level load combinations
Load Comb. Empty Operating Test Miscellaneo Bundle Pull Live Erection
us
5033 1 0 0 0.6 1 0 0
Calculated Applied Loads At Top of Pier

According to PIP STE03360 4.2.1.3, moment caused by vertical load should be distributed to slide and fixed end
per user input. And per 4.3.5, the moment caused by horizontal loads should be divided equally between piers
unless otherwise required. Longitudinal Miscellaneous Moment should be the moments per eccentric load, some
miscellaneous pipe for example, which is vertical load. So, longitudinal miscellaneous moment should be
distributed per user input percentage.
Per PIP STC01015, 4.1.8.3, The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall equal the friction
force or half the total bundle pull load, whichever is less. The remainder of the bundle pull load shall be resisted
at the anchor end support.
For the moment due to bundle pull, the moment is equal to bundle pull load X the distance from center of top
vessel to top of pedestal. The moment applied to a couple vertical load to slide and fixed end. Tension to slide
end and compression to fixed end.
Axial Load (Channel End) = 0.6 × (284.686 + 20.55 × 0.6) - 84 × 2.51 / 3.35 = 178.21 -
62.937 = 115.273 kN
Axial Load (Shell End) = 0.4 × (284.686 + 20.55 × 0.6) + 84 × 2.51 / 3.35 = 118.806 +
62.937 = 181.743 kN
Moment About Transverse direction (Channel End) = 0.6 × 20.55 × 0.6 = 7.398 kN
Moment About Transverse direction (Shell End) = 0.4 × 20.55 × 0.6 = 4.932 kN
If Slide Plate Coefficient of Friction = 0.4
Bundle Pull Force / 2 = 42 kN < 0.4 × Axial Load on Channel End = 46.109 kN (Dead)
Shear along Longitudinal direction (Channel End) = Bundle Pull Force / 2 = 42 kN
Shear along Longitudinal direction (Shell End) = Bundle Pull Force / 2 = 42 kN
If Slide Plate Coefficient of Friction = 0.2
Bundle Pull Force / 2 = 42 kN > 0.2 × Axial Load on Channel End (Dead) = 178.21 × 0.2
= 35.642 kN
Shear along Longitudinal direction (Channel End) = 35.642 kN
Shear along Longitudinal direction (Shell End) = 84 - 35.642 = 48.642 kN
Slide Plate Coefficient of Friction = 0.4
Table 144: Service level loads applied at the top of the Shell / fixed pier

Plant Foundations
Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation 1
Load Comb. Axial Load (kN) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kN) (kN) Moment (kN·m) Moment (kN·m)
50333 181.806 42 0 4.932 0
Table 145: Service level loads applied at the top of the Channel / sliding pier
5033 115.273 42 0 7.398 0
Table 146: Service level loads applied at the top of the Shell / fixed pier
5033 181.806 48.358 0 4.932 0
Table 147: Service level loads applied at the top of the Channel / sliding pier
5033 115.273 35.642 0 7.398 0
Comparison
Difference between Hand Calculation results and the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis are about
0.05%.
9.21 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation 1

Reference

Plant Foundations
Input Parameters
Vessel Geometry
Height from Pier top to Upper Exchanger Central Line, H = 10 ft

Length of Exchanger, L = 30 ft
Soil Depth, SD = 5 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, B = 9 ft
Length, CL = 36 in, Width, Cw = 64 in
Pile Cap Geometry

Pile Cap Width, PCW = 8.833 ft
Pile Cap Clear Cover = 3 in
Pile Cap Thickness, t = 1.67 ft

Plant Foundations
Figure 165: Vessel and foundation elevation

Plant Foundations
Figure 166: Foundation elevation and plan
Design Parameters
Pile
Dia of pile= 12 in
Horizontal capacity = 40kip
Pile embedment inside pile cap = 3 in

Plant Foundations
Soil Density, γs = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Pile No. X Coordinate (in) Y Coordinate (in)
1 -90 -35
2 0 -35
3 90 -35
4 -90 35
5 0 35
6 90 35
Load distribution in Channel End: 60%

Load distribution in Shell End: 40%
Wind Load
N/A
Seismic Load
N/A

Plant Foundations
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
s
201 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4
Table 152: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ft·kips)
(ft·kips)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
Table 153: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Table 154: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End
(ft·kips)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
Table 155: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
Pile Cap Design

Footing Weights

Plant Foundations
Weight of column = 2CL × Cw × 9 ft × γc = 2 × 3 ft × 5.33 ft × 9 ft × (0.15 kcf)] = 43.2 kip

Weight of pile cap = Pcl x Pcw x t x γc = 21 ft x 8.833 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 47.111 kip
Weight of soil = (Pcl x Pcw - 2CL × Cw) x Soil height = (21 ft x 8.833 ft – 2 x 3 ft x 5.33 ft) x 5 ft x (0.11 kcf)]
= 86.044 kip
Total Self Weight = 43.2 kip + 47.111 kip + 86.044 kip = 176.356 kip
Check Pile Capacity
Control Load Combination Case: 101
Axial Load: 106 kip, Mx = 0, Mz=(0.6-0.4) x 106 x 7.5 = 159 kip-ft
∑Iz = 4 x 7.52 = 225 ft2
Maximum pile reaction = (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= (176.356 + 106)/6 + (159 x 7.5) / 225 = 52.359 kip <60 kip
Hence, OK
Factored Design
Calculate Pile Reaction
Axial Load: 1.4 x 106 kip = 148.4kip, Mx = 0, Mz = (0.6-0.4) x 1.4 x106 x 7.5 = 222.6 kip-ft
Pile reaction for 1, 4 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (176.356 + 106)/6 + (222.6 x 7.5) / 225 = 73.303 kip
Pile reaction for 3, 6 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 - (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (176.356 + 106)/6 - (222.6 x 7.5) / 225 = 58.463 kip
Pile reaction for 2, 5 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 = 1.4 x (176.356 + 106)/6 = 65.883 kip

Plant Foundations
Check One-way Shear
Figure 167: One-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.5 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.5 x 1.27 in = 12.095 in
Along Length (Section Parallel to Z)
For shear wrt X1-X1
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × t × γ c
= 1.4 × 21.333 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.541 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ s
= 1.4 × 21.333 ft × 0.742ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 12.19 kip
So Total V X1-X1 = 5.541 + 12.19 = 17.731 kip
For shear wrt X2-X2
= 1.4 × 21.333 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.541 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ c
= 1.4 × 21.333 ft × 0.742 ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 12.19 kip

Plant Foundations
So Total V X2-X2 = 5.541 + 12.19 = 17.731 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f ′
c ( )(
× Pcl × deff = 2 3, 000 21.333 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 339.185 kips
0.75·Vc1 = 254.389 kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Width (Section Parallel to X), for Left Column (Channel End)
For shear wrt Z1-Z1
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcw × (1.667 ft - 12.095 in) x t x γ c
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.659 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 2.038 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Pcw x (1.667 ft - 12.095 in)x Soil height x γ s
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.659 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 4.483 kip
So Total V Z1-Z1 = 2.038 + 4.483 = 6.521 kip
For shear wrt Z2-Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 4 = 73.303 kip x 2 = 146.606 kip
Contribution from axial load = 0.6 x Do x1.4 = 89.04 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x (4.667 ft + 12.095 in) x t x γc
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x [Pcl x (4.667 ft +12.095 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
= 1.4 x (8.833 ft x 5.508 ft - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 26.279 kip
So Total V Z2-Z2 = 89.04 + 17.545 + 26.279 + 1.4 x column weight - 146.606 = 16.498 kip
Maximum design shear is at (21.333 x 12 /2 - 6) in = 122 in from left edge of pile cap.
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x 122 in x t x γc
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x (Pcl x 122 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
So Total Vmax = 89.04 + 31.432 + 56.766 +1.4 x column weight - 146.606 = 60.872 kip
c ( )(
× Pcw × deff = 2 3, 000 8.833 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 140.444 kips
Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-05/11 Eqn. 11-3, Vc1 = 140.444 kip
0.75·Vc1 = 105.333 Kip
Vmax < ϕVc1, Hence Safe

Plant Foundations
Figure 168: Two-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth for punching, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.0 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.0 x 1.27 in = 12.73 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 deff = 0.5 x 12.73 = 6.365 in from the column face. For left
column (Channel End),
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 2 x ((3 + 6.365) / Pile Dia.) x pile reaction
= 146.606 x (9.356 / 12) = 114.414 kip
Average punching area = (Cl + deff/2) x (Cw + deff/2) = 20.701 ft^2
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x punching area / ( Pcl x Pcw) x pile cap weight
= 1.4 x 20.701 ft^2 / (8.833 ft x 21.333ft) x 47.111 kip = 7.246 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x ( punching area - Cl x Cw x Soil height x γs
= 1.4 x (20.701 ft^2 - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.620 kip
So total punching shear Vm = 89.04+7.246+3.62+ 1.4 x column weight-114.414 = 15.732 kip
B0 = 2 x (36 +64 + 2 x 12.73) = 20. 91 ft
ß = Cw / Cl = 64/36 =1.778
(
v1 = 2 +
4
β
) f ′
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(a) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(a) )

Plant Foundations
= 2+( 4
1 ) 3, 000(20.91)(12.73)( ) = 743.555 kip 103
12
v2 = 40 ( deff
Bo
+2) f ′
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(b) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(b) )
= ( 40 × 12.73
20.91(12) )
+ 2 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 704.948 kip
12
103
v3 = 4 f ′ (ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(c) or ACI 318-11 Clause 11.11.2.1(c) )

c Bo deff
= 4 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 699.817 kip

12
103
Vc = min (V1, V2, V3) = 699.817 kip

So, 0.75· Vc = 524.863 kip
Vm< 0.75· Vc, Hence safe

Moment Calculation
(Critical sections are at face of column and middle span along length direction between two columns)
m = fy / (0.85 x f'c) = 60 / (0.85 x 3) = 23.53
f'c = 0.85 (as f'c = 3ksi) (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85x ß1x f'c x 87/fy x (87 + fy) = 0.02138 (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause
10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75 x ρbal= 0.01604 (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 7.12.2)
Calculation of Moment About Z Axis (Width)
For moment at left face of left column
Contribution from pile = 0 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load = 0 kip-ft
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 1.667 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 1.667 ft /2
= 1.4 x 1.667ft / 21.333ft x 47.111 kip x 0.833ft = 4.296 kip - ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.667 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.833 ft
= 1.4 x 1.667 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x 0.833ft = 9.45 kip - ft
So Total Mz L-L = 4.296 + 9.45 = 13.746 kip·ft (Top)
For moment at right face of left column
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 146.606 x 1.667 = 244.392 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (89.04 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 1.667 ft
= 198.84 kip-ft

Plant Foundations
= 1.4 x 4.667 ft / 21.333ft x 47.111 kip x 2.333 = 33.663 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x γ s x [1.667 x Pcw x (0.833+3)+ 3 x (Pcw - Cw)x1.667)] ft3
= 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.667 x 8.833 x 3.833 + 3 x (8.833 - 5.333) x 1.667] = 56.938
kip·ft
So Total Mz L-R = 198.84 - 244.392 + 33.663 + 56.938 = 45.049 kip·ft (Top)
For moment in 126 in from left edge of pile cap
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 146.606 x (10.667 - 3.133) +65.833 × 0.25 = 1,116 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (89.04 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 7.5 ft = 894.6 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 10.667 ft / 21.333 ft x 47.111 kip x 5.333 = 175.876 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x γs x [1.667 x Pcw x (0.833+9) + Cl x (Pcw - Cw)x7.5 + 6 x Cw x
3)] ft3 = 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.667 x 8.833 x 9.833 + 3 (8.833 - 5.333) x 7.5+ 6 x 8.333 x 3 ] = 294.558
kip·ft
So Total Mzmax = 894.6- 1,116 + 175.876 + 294.558 = 249.019 kip·ft
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 276.687 ft·kip (Top)
Rn = Mzmax / PCW x deff2 = 0.208 ksi
ρ = 1/m x (1-√ (1-2 x m x Rn/fy)) = 0.0037
Calculation of Moment About X Axis (Length)
For moment at left face of columns
Contribution from pile1, 2, 3 = (73.303 + 58.463 + 65.883) x 0.752/2 = 55.589 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 1.75ft / 21.333 ft x 47.111 kip x 0.875ft = 11.433 kip - ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.5 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.75ft
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf × 0.75ft = 25.153 kip·ft
So Total Mx L = 11.433 + 25.153 - 55.589 = -19.003 kip·ft (Bottom)
Mx R= Mx L
So Total Mxmax = -19.003 kip - ft (Bottom)
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mux/ϕ = -21.113 kip·ft (Bottom)
Rn = Mxmax / Cl × deff2 = 0.0166 Ksi
ρ = 1/m × (1-√ (1-2 × m × Rn/fy)) = 0.00028

Plant Foundations
Moment Calculation
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0037, Ast reqd = 0.0037 × 106 × 12.095 = 4.77 in2
ρmin = 0.0018, Ast min = 0.0018 × 106 × 12.095 = 2.31 in2
#7 bar, As = 0.6in2, Number of rebar = 4.77 / 0.6 = 7.95
Space = (106 - 2 × 2) / (7.95 -1) = 14.66 in
Provide #7 bars @12 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.6 × [(106 -4)/12 + 1] = 5.7 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.00028 < ρmin = 0.0018
Hence, Ast reqd = Ast min = 0.0018 × 256 × 12.095 =5.57 in 2
#4 bar, As = 0.196in2, Number of rebar = 5.57 / 0.196 = 29
Space = (256 - 2 × 2) / (29 -1) = 9.0 in
Provide #4 bars @ 5 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.196 × [(256 -4)/5 + 1] = 10 in2
Comparison
Table 156: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 1 comparison
Value of… Direction Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
(General)
Factored Pile Reaction (kip) 73.303 73.303 None
Governing Moment (Along Length) 276.687 276.673 Negligible

(kip-ft)
(Along width) -21.113 -21.113 None
Shear Force, One- (Along Length) 17.452 17.731 Negligible

Way (kip)
(Along width) 60.872 60.858 Negligible
Shear Force, Two-Way (kip) 15.732 15.732 None
Reinforcement (in Along X Direction 5.7 5.7 None

2 ) Required
Along Z Direction 10 10 None
Reinforcement Along X Direction #7 bars @ 12 in #7 bars @ 12 in None

Provided spacing spacing

Plant Foundations
Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation Eccentricity 1

Advanced Result
(General)
Along Z Direction #4 bars @ 5 in #4 bars @ 5 in None

spacing spacing
9.22 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation Eccentricity 1

Reference
Input Parameters
Vessel Geometry
Height from Pier top to Upper Exchanger Central Line, H = 10 ft

Length of Exchanger, L = 30 ft
Soil Depth, SD = 5 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, B = 9 ft
Length, CL = 36 in, Width, Cw = 64 in
Pile Cap Geometry

Pile Cap Width, PCW = 8.833 ft
Pile Cap Clear Cover = 3 in
Pile Cap Thickness, t = 1.67 ft

Plant Foundations
Figure 169: Vessel and foundation elevation

Plant Foundations
Figure 170: Foundation elevation and plan
Design Parameters
Pile
Dia of pile= 12 in
Horizontal capacity = 40kip
Pile embedment inside pile cap = 3 in
Soil Density, γs = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement

Plant Foundations
fy = 60 ksi
Pile No. X Coordinate (in) Y Coordinate (in)
1 -90 -35
2 0 -35
3 90 -35
4 -90 35
5 0 35
6 90 35
Load distribution in Channel End: 60%

Load distribution in Shell End: 40%
Wind Load
N/A
Seismic Load
N/A
s
101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Plant Foundations
s
201 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4
Table 161: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End
(ft·kips)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
Table 162: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Table 163: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End
(ft·kips)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
Table 164: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
Pile Cap Design

Footing Weights
Weight of column = 2CL × Cw × 9 ft × γc = 2 × 3 ft × 5.33 ft × 9 ft × (0.15 kcf)] = 43.2 kip
Weight of pile cap = Pcl x Pcw x t x γc = 22.0 ft x 8.833 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 48.583 kip
Weight of soil = (Pcl x Pcw - 2CL × Cw) x Soil height = (22.0 ft x 8.833 ft – 2 x 3 ft x 5.33 ft) x 5 ft x (0.11
kcf)] = 89.283 kip
Total Self Weight = 43.2 kip + 48.583 kip + 89.283 kip = 181.067 kip
Check Pile Capacity

Plant Foundations

Axial Load: 106 kip, Mx = 0, Mz=(0.6 × 8ft - 0.4 × 7ft) x 106 + (43.2/2) 1 ft = 233.6 kip-ft
∑Iz = 4 x 7.52 = 225 ft2
Maximum pile reaction = (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= (181.067 + 106)/6 + (233.6 x 7.5) / 225 = 55.631 kip <60 kip
Hence, OK
Factored Design
Calculate Pile Reaction
Axial Load: 1.4 x 106 kip = 148.4kip, Mx = 0, Mz = (0.6-0.4) x 1.4 x 106 x 7.5 + (43.2/2) × 1.4 × 1 ft =
327.07 kip-ft
Pile reaction for 1, 4 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (181.067 + 106)/6 + (327.04 x 7.5) / 225 = 77.884 kip
Pile reaction for 3, 6 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 - (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (176.356 + 106)/6 - (327.04 x 7.5) / 225 = 56.081 kip
Pile reaction for 2, 5 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 = 1.4 x (181.067 + 106)/6 = 66.982 kip
Check One-way Shear
Figure 171: One-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.5 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.5 x 1.27 in = 12.095 in
Along Length (Section Parallel to Z)

Plant Foundations
For shear wrt X1-X1

= 1.4 × 22.0 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.714 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ s
= 1.4 × 22.0 ft × 0.742ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 12.571 kip
So Total V X1-X1 = 5.714 + 12.571 = 18.285 kip
For shear wrt X2-X2
= 1.4 × 22.0 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.714 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ c
= 1.4 × 22.0 ft × 0.742 ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 12.571 kip
So Total V X2-X2 = 5.714 + 12.571 = 18.285 kip
c ( )(
× Pcl × deff = 2 3, 000 22 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 349.784 kips
0.75·Vc1 = 262.338 kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Width (Section Parallel to X), for right column (Shell End)
For shear wrt Z1-Z1
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcw × (2.5 ft - 12.095 in) x t x γ c
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Pcw x (2.5 ft - 12.095 in)x Soil height x γ s
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 1.492 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 10.149 kip
So Total V Z1-Z1 = 4.613 + 10.149 = 14.762 kip
For shear wrt Z2-Z2
Contribution from axial load = 0.4 x Do x 1.4 = 59.36 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x (5.5 ft + 12.095 in) x t x γc
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x [Pcl x (5.5 ft +12.095 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
So Total V Z2-Z2 = 59.36 + 20.16+ 35.469 + 1.4 x column weight - 112.162 = 33.067 kip
Maximum design shear is at (22.0 x 12 /2 - 6) in = 126 in from left edge of pile cap.

Plant Foundations

Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x 126 in x t x γc
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x (Pcl x 126 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
So Total Vmax = 59.36 + 32.462 + 59.097 +1.4 x column weight - 112.162 = 68.998 kip
c ( )(
× Pcw × deff = 2 3, 000 8.833 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 140.444 kips
Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-05/11 Eqn. 11-3, Vc1 = 140.444 kip
0.75·Vc1 = 105.333 Kip
Vmax < ϕVc1, Hence Safe
Figure 172: Two-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth for punching, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.0 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.0 x 1.27 in = 12.73 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 deff = 0.5 x 12.73 = 6.365 in from the column face. For right
column (Shell End),
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 2 x ((3 + 6.365) / Pile Dia.) x pile reaction
= 112.162 x (9.356 / 12) = 87.533 kip
Average punching area = (Cl + deff/2) x (Cw + deff/2) = 20.701 ft2

Plant Foundations
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x punching area / ( Pcl x Pcw) x pile cap weight
= 1.4 x 20.701 ft2 / (8.833 ft x 22.0 ft) x 48.583 kip = 7.246 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x ( punching area - Cl x Cw x Soil height x γs
= 1.4 x (20.701 ft^2 - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.620 kip
So total punching shear Vm = 59.36 + 7.246 + 3.62 + 1.4 x column weight - 87.533 = 12.933 kip
B0 = 2 x (36 +64 + 2 x 12.73) = 20. 91 ft
ß = Cw / Cl = 64/36 =1.778
v1 = 2 + ( 4
β
) f ′
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(a) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(a) )
= 2+( 4
1 ) 3, 000(20.91)(12.73)( ) = 743.555 kip 103
12
v2 = 40 ( deff
Bo
+2 ) f ′
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(b) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(b) )
= ( 40 × 12.73
20.91(12) )
+ 2 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 704.948 kip
12
103
v3 = 4 f ′ (ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(c) or ACI 318-08/11 Clause 11.11.2.1(c) )

c Bo deff
= 4 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 699.817 kip

12
103
Vc = min (V1, V2, V3) = 699.817 kip

So, 0.75· Vc = 524.863 kip
Vm< 0.75· Vc, Hence safe

Moment Calculation
(Critical sections are at face of column and middle span along length direction between two columns)
m = fy / (0.85 x f'c) = 60 / (0.85 x 3) = 23.53
f'c = 0.85 (as f'c = 3ksi) (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85x ß1x f'c x 87/fy x (87 + fy) = 0.02138 (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause
10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75 x ρbal= 0.01604 (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) (ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 Clause 7.12.2)
Calculation of Moment About Z Axis (Width)
For moment at left face of left column
Contribution from pile = 0 kip-ft

Plant Foundations
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft / 22.0 ft x 48.583 kip x 0.75 ft = 3.478 kip·ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.5 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.75 ft
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x 0.75 ft = 7.652 kip·ft
So Total Mz L-L = 3.478 + 7.652 = 11.13 kip·ft (Top)
For moment at 132 in right edge of pile cap
Contribution from pile 3, 6 = 112.162 x 7.5 + 66.982 × 0.25 = 875.959 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (59.36 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 7 ft
= 627.2 kip-ft
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 11 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 11 ft /2
= 1.4 x 11 ft / 22.0 ft x 48.583 kip x 5.333 = 187.046 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x γ s x [2.5 x Pcw x (0.75 + 9)+ 3 x (Pcw - Cw) × 2.75)] ft3
= 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 2.5 x 8.833 x 9.75 + 3 x (8.833 - 5.333) x 7 + 5.5 × 8.833 × 2.75]
= 325.261 kip·ft
So Total Mzmax = 875.959 - 627.2 + 187.046 + 325.261 = 281.548 kip·ft
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 312.873 ft·kip (Top)
Rn = Mzmax / PCW x deff2 = 0.242 ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.19 < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m x (1-√ (1-2 x m x Rn/fy)) = 0.0043
Calculation of Moment About X Axis (Length)
For moment at left face of columns
Contribution from pile1, 2, 3 = (77.884 + 56.081 + 62.982) x 0.752/2 = 56.516 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 1.75ft / 22.0 ft x 47.111 kip x 0.875ft = 11.791 kip·ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.75 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.75ft
= 1.4 x 1.75 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf × 0.75ft = 18.528 kip·ft
So Total Mx L = 11.791 + 18.528 - 56.516 = -18.787 kip·ft (Bottom)
Mx R= Mx L
So Total Mxmax = -18.787 kip·ft (Bottom)
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mux/ϕ = -20.874 kip·ft (Bottom)
Rn = Mxmax / Cl × deff2 = 0.0162 Ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.013 < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m × (1-√ (1-2 × m × Rn/fy)) = 0.00028

Plant Foundations
Moment Calculation
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0043, Ast reqd = 0.0043 × 106 × 12.095 = 5.51 in2
ρmin = 0.0018, Ast min = 0.0018 × 106 × 12.095 = 2.31 in2
#7 bar, As = 0.6in2, Number of rebar = 5.51 / 0.6 = 9.18
Space = (106 - 2 × 2) / (9.18 -1) = 12.47 in
Provide #7 bars @11 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.6 × [(106 -4)/11 + 1] = 6.16 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.00028 < ρmin = 0.0018
Hence, Ast reqd = Ast min = 0.0018 × 256 × 12.095 =5.57 in 2
#4 bar, As = 0.196in2, Number of rebar = 5.57 / 0.196 = 29
Space = (256 - 2 × 2) / (29 -1) = 9.0 in
Provide #4 bars @ 5 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.196 × [(256 -4)/5 + 1] = 10 in2
Comparison
Table 165: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 2 comparison

Advanced Result
(General)
Factored Pile Reaction (kip) 77.884 77.884 None
Governing Moment (Along Length) 312.831 312.831 None

(kip-ft)
(Along width) -20.874 -20.874 None
Shear Force, One- (Along Length) 18.285 18.285 None

Way (kip)
(Along width) 68.998 68.92 Negligible
Shear Force, Two-Way (kip) 12.933 12.933 None
Reinforcement (in Along X Direction 6.16 6.16 None

2 ) Required
Along Z Direction 10.0 10.0 None
Reinforcement Along X Direction #7 bars @ 11 in #7 bars @ 11 in None

Provided spacing spacing

Plant Foundations
Tank Foundation Design 1

Advanced Result
(General)
Along Z Direction #4 bars @ 5 in #4 bars @ 5 in None

spacing spacing
9.23 Tank Foundation Design 1

Reference
1. API Standard 650, 11th edition, Welded Tank for Oil Storage.
2. PIP STE 03020, Guidelines for Tank Foundation Design.
3. ASCE 05
4. ACI 318-11
Input Parameters
Ringwall Geometry
Ringwall Height, Fh = 3.5 ft
Ringwall Width, Fw = 2.5 ft
Eccentricity from tank diameter to footing centerline, e = 0.25 ft
Bottom of Footing Elevation (B.O.F.) = 100 ft
Number of Anchor Bolts: 15
Figure 173: Tank foundation elevation
Tank Properties

Plant Foundations
Internal Tank Diameter, Di = 50 ft

Height of Tank Shell, Hs = 36 ft
Average Thickness of Tank, Tavg = 0.375 in
Thickness of Tank Bottom, Tbot = 0.375 in
Thickness of Tank Roof, Trf = 0.375 in
Insulation Thickness, Tins = 0.0 in
Figure 174: Tank elevation
Soil Properties
Allowable Soil Pressure, SBC = 2.5 kip / ft2
Soil Density, γsoil = 120 lb / ft3
Coefficient of friction, μ = 0.4
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, k = 0.5
Soil Bearing Multiplication Factor for Wind and Seismic Load Case, SBF = 1.333
Overturning Safety Ratio, OTR = 1.5
Sliding Safety Ratio, STR = 2.0
Material Properties
Concrete Density, γc = 150 lb / ft3
Concrete Compressive Strength, fc = 4 ksi
Yield Strength of Rebar, fy = 60 ksi
Concrete Cover, cc = 3 in
Tank Unit Weight = 490 lb / ft3

Plant Foundations
Design Parameters
Misc. Weight for Attachments: 5%
Weight of Tank Shell, Ws = 1.05 × π × [((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 - (Di/2)2] × Hs × 0.49 = 90.976 kip
Weight of Tank Roof, Wr = 1.05 × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 × Trf × 0.49 = 31.648 kip
Weight of Tank Floor, Wf = Tbot × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 × 0.49 = 30.141 kip
External Dead Pressure = 0.005 ksf
External Dead Load, Wdead = 0.005 × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 = 9.842 kip
Roof Snow Pressure = 0.02 ksf
Roof Snow Load, Wsnow = 0.02 × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 = 39.368 kip
Total Live Load, Wlive = 0
Tank Empty Weight, Wempty = Ws + Wr + Wf = 152.766 kip
Operating Fluid Weight, Wt_oper = 4,166 kip
Operating Liquid Height, Hl = 34 ft
Test Fluid Weight, Wt_test = 4,166 kip
Test Liquid Height, Hl = 34 ft
Internal Operating Pressure, poper = 1 psi
Internal Test Pressure, ptest = 1 psi
Wind Load
Wind Load does not govern in this case.
Seismic Load
Seismic Use Group, SUG = II
Importance Factor, Ieq = 1.25 (Ref. 1, Table E-5)
Long Period, TL = 8 s
Site Class D
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.157
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0. 059
Factor to adjust 5% damping to 1/2% damping, K = 1.5
Impulsive Response Modification Factor, Rwi = 3.5 (Ref. 1, Table E-4)
Convective Response Modification Factor, Rwc = 2 (Ref. 1, Table E-4)
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.6 (Ref. 1, Table E-1)
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 2.4 (Ref. 1, Table E-2)
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, SDS = 0.167 (Ref. 3, 11.4-1, 11.4-3)
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.094 (Ref. 3, 11.4-2, 11.4-4)

Plant Foundations
T0 = 0.2 (SD1 / SDS) = 0.113s (Ref. 3, 11.4-7)

Ts = SD1 / SDS = 0.564s (Ref. 3, 11.4-7)
Ratio of Diameter to Liquid Height, DH = (Di + 2Tavg) / Operating Liquid Height = 1.472
Ks = 0.578 / (tanh(3.68 × Hs / Di)0.5 = 0.581 (Ref. 1, E.4.5.2-c)
Convective Period, Tc = Ks × (Di)0.5 = 4.11 (Ref. 1, E.4.5.2-b)
Impulsive Spectral Acceleration Parameter, Ai = SDS × (Ieq / Rwi) = 0.06 (Ref. 1, E.4.6.1-1)
Convective Spectral Acceleration Parameter, Ac = K × SD1 × (Ieq / Rwc) / Tc = 0.022 (Ref. 1, E.4.6.1-1)
Seismic Load Calculation

per Refer. 1, E.6.1.1 to E.6.1.3
Impulsive weight per Ref. 1, E.6.1.1,
Since DH = 1.472 > 1.333, use Equation E.6.1.1-1
Wi = (tanh × (0.866 × DH) / (0.866 × DH)) × Wp
In operating condition, Fluid Weight, Wt_oper = 4166 kip
Wp = Wt_oper = 4,166 kip
Wi = (tanh × (0.866 × 1.472) / (0.866 × 1.472)) × 4166 = 2794.477 kip
use Equation E.6.1.1-3, Wc = 0.230 × DH × tanh × (3.67 / DH) × Wp
= 0.230 × 1.472 × tanh × (3.67 / 1.472) × 4,166 = 1,391.305 kip
Per Equation E.6.1-2, Vi = Ai × ( Ws + Wr + Wf + Wi)
= 0.06 × (90.98+31.65+30.14+2794.477) = 176.273 kip
Per Equation E.6.1-3, Vc = Ac × Wc = 0.022 × 1,391.305 = 29.977 kip
Per Equation E.6.1-1, V = (Vi2 + Vc2)0.5 = 178.804 kip
Since DH = 1.472 > 1.333, use Equation E.6.1.2.1-1,
Xi = 0.375 × Hl = 0.375 × 34 × 12 = 153 in
use Equation E.6.1.2.1-3, Xc = {1-([cosh(3.67/ DH) -1]/[(3.67/ DH)× sinh(3.67/ DH)])} × Hl
= { 1-([cosh(3.67/1.472) -1]/[(3.67/1.472) × sinh(3.67/1.472)])} × 34 × 12 = 269.339 in
Ringwall Moment Vertical, Mrw, vertical = Ai × (Wi × Xi + Ws × Hs/2+ Wr × Hs) = 27564.88 kip-in
Ringwall Moment Horizontal, Mrw, horizontal = Vc × Xc = 8073.887 kip-in
Ringwall Moment, Mrw = (Mrw, vertical2+ Mrw, horizontal2)0.5 = 28722.994 kip-in
Since DH = 1.472 > 1.333, Slab Moment Impulsive Fluid Height per Equation E.6.2.2-1
Xis = 0.375 × [1+1.333 × (0.866 × DH/tanh(0.866 × DH) -1] × Hl
= 0.375 × [1+1.333 × (0.866 × 1.472/tanh(0.866 × 1.472) -1] × 34 × 12 = 253.098 in
Slab Moment Convective Fluid Height per Equation E.6.1.2.2-3
Xcs = [1-(cosh(3.67 / DH) -1.937)/((3.67 / DH) × sinh(3.67 / DH))] × Hl

Plant Foundations
= [1-(cosh(3.67 / 1.472)-1.937)/((3.67 / 1.472) × sinh(3.67 / 1.472))] × 34 × 12 = 294.858 in

Slab Moment Vertical, Ms, vertical = Ai × (Wi × Xis + Ws × Hs/2+ Wr × Hs) = 42301.83 kip-in
Slab Moment Horizontal, Ms, horizontal = Vc × Xcs = 8838.859 kip-in
Slab Moment, Ms = (Ms, vertical2+ Ms, horizontal2)0.5 = 45168.12 kip-in
Table 166: Seismic Load Calculation
Operating Condition Test Condition Unit
Impulsive Product Seismic Weight (W i ) 2794.477 2794.477 kip
Convective Product Seismic Weight (W c ) 1391.305 1391.305 kip
Impulsive Component Base Shear (V i ) 176.273 176.273 kip
Convective Component Base Shear (V c ) 29.977 29.977 kip
Total Design Base Shear (V) 178.804 178.804 kip
Impulsive Fluid Force Height (X i ) 153 153 in
Convective Fluid Force Height (X c ) 269.339 269.339 in
Ringwall Moment (M rw ) 28722.994 28722.994 kip-in
Table 167: Overturning Effect of Seismic Force
Operating Condition Test Condition Unit
Slab Moment Impulsive Fluid Height (X is ) 253.098 253.098 in
Slab Moment Convective Fluid Height (X 294.858 294.858 in

cs )
Slab Moment (M s ) 45168.120 45168.120 kip-in
Per ref. 1, E 6.1.3

Vertical Seismic Force Coefficient, Av = max(0.14 × SDS, 0.67 × Ai) = 0.04
Axial Force Due to Internal Pressure, Wp_oper = poper × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 = 283.097 kip
Wp_test = ptest × π × ((Di + 2Tavg)/2)2 = 283.097 kip
Internal Pressure Around the Perimeter, wp_oper = Wp_oper /(π × (Di + 2Tavg)) = 0.15 kip/in
wp_test = Wp_test /(π × (Di + 2Tavg)) = 0.15 kip/in

Plant Foundations
Load Combination
Table 168: Allowable Stress Design Factors - Service Level
LC SWF SBF Empty Operati Test Extern Interna Test Snow Live Wind Earthq
ng al l Pressu uake
Pressu Pressu re
re re
101 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 1.00 - - - - -
102 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 - - - - - - -
103 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - - 0.40 - - - 1.00 -
104 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 0.40 - - - 1.00 -
105 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 0.40 - - - - 1.00 -
106 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 0.40 - - - - 1.00 -
107 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 0.40 - - - 1.00 - -
108 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 0.40 - - 1.00 - - -
109 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 1.00 - - - 0.40 - -
110 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 1.00 - - 0.40 - - -
111 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 - - - 0.40 - -
112 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 - - 0.40 - - -
113 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 0.40 - 0.10 - - 1.00
114 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - - - 0.10 - - 1.00
Table 169: Ultimate Stress Design Factors
ng al l Pressu uake
Pressu Pressu re
re re
201 1.00 1.00 1.40 - - - 0.56 - - - - -
202 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.40 - - 0.56 - - - - -
203 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - 0.64 0.48 - 0.50 1.60 - -

Plant Foundations
ng al l Pressu uake
Pressu Pressu re
re re
204 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 - 0.64 0.48 - 0.50 1.60 - -
205 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - - 1.60 1.00 - -
206 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - 1.60 1.00 - -
207 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - - 0.50 1.00 1.60 -
208 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - 0.50 1.00 1.60 -
209 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - - 0.20 1.00 - 1.00
210 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 - - - - 0.20 1.00 - 1.00
211 1.00 1.00 0.90 - - - 0.64 - - - 1.60 -
212 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 - - 0.64 - - - 1.60 -
213 1.00 1.00 0.90 - - - 0.64 - - - - 1.00
214 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 - - 0.64 - - - - 1.00
215 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 0.90 - 0.64 - - - 1.60 -
Applied Loads At Top of Ringwall Calculation:

LC 113: Axial = Wdead + Ws + Wr + Wf + Wt_oper + 0.4 × Wp_oper + 0.1 × Wsnow
= 162.61 + 4166 + 0.4 × 283.097 + 0.1 × 39.368 = 4445.783 kip
Shear = Total Design base shear = 178.8 kip
Moment = Ringwall Moment = 28,722.994 kip - in
Table 170: Applied Loads at Top of Ringwall - Service Level
LC Axial (kip) Shear (kip) Moment (kip-in)
101 -4611.705 0 0
102 -4328.608 0 0
103 -275.8465 0 0
104 -4441.847 0 0
105 -162.6078 0 0

Plant Foundations
106 -4328.608 0 0
107 -4328.608 0 0
108 -4367.976 0 0
109 -162.6078 0 0
110 -178.355 0 0
111 -4328.608 0 0
112 -4344.355 0 0
113 -4445.783 178.804 28722.994
114 -4332.545 178.804 28722.994
Table 171: Applied Loads at Top of Ringwall - Strength Level
201 386.185 0 0
202 6153.54 0 0
203 350.700 0 0
204 5317.378 0 0
205 258.118 0 0
206 5224.797 0 0
207 214.813 0 0
208 5181.492 178.804 28722.994
209 203.003 178.804 28722.994
210 5169.681 0 0
211 327.529 0 0
212 4093.19 178.804 28722.994
213 327.529 178.804 28722.994
214 4093.19 0 0

Plant Foundations
Freeboard Check
Available Freeboard Height, FB = Hs - Hl = 24 in
Af = K × SD1 × Ieq (4 / Tc 2) = 0.042 (Ref. 1, E.7.2-3)
δs = 0.5 × Di × Af = 12.589 in
FR = 0.7 δs= 8.81 in < FB (Ref. 1, E.7.2-3), OK
Tank Stability Check

Governing Load Case No for Tank Stability: 114
Tank shell and roof weight per unit length, wt = (Ws + Wr)/(π × (Di + 2Tavg)) = 0.065 kip/in
Per ref. 1, E.6.2.1.2-1
Anchor resistance, WAB = 1.273Mrw/(Di + 2Tavg)2-wt(1-0.4 × Av) = 0.0373
Per ref. 1, E6.2.1.2-2 Anchor Bolts Tension Force, PAB
PAB = WAB(π × (Di + 2Tavg)/n) = 4.693 kip
Internal Soil Bearing Check (Below Tank Floor)

For dead load case:
Pressure due to internal pressure = 0.001 kip/in2
Pressure due to operating content pressure = 4 × Wt_oper / (π × Di2) = 0.0147 kip/in2
Pressure due to floor = 4 × Wf / (π × Di2) = 0.00011 kip/in2
SBint_dl = 0.001 + 0.0147 + 0.00011 = 0.0158 kip/in2
For Seismic load case:
Bearing capacity can increase by 1/3 due to seismic and wind load combination.
SBint_eq = SBint_dl × (1+0.4 × Av) / 1.33 = 0.0121 kip/in2
Governing Internal Soil Bearing 0.0158 kip/in2 < SBC, OK
Ringwall Soil Bearing Check

Distance from tank shell to inside edge of ringwall, L = Fw/2 - e = 1 ft = 12 in
For dead load case:
Pressure due to internal pressure = 0.001 × L / Fw = 0.0004 kip/in2
Pressure due to operating content pressure = (4 × Wt_oper / (π × Di2)) × (L / Fw) = 0.00589 kip/in2
Pressure due to floor = 4 × Wf / (π × Di2) × (L / Fw) = 0.000044 kip/in2
Pressure due to tank weight = (Ws+Wr+Wdead)/ (π × (Di + 2Tavg) × Fw) = 0.00231 kip/in2
Pressure due to snow = (Wsnow)/ (π × (Di + 2Tavg) × Fw) = 0.000696 kip/in2
Pressure due to ringwall self weight = 0.00365 kip/in2

Plant Foundations
Load Combination#: 108

SBring = 0.0 × 0.0004 + 0.00589 + 0.000044 + 0.00231 + 0.000696 + 0.00365 = 0.0126 kip/in2
Load Combination#: 113
Bearing capacity can increase by 1/3 due to seismic and wind load combination.
Pressure due to Mrw = (1.273Mrw/(Di + 2Tavg)2) / Fw) = 0.00335 kip/in2
SBring_eq = (0.4 × 0.0004 + 0.00589 + 0.000044 + 0.00231 + 0.1 × 0.000696 + 0.00365)
× (1+0.4 × Av) + 0.00335 = 0.0157 kip/in2
0.0157 kip/in2 / 1.333 = 0.0118 kip/in2 < 0.0126 kip/in2
Governing Ringwall Soil Bearing 0.0126 kip/in2 < SBC, OK
Overturning Check
Governor load case: 114, check overturning on top of ring wall.
Overturning moment: 45,168.12 kip-in
Resistant moment = 0.5 × 4,332.55 × (1- 0.4 × Av) × 50 × 12 = 1,278,968.76 kip-in
Overturning Safety Ratio = 1,278,968.76/45,168.12 = 28.31
Sliding Check
Governor load case: 114, check sliding on top of ring wall.
Total shear: 178.803 kip-in
Resistant shear = μ × 4332.55 × (1- 0.4 × Av) = 1,705.29 kip-in
Sliding Safety Ratio = 1,705.29 /178.803 = 9.54
Hoop Steel
Per ref. 2, 5.6.3.3, unfactored hoop tension
Th = (Di/2 + Tavg) × Fh × k × (Wp + γsoil × Fh/2) = 102.08 kip
Required hoop steel, As_Hoop = 1.6 × Th/(0.9 × fy) = 3.025 in2
Twist Steel
Twist moment calculated per ref. 2, 5.6.4.4, figure 5:

Plant Foundations
Governor load case: 210

Twist Moment Lever Arms, x-bar 1 = 3 in
Twist Moment Lever Arms, x-bar 2 = 9 in
Pressure due to internal pressure = 0.001 × L = 0.012 kip/in
Pressure due to operating content pressure = (4 × Wt_oper / (π × Di2)) × L = 0.177 kip/in
Pressure due to floor = 4 × Wf / (π × Di2) × L = 0.00132 kip/in
Pressure due to tank weight = (Ws+Wr+Wdead)/ (π × (Di + 2Tavg)) = 0.0692 kip/in
Pressure due to snow = (Wsnow)/ (π × (Di + 2Tavg)) = 0.00209 kip/in
Pressure due to Mrw = 1.273Mrw/(Di + 2Tavg)2) = 0.0101 kip/in

Plant Foundations
Load Description Load (kips/in) Load Factor x bar (in) MT (kip-in/in)
Tank shell & roof 0.0692 1.0 3 0.208
Snow 0.00209 0.2 3 0.00125
Total P t 0.0696 3
Fluid Content 0.177 1.2 9 1.912
Tank Floor 0.00132 1.0 9 0.0119
Internal Pressure 0.012 0 9 0
Total W p 0.214 9
Seismic from OTM 0.101 1.0 3 0.303
Vertical Seismic 0.4 × Av × Pt = 1.0 3 0.0033

Acceleration Applied 0.0011
to P t
Vertical Seismic 0.4 × Av × Wp = 1.0 9 0.031

Acceleration Applied 0.00341
to W p
Total MT = 2.47 kip-in/in

Per ref. 2, 5.6.4.6, design moment, Mu = MT × (Di / 2 + Tavg - L+ Fw / 2) = 749 kip-in
Concrete cover, cc =3 in
Effective depth, d = Fh - cc - 1.5 × rebar dia. = 38.19 in
Rn = Mu/(ϕ × Fh × d2) = 0.019
Steel Ratio, ρ =
0.85 × f c
fy (
× 1- 1-
2 × Rn
0.85 × f c ) = 0.00032
Twist steel required, As_req_twist = 0.00032 × Fw × d = 0.363 in2
Per ref. 4, 10.5.1, As_min_twist1 = max(200/fy, (3 × ( fc)0.5)/fy) × Fw × d = 3.825 in2
Per ref. 4, 10.5.3, As_min_twist = min(1.33 × As_req_twist, As_min_twist1) × Fw × d = 0.484 in2
Per ref. 2, 5.6.4.5, twist steel is required for both top and bottom of ringwall foundation.
Use As_twist = 0.484 in2
Per ref. 2, 5.6.6.1b, minimum horizontal steel ratio to gross area is 0.002
As_min_horizontal = 0.002 × Fh × Fw = 2.52 in2

Plant Foundations
As_twist + As_Hoop = 4.00 in2

Provide 5#5 on top and 6#5 on bottom of the ringwall. Provide 2#5 on middle of ringwall. Total rebar
provided for horizontal reinforcement is 14#5.
Per ref. 2, 5.6.6.1a, minimum vertical steel ratio to gross area is 0.0012
As_min_vertical = 0.0012 × 12 × Fw = 0.432 in2/ft
Provide #4 @ 11 in two legged stirrups
Comparison
Result Hand Calculations STAAD Foundation Difference
Advanced Result
Internal Soil Bearing, dead 0.0158 0.016 none

load case (ksi)
Internal Soil Bearing, 0.0121 0.012 none

seismic load case (ksi)
Ringwall Soil Bearing, 0.0126 0.0124 1.6%

(ksi)
Overturning Check 28.31 28.35 negligible
Sliding Check 9.54 9.54 none
Hoop Tension (kip) 102.08 101.91 negligible
Hoop Steel (in2) 3.025 3.02 negligible
Twist Moment (kip-in) 749 743.3 negligible
Twist Steel (in2) 0.484 0.482 negligible

Chinese Code (GB50007-2011)
10
The manual test cases in accordance with Chinese standard GB50007-2011 design.
10.1 Stepped Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1

Design an isolated steps footing per GB-50007-2011.
Description of Problem
Table 173: Overview of steps footing basic geometry
Step Length (X dir.) Width (Z dir.) Thickness
1 3.0 3.0 0.4
2 2.1 2.1 0.3
3 1.2 1.2 0.3
Total = 1.0
Characteristics of Concrete and Steel

Heavy concrete units: 25.000 kN/m3
Compressive strength of concrete, fc: 11.900 N/mm2
ft: 12.700 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar spacing: 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 300.00 mm
Clear Cover: 50mm
Reinforcement layer thickness (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Characteristics
Unit Weight: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity: 250.00 kPa

Stepped Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2

Height of soil above bottom of footing: 2000.00 mm
Coefficient of friction: 0.5
Geometry Information
Initial size of base
Thickness (Ft): 1000.00 mm

Length - X (Fl): 3000.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw): 3000.00 mm
Step 1 height (h1): 400.00 mm
Pedestal Dimension
Pedestal Shape: Rectangular

Pedestal length - X (Pl): 600.00 mm
Pedestal width - Z (Pw): 600.00 mm
Pedestal Height: 1000.00 mm

Table 174: Load cases
Application LC Vertical Force Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z

(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN·m) (kN·m)
Base size 101 1,000 0 0 100 100

estimation
Punching shear 201 1,000 0 0 100 100

check &
reinforcement 202 1,300 0 0 100 100
Calculations
Basic Dimensions
Initial size (Lo) = 3.00 m
Initial size (Wo) = 3.00 m
Net buoyancy = -0.00 kN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Volume of footing = 3 × 3 × 0.4 + 2.1 × 2.1 × 0.3 +1.2 × 1.2 × 0.3 = 5.355 m3
Weight of footing = 5.355 × 25 = 133.875 KN
Volume of concrete in pedestal = 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.0 = 0.36 m3
Weight of pedestal = 0.36 × 25 = 9 KN
Volume of soil on the footing = (3 × 3 × 2 - 5.355 - 0.36) = 12.285 m3
Weight of soil = 12.285 × 18 = 221.13 KN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 5.46 m2
The design area, Ao = Lo·Wo = 9.00 m2
Final design size
Length (L2) = 3.00 m
No. of control condition: # 101
Width (W2) = 3.00 m
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2

Figure 175: Four corners of the calculated stress
To calculate bearing reaction of footing,

total load on the footing = (1000+133.875+9+221.13) KN = 1364 KN
Zx = 3×32/6 = 4.5 m3
Zz = 3×32/6 = 4.5 m3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1324/9 = 147.1111 kN/m2
Mx/Zx=100/4.5 = 22.2222 kN/m2
Mz/Zz=100/4.5 = 22.2222 kN/m2
So stress at four corners –
σ1 = P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 151.5561 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 107.1117 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 151.5561 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 196.0006 kN/m2
Soil bearing capacity modified per GB50007-2011, equation 5.2.4
fa=fak + ηd γm (d - 0.5)=250+1×18×(2-0.5)=277
Max stress = 196.0006 KN/m < 277 KN/m (Hence safe)
Load Case Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Zero-pressure

Corner1 (q1) Corner2 (q2) Corner3 (q3) Corner4 (q4) area (Au)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (m2)
101 151.5561 107.1117 151.5561 196.0006 0.00
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure. Otherwise, the
pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0. Keep adjusting if necessary.
Four corners of the stress adjusted data (if any).

No. Load Condition Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
(q1) (q2) (q3) (q4)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
101 151.5561 107.1117 151.5561 196.0006
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.

Zero-pressure area (if any )
Control the condition number = N / A
Foundation area = 9.00 m2
Zero-pressure area = 0.00 m2
Zero-pressure area percentage = 0.00%
Check Overturning and Sliding Stability
Figure 176: Elevation of stability forces
Table 175: Factors of safety
Load Case No. Sliding Factor of Safety Overturning Factor of Safety
X Dir. Z Dir. X Dir. Z Dir.
101 N/A N/A 20.46 20.46
For Sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
= 0.5 × 1364 = 682 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0


= 0.5 × 1364 = 682 KN
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3 × 1364 = 2046 kN·m
FOS = 2046/100 = 20.46>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3 × 1364 = 2046 kN·m
FOS = 2046/100 = 20.46>1.5
Hence OK
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1300/9 = 144.444 kN/m2
Mx/Zx=100/4.5 = 22.2222 kN/m2
Mz/Zz=100/4.5 = 22.2222 kN/m2
σ1 = P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 144.444 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 100 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 144.444 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 188.889 kN/m2
Check One Way Shear

Column Face
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5xΦ = 1000-50-1.5x10 = 935 mm
Following formulas are used per GB50007 - 2011 code for design of building foundations.
Vs ≤ 0.7·βhsftA0 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 1)
βhs = (800 / h0 )1/4 = (800 / 935)1/4 = 0.962 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
(b0 is calculated per GB50007 – 2011, attachment U)
One way shear is checked on the column face
Shear Plane Parallel to Global X Axis, critical side

Average base pressure along footing edge = (188.889+144.444) ×0.5 = 166.667 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (144.444+100) ×0.5 = 122.222 kN/m2
Approximate base pressure at column face, critical side:
= 122.222+(166.667-122.222) ×(3/2+0.6/2)/3 = 148.889 kN/m2
Hence, Shear Force at the critical section,
Vs = (166.667 + 148.889) × 0.5 × 1.2 × 3 = 568 KN
b0 = (0.4 × 3.0 + 0.3 × 2.1 + 0.3 × 1.2) / 1 = 2.19
One way shear capacity = 0.7×0.962×1270×0.935×2.19=1751.19 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Shear Plane Parallel to Global Z Axis, critical side
Average base pressure along footing edge = (188.889+144.444) ×0.5 = 166.667 KN/m
Average base pressure along the other edge = (144.444+100) ×0.5 = 122.222 KN/ m2
= 122.222+(166.667-122.222) ×(3/2+0.6/2)/3 = 148.889 kN/m2
Vs = (166.667 + 148.889) × 0.5 × 1.2 × 3 = 568 KN
b0 = (0.4 × 3.0 + 0.3 × 2.1 + 0.3 × 1.2) / 1 = 2.19
One way shear capacity =0.7×0.962×1270×0.935×2.19=1751.19 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Step 2 Edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400+300-50-1.5×10 = 635 mm
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 800)1/4= 1 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
= 122.222+(166.667-122.222) ×(3/2+1.2/2)/3 = 153.333 kN/m2
Vs = (166.667 + 153.333) × 0.5 × ((3-1.2)/2) × 3 = 432 KN
b0 = (0.4 × 3.0 + 0.3 × 2.1) / (0.4 + 0.3) = 2.614
One way shear capacity = 0.7×1×1270×0.635×2.614=1475.64 KN > Vs

Hence OK
Vs = 432 KN
b0 = (0.4 × 3.0 + 0.3 × 2.1) / (0.4 + 0.3) = 2.614
One way shear capacity = 0.7×1×1270×0.635×2.614=1475.64 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Step 1 Edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400-50-1.5×10 = 335 mm
βhs = (800 / h0 )1/4 = (800 / 800))1/4 =1 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
= 122.222+(166.667-122.222) ×(3/2+2.1/2)/3 = 160 kN/m2
Vs = (166.667 + 160) × 0.5 × ((3-2.1)/2) × 3 = 220.5 KN
b0 = 3 m
One way shear capacity = 0.7×1×1270×0.335×3=893.45 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Vs = 220.5 KN
b0 = 3 m
One way shear capacity = 0.7×1×1270×0.335×3=893.45 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Column face
Fl ≤ 0.7·βhpftamh0 (Ref. clause 8.2.8 - 1)
am = (At + ab) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.8 - 2)

Fl = Pj·Al (Ref. clause 8.2.8 - 3)

Critical X Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·724774.976 = 120.796 kN
Punching shear capacity
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.989·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1261.561 kN
Fl < 0.7·βhpftamh0
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·724774.976 = 120.796 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.989·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1261.561 kN
Hence, Safe
Four sides
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 144.444·2899099.905 = 418.76 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.989·1.270·(2.400 +9.880) / 2·0.935 = 5046.244 kN
Hence, Safe
Step 2 edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400+300-50-1.5×10 = 635 mm
Critical X Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·724774.976 = 120.796 kN


Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1.270·(1.200 +2.470) / 2·0.635 = 1035.885 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·724774.976 = 120.796 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1.270·(1.200 +2.470) / 2·0.635 = 1035.885 kN
Hence, Safe
Step 1 edge
Critical X Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·331775 = 55.296 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1.270·(2.1 +2.770) / 2·0.335 = 725.18 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 166.667·331775 = 55.296 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1.270·(2.1 +2.770) / 2·0.335 = 725.18 kN
Hence, Safe

Reinforcement
Reinforcement Along the X Direction
Figure 177: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used per GB50007 – 2011.

Control condition LC = # 202
Minimum reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 8.2.1], ρmin = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2, 190,000.mm2
Minimum reinforcement area
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross- = 0.15 · 2,190,000.00 = 3,285.000 mm2
Calculate moment [per Cl. 8.2.11],
MI = (a1)^2 [(2·l + a')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pedestal + Weight of soil
= 133.875 + 9 + 221.13 = 364 KN
Pmax = (188.889+144.444) ×0.5 + G/A = 202.667 kN/m2
P = 148.889+ G/A = 184.889 kN/m2
MI = 1,200^2·[(2·3,000.000 +600.000) (0.202 + 0.185 - 2·324,000.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.202 - 0.185)·3,000.000] / 12 = 256.320 kN·m
Calculate area required
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 256,320,000/ (0.9·935.000·210.000) = 1,450.47 mm2
Select rebar size, db = 10.000 mm
Minimum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smin = 50.000 mm

Maximum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smax = 500.000 mm

With actual spacing, S = 65.000 mm
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 3285.000 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Astmin ≤ Ast, with real
Reinforcement Along the Z Direction
Figure 178: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction

No control LC = # 202
Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2190000.00 mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = 0.15%·2190000.005 = 3285.000 mm2
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2·l + a ')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pedestal + Weight of soil= 133.875 + 9 + 221.13 = 364
KN
Pmax = (188.889+144.444) ×0.5 + G/A = 207.1117 kN/m2
P = 149.3339+ G/A = 189.3339 kN/m2

MI = 1,200^2·[(2·3,000.000 +600.000) (0.207 + 0.189 - 2·364,000.000/9,000,000.000)+

(0.207 - 0.189)·3,000.000] / 12 = 256.320 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 256,320,000 / (0.9·935.000·210.000) = 1,450.47 mm2
Select rebar size, db 10.000 mm
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements.
Reinforcement meet the requirements
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.
Reinforcement Details
Bottom reinf. (Mz): #10 @ 65 mm c/c
Bottom reinf. (Mx): #10 @ 65 mm c/c
Comparison
Table 176: Comparison of results
Value of Hand Calculation STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Effective Depth (mm) 935 935 None
Along X 935 935

Along Z
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 107.1117 107.1117 None
151.5561 151.5561
196.0006 196.0006
151.5561 151.5561
Shear Force (One-Way, 568 577.37 1.7%

column face)
568 577.37
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)


Advanced Results
Shear Force (Two-Way, 120.796 120.8 None

column face) Fz(kip)
120.796 120.8
Fx(kip)
Shear Force (One-Way, 432 432 None

step 2)
432 432
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

step 2) Fz(kip)
120.796 120.8
Fx(kip)
Shear Force (One-Way, 220.5 220.5 None

step 1)
220.5 220.5
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

step 1) Fz(kip)
55.296 55.3
Fx(kip)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 418.759 418.76 None

(kN)
Ast reqd. along X (mm2) 1,450.47 1,450.47 None
Ast reqd. along Z (mm2) 1,450.47 1,450.47 None
10.2 Stepped Footing design per the Chinese code – example 2

Design an isolated steps footing per GB-50007-2011.

Description of Problem
Table 177: Overview of steps footing basic geometry
Step Length (X dir.) Width (Z dir.) Thickness
1 3.6 2.8 0.4
2 2.8 2.0 0.4
3 2.0 1.2 0.4
Total = 1.2
Characteristics of Concrete and Steel

Compressive strength of concrete, fc: 14.300 N/mm2
ft: 1.430 N/mm2
Clear Cover: 50mm
Height of soil above bottom of footing: 2,400.00 mm
Thickness (Ft): 1,200.00 mm

Length - X (Fl): 3,600.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw): 2,800.00 mm
Pedestal Dimension

Pedestal length - X (Pl): 800.00 mm

Pedestal width - Z (Pw): 600.00 mm
Pedestal Height: 1,200.00 mm

Base size 101 -260 -13 13 65 65

estimation
Punching shear 102 -270 -13.5 13.5 67.5 67.5

check &
reinforcement
Calculations
Basic Dimensions

Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Volume of footing = 3.6 x 2.8 x 0.4 + 2.8 x 2.0 x 0.4 +2.0 x 1.2 x 0.4 = 7.232 m3
Weight of footing = 7.232 x 24 = 173.568 kN
Volume of concrete in pedestal = 0.8 x 0.6 x 1.2 = 0.576 m3
Weight of pedestal = 0.576 x 24 = 13.824 kN
Volume of soil on the footing = (3.6 x 2.8 x 2.4 - 7.23 - 0.576) = 16.386 m3
Weight of soil = 16.386 x 17 = 278.528 kN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 725.91/170=5.46 m2
Final design size
Width (W2) = 2.80 m
Area (A2) = 10.08 m2

total load on the footing = (260+173.568+13.824+278.528) = 725.91 kN
Zx = 3.6×2.8/6 = 4.7 m3
Zz = 2.8×3.6/6 = 6.05 m3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 725.91/10.08 = 72.01 kN/m2
Mx/Zx= 96.2/4.7 = 20.45 kN/m2
Mz/Zz= 96.2/6.05 = 15.91 kN/m2

So stress at four corners –

σ1 = P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 67.47 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 35.66 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 76.56 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 108.37 kN/m2
fa=fak + ηd γm (d - 0.5)= 170 + 1×17×(2.4 - 0.5) = 202.3
Max stress = 108.37 kN/m < 202.3 kN/m (Hence safe)

(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (m2)
101 67.47 35.66 76.56 108.37 0.00
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure. Otherwise, the
pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0. Keep adjusting if necessary.
Four corners of the stress adjusted data (if any).
No. Load Condition Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
(q1) (q2) (q3) (q4)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
101 67.47 35.66 76.56 108.37
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.

Zero-pressure area (if any )

Figure 180: Elevation of stability forces
Table 179: Factors of safety
101 27.92 27.92 10.56 13.58
For Sliding
Along X Direction
= 0.5 × 725.991 = 362.96 kN
FOS = 362.96 / 13 = 27.92 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.5 × 725.991 = 362.96 kN
FOS = 362.96 / 13 = 27.92 > 1.5
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 96.2 kN·m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 2.5 × 725.91 = 1,016.27 kN·m
FOS = 1,016.27 / 96.2 > 1.5
Hence OK

About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 96.2 kN·m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 2.5 × 725.91 = 1,016.27 kN·m
FOS = 1,016.27 / 96.2 > 1.5
Hence OK
Maximum pressure from axial load = 735.91/10.08 = 72.02 kN/m2
Mx/Zx= 99.90 / 4.7 = 72.02 kN/m2
Mz/Zz= 99.90 / 6.05 = 16.52 kN/m2
σ1 = P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 68.29 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 35.25 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 77.73 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 110.76 kN/m2
Check One Way Shear

Column Face
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5xΦ = 1,200-50-1.5x14 = 1,129 mm
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 1,129)1/4 = 0.92 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
Self weight G/A = (173.57 + 13.82 + 278.53) / 10.08 = 46.22 kN/m2
Average base pressure along footing edge = (77.27+110.76) x0.5 = 94.25 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.25+77.73) x0.5= 51.77 kN/m2
= 51.77+(94.25 - 51.77) x(2.8/2+0.6/2)/2.8 = 77.56 kN/m2
Vs = ((94.25 + 77.56) / 2)- 46.22) x 1.1 x 3.6 = 157.1 kN
b0 (0.4 x 3.6 + 0.4 x 2.8 + 0.4 x 2) / 1 = 2.80
One way shear capacity = 0.7x0.92x1430x2.80x1.13=2911.21 kN > Vs

Hence OK
Average base pressure along footing edge = (110.76+68.29) x0.5= 89.53 kN/m
Average base pressure along the other edge= (35.25+77.73) x0.5 = 56.49 kN/ m2
= 56.49 + (89.53 - 56.49 ) x(3.6/2+0.8/2)/3.6 = 76.68 kN/m2
Vs = (89.53 + 76.68 – 2x 46.22) x 0.5 x 1.4 x 2.8= 144.57 kN
b0 = (0.4 x 2.8 + 0.4 x 2.0 + 0.4 x 1.2) / 1.2 = 2.0
One way shear capacity = 0.7x0.92x1430x2.0x1.13=2079.44 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Step 2 Edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400+400-50-1.5x14 = 729 mm
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 729)1/4= 1 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
Average base pressure along footing edge = (77.27+110.76) x0.5= 94.25 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.25+77.73) x0.5= 51.77 kN/m2
= 51.77+(94.25 - 51.77) x(2.8-0.8)/2.8 = 82.11 kN/m2
Vs = (94.25 + 82.11 - 2x 46.22) x 0.5 x ((2.8-1.2)/2) x 3.6 = 120.83 kN
b0 = (0.4 x 3.6 + 0.4 x 2.8) / (0.4 + 0.4) = 3.2
One way shear capacity = 0.7x1x1430x3.2x0.73=2335.13 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Average base pressure along footing edge = (110.76+68.29) x0.5= 89.53 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.25+77.73) x0.5= 56.49 kN/ m2
Approximate base pressure at column face, critical side: = 56.49 + (89.53 - 56.49 ) x(3.6-0.8)/3.6 = 82.18
kN/m2
Hence, Shear Force at the critical section
Vs = (89.53 + 82.18 – 2 x 46.22) x 0.5 x ((3.6-2)/2) x 2.8 = 88.78 kN

b0 = (0.4 x 2.8 + 0.4 x 2.0) / (0.4 + 0.4) = 2.4

Hence OK
Step 1 Edge
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 329))1/4 = 1 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
Average base pressure along footing edge = (77.27+110.76) x0.594.25 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.25+77.73) x0.5 = 51.77 kN/m2
= 51.77+(94.25 - 51.77) x (2.8-0.4)/2.8 = 88.18 kN/m2
Vs = (94.25 + 88.18) x 0.5 x ((2.8-2.0)/2) x 3.6 = 64.78 kN
b0 = 3.6 m
One way shear capacity = 0.7×1×1,430×3.6×0.33 = 1,185.58 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Average base pressure along footing edge = (110.76+68.29) x0.5 = 89.53 kN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.25+77.73) x0.5 >= 56.49 kN/ m2
= 56.49 + (89.53 - 56.49) x (3.6-0.4)/3.6 = 85.86 kN/m2
Vs = (89.53 + 85.86 – 2 x 46.22) x 0.5 x ((3.6-2.8)/2) x 2.8 = 46.44 kN
b0 = 2.8 m
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Column face
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 1,200-50-1.5x14 = 1,129 mm


Critical X Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 43.30·0.76 = 32.86 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1430·((0.60 +2.8) / 2)·1.13 = 1863.58 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 48.02 × 0 = 0 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1430·((0.80 +3.06) / 2)·1.13 = 2114.62 kN
Note: because Fl is zero, SFA show zero at Fu.
Hence, Safe
Four sides
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = (43.3+10.27)·0.76=40.71 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1,430 ·((2.8 +11.72) / 2)·1.13 = 7,956.4 kN
Hence, Safe
Step 2 edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400+400-50-1.5x14 = 729 mm

Critical X Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 43.30·0.19 = 8.39 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1430·((1.200 +2.658) / 2)·0.729 = 1407.65 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 48.02·0.25 = 12.03 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1430·((2.000 +3.458) / 2)·0.729 = 1991.43 kN
Hence, Safe
Step 1 edge
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 400-50-1.5x14 = 329 mm
Critical X Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 43.30·0.19 = 8.39 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1430·((2.0 +2.658) / 2)·0.329 = 767.01 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 48.02·0.25 = 12.03 kN

Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·1·1430·((2.800 +3.458) / 2)·0.329 = 1030.47 kN

Hence, Safe
Reinforcement

Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2, 190,000.mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross- = 0.15 · 2,40,000.00 = 3,600.000 mm2
MI = (a1)2 [(2·l + a')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pedestal + Weight of soil
= 173.568 + 13.824 + 278.528 = 465.91 kN
Pmax = 89.52 kN/m2
P = 76.68 kN/m2
MI = 1.42·[(2·2.8 + 0.6) ( 89.52 + 76.68 - 2·465.91/10.08) + (89.52 – 76.68 )·2.8 ] / 12 =
80.57 kN·m

Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 80,570,000/ (0.9·1,129·300.000) = 264.31 mm2

Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax

Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2190000.00 mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = 0.15%·3,360,000.005 = 5040.000 mm2
Calculate moment
MI = (A1)2 [(2·l + a ')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pedestal + Weight of soil = 173.568 + 13.824 +
278.528 = 465.91 kN

Pmax = 94.25 kN/m2

P = 77.56 kN/m2
MI = 1.12·[(2·3.6 +0.8) (94.25 + 77.56 - 2·465.91/10.08) + (94.25 – 77.56)·3.6 ] / 12 =
70.07 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 70,070,000/ (0.9·1,129·300.000) = 229.88 mm2
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 5,387.83 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements.
Reinforcement Details
Bottom reinf. (Mz): #14 @ 110 mm c/c
Bottom reinf. (Mx): #14 @ 105 mm c/c
Comparison

Advanced Results
Along X 1129 1129

Along Z
35.66 35.66
76.56 76.56
108.37 108.37

Tapered (sloped) Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1

Advanced Results
Shear Force (One-Way, 144.57 152.19 5.2

column face)
157.13 165.48
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

column face) Flz(kip)
0 0
Flx(kip)

step 2)
120.83 120.83
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

step 2) Flz(kip)
12.03 12.03
Flx(kip)

step 1)
67.78 67.78
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

step 1) Flz(kip)
12.03 12.03
Flx(kip)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 40.71 40.65 Negligible

(kN)
Ast reqd. along X 264.31 264.31 None
(mm2)
Ast reqd. along Z 229.88 229.88 None
(mm2)

10.3 Tapered (sloped) Footing design per the Chinese code – example 1
Design an isolated taper footing per GB-50007-2011.
Problem
Input data overview:
Table 181: Footing geometry (conical base)
Length (X Dir.) Width (Z Dir.) Thickness at face of Edge thickness (should be >
column 0.2 m)
3.000 m 3.000 m 1.000 m 0.500 m
Figure 183: Elevation

Figure 184: Plan
Material Data (Concrete and Steel)

Compressive strength of concrete: fc = 11.900 N/mm2
ft = 12.700 N/mm2
Clear Cover 50 mm
Height of soil above footing: 1600.00 mm

Thickness (Ft) : 600.00 mm

Length - X (Fl) : 3000.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw) : 3000.00 mm
End edge height (h1): 300.00 mm
Column Pedestal Dimension
Column Shape: Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl) : 600.00 mm
Column width - Z (Pw) : 600.00 mm
Pedestal Height: 1000.00 mm

Base size 101 1,000 0 0 100 100

estimation
Punching shear 201 1,300 0 0 90 90

check &
reinforcement 202 1,300 0 0 160 160
Basic dimensions
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Volume of the straight portion of the footing = 3 × 3 × 0.3 = 2 .7 m3
Volume of the sloped portion =

1
3
(
h A1 + A2 + A1 × A2 )
where
A1 = 3×3 = 9m2
A2 = 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36m2
H = 0.3m
Hence, volume of the sloped portion = 1.11 6 m3
Volume of footing = 2.7 + 1.116 = 3.816 m3
Weight of footing = 3.816 x 25 = 95.4 KN
Weight of pier = 0.6 x 0.6 x 1 x 25 = 9 KN
Weight of soil = (3 x 3 x 1.6 - 3.816 - 0.36) x 18 = 184.032 KN
Total downward load = 1,000 + 95 .4 + 9 + 184 .032 = 1,288.432 kN

The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 1,288.432 / 250 = 5.15 m2

Final design size

Width (W2) = 3.00 m
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2

total load on the footing = (1,000+95.4+9+184.032) KN = 1,288.432 KN
Zx = 3x32/6 = 4.5 m3
Zz = 3x32/6 = 4.5 m3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1,288.042/9 = 143.1591 KN/m2
Mx/Zx=100/4.5 = 22.2222 KN/m2
Mz/Zz=100/4.5 = 22.2222 KN/m2
So pressure at the four corners:
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 143.1591 KN/m2
σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 98.7147 KN/m2
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 143.1591 KN/m2
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 187.6036 KN/m2
fa=fak + ηd γm (d - 0.5) = 250+1×18×(1.6-0.5) = 269.8

Maximum pressure = 187.6036 kN/m < 250 kN/m (Hence safe)

(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (m2)
101 143.1591 98.7147 187.6036 187.6036 0.00
If Au equals zero, the entire footing is in contact with the soil. Hence,no re-distribution is needed.
Zero-pressure area (if any).
For Sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
= 0.5 x 1288.432 = 644.216 kN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation

= 0.5 x 1288.432 = 644.216 kN

Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 100 KN.m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3 x 1288.432 = 1,932.65 kN.m
FOS = 1,932.65 /100 = 19.33 >1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 100 KN.m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3 x 1288.432 = 1,932.65 KN.m
FOS = 1,932.65 /100 = 19.33 >1.5
Hence OK
Table 183: Factor of safety
101 N/A N/A 19.33 19.33
Pressure calculation for strength checks, LC 202

Maximum pressure from axial load = 1300/9 = 144.444 KN/m2
Mx/Zx=160/4.5 = 35.556 KN/m2
Mz/Zz=160/4.5 = 35.556 KN/m2
Maximum pressure = 215.556 KN/m < 2 X 250 = 500 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
where 2 is the multiplier on soil bearing capacity for ultimate loads (specified in the cover and soil page).
Check One-Way Shear



βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 800) 1/4 = 1 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 x h0
(b0 is calculated per GB50007 - 2011, attachment U)
Average base pressure along footing edge = (215.556+144.444) x0.5 = 180.000 KN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (144.444+73.333) x0.5= 108.889 KN/m2
= 108.889 +(180.000-108.889) x(3/2+0.6/2)/3 = 151.556 KN/m2
Vs = (180 + 151.556) x 0.5 x 1.2 x 3 = 596.8 KN
b0 = [ 1 - 0.5 (h1 / h0) (1 - Pl / Fl)] Fl
= [ 1 - 0.5 * (0.30 / 0.532) * (1 - 0.60/ 3.00)] * 3.00 = 2.323m
One way shear capacity =0.7x1x1270x0.532x2.323 = 1,098.66 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Average base pressure along footing edge = (215.556+144.444) x0.5 = 180.000 KN/m2 Average base
pressure along the other edge = (144.444+73.333) x0.5 = 108.889 KN/m2
= 108.889 +(180.000-108.889) x(3/2+0.6/2)/3 = 151.556 KN/m2
Vs = (180 + 151.556) x 0.5 x 1.2 x 3 = 596.8 KN
b0 = [ 1 - 0.5 (h1 / h0) (1 - Pw / Fw)] Fw
= [ 1 - 0.5 * (0.30/ 0.532) * (1 - 0.60/ 3.00)] * 3.00 = 2.323m
One way shear capacity =0.7x1x1270x0.532x2.323=1098.66 KN > Vs
Hence OK

Critical X Side

Control condition = # 102

Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 180 X 1,557,776 = 280.4 = 64.424 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 X 1 X 1.270 X ((0.600 +1.664) / 2) X 0.532 = 535.377 kN
Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 180 X 1,557,776 = 280.4 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 X 1 X 1.270 X ((0.600 +1.664) / 2) X 0.532 = 535.377 kN
Hence, Safe
Four Sides
Control load case = # 202
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 144.444 X 6,231,104 = 900.05 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 X 1 X 1.270 X ((2.400 +1.664×4) / 2) X 0.532 = 2141.508 kN
Hence, Safe
Reinforcement


Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 1,455,000 mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = (0.15 / 100) X 1,455,000 = 2,182.50 mm2
Calculate moment [per Cl. 8.2.11]
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pier + Weight of soil = 95.4 + 9 + 184.032 = 288.432 KN
Pmax = (215.556+144.444) x0.5 + G/A = 212.048 kN/m2
P = 151.556+ G/A = 183.604 kN/m2
MI = 1,2002·[(2·3,000.000 +600.000) (0.212 + 0.184 - 2·288,432.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.212 - 0.184)·3,000.000] / 12 = 272.832 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 272,832,000/ (0.9·532.000·210.000) = 2,713.45 mm2
Select rebar size, db = 12.000

Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax

No control load case = # 202
Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 1,455,000 mm2
Astmin = ρmin X·A cross- = (0.15 / 100) X· 1,455,000 = 2,182.500 mm2
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pier + Weight of soil = 95.4 + 9 + 184.032 = 288.432 KN
Pmax = (215.556+144.444) x0.5 + G/A = 212.048 kN/m2
P = 151.556+ G/A = 183.604 kN/m2
MI = 1,2002·[(2·3,000.000 +600.000) (0.212 + 0.184 - 2·288,432.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.212 - 0.184)·3,000.000] / 12 = 272.832 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 272,832,000/ (0.9·532.000·210.000) = 2,713.45mm2
Select rebar size, db = 12.000


Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements .
Table 184: Reinforcement details
Base Number Foundation Reinforcement Base Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf. (Mz) Bottom Reinf. (Mx) Main Bars Stirrups
1 # 12 @ 120 mm c / c # 12 @ 120 mm c / c N/A N/A
Comparison
Advanced Result (General)

Along X Along Z
532 532
Bearing Pressure (KN/m 98.715 98.715 None

2)
143.159 143.159
187.604 187.604
143.159 143.159
Shear Force (One-Way) 596.8 605.91 1.5%

Vsz(kN) Vsx(kN)
596.8 605.91

Flz(kN) Flx(kN)
280.4 280.4

(kN)
A st reqd. along X (mm 2 ) 2,713.45 2,713.45 None
A st reqd. along Z (mm 2 ) 2,713.45 2,713.45 None

10.4 Tapered (sloped) Footing design per the Chinese code – example 2
Design an isolated taper footing per GB-50007-2011.
Problem
Input data overview:
Table 185: Footing geometry (conical base)
Length (X Dir.) Width (Z Dir.) Thickness at face of Edge thickness (should be >
column 0.2 m)
3.600 m 2.800 m 1.200 m 0.500 m
Figure 189: Elevation

Figure 190: Plan
Material Data (Concrete and Steel)

Compressive strength of concrete: fc = 14.300 N/mm2
ft = 1.43 N/mm2
Clear Cover 50 mm
Height of soil above footing: 2,400.00 mm
Thickness (Ft) : 1,200.00 mm
Length - X (Fl) : 3600.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw) : 2800.00 mm
End edge height (h1): 500.00 mm

Pedestal Dimension
Pedestal length - X (Pl) : 800.00 mm
Pedestal width - Z (Pw) : 600.00 mm
Pedestal Height: 1,200.00 mm

Base size 101 -260 -13 13 65 65

estimation
Punching shear 102 -270 -13.5 13.5 67.5 67.5

check &
reinforcement
Basic dimensions
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Volume of the straight portion of the footing = 3 × 3 × 0.3 = 2 .7 m3
Volume of the sloped portion =

1
3
(
h A1 + A2 + A1 × A2 )
where
A1 = 3.6×2.8 = 10.08 m2
A2 = 0.8 × 0.6 = 0.48 m2
H = 0.5 m
Hence, volume of the sloped portion = 2.98 m3
Volume of footing = 5.04 + 2.98 = 8.02 m3
Weight of footing = 8.02 × 24 = 192.48 kN
Weight of soil = (3.6 × 2.8 × 2.4 - 7.23 - 0.576) × 17 = 265.18 kN
Total downward load = 260 + 192.48 + 13.82 + 265.18 = 731.42 kN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 731.42 / 150.4 = 4.86 m2

Final design size

Width (W2) = 2.80 m
Area (A2) = 10.08 m2

total load on the footing = (260+192.48+13.82+184.032) KN = 731.42 KN
Zx = 3.6×2.8/6 = 4.7 m3
Zz = 2.8×3.6/6 = 6.05 m3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 731.42/10.08 = 72.56 KN/m2
Mx/Zx= 96.2/4.7 = 20.45 KN/m2
Mz/Zz= 96.2/6.05 = 15.90 KN/m2
fa=fak + ηd γm (d - 0.5) = 120 + 1×17×(2.4 - 0.5) = 152.3
Maximum pressure = 108.92 < 152.30 kN/m (Hence safe)


(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (m2)
101 68.02 36.20 77.11 108.92 0.00
If Au equals zero, the entire footing is in contact with the soil. Hence,no re-distribution is needed.
Zero-pressure area (if any).
For Sliding Along X Direction Sliding force = -13 kN

= 0.5 × 731.42 = 365.71 kN
FOS = 365.17 / 13 = 28.13 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.5 × 731.42 = 365.71 kN
FOS = 365.17 / 13 = 28.13 > 1.5
Hence OK

For overturning About X Direction

Overturning Moment = 96.2 KN.m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 2.8 × 731.42 = 1,023.99 kN.m
FOS = 1,023.99 / 96.2 = 10.64 >1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 96.2 KN.m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.6 × 731.42 = 1,316.56 KN.m
FOS = 1,316.56 / 96.2 = 13.69 >1.5
Hence OK
Table 187: Factor of safety
101 28.13 28.13 10.64 13.69
Pressure calculation for strength checks, LC 102

Maximum pressure from axial load = 741.42/10.08 = 73.55 KN/m2
Mx/Zx= 99.90/4.7 = 21.24 KN/m2
Mz/Zz= 99.90/6.05 = 16.52 KN/m2
Maximum pressure = 110.76 KN/m < 2 × 150.4 = 300.80 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
where 2 is the multiplier on soil bearing capacity for ultimate loads (specified in the cover and soil page).
Check One-Way Shear

Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 1,200-50-1.5×14 = 1,129 mm
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = (800 / 1,129)1/4 = 0.92 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0


Self weight G/A = (192.48 + 13.82 + 265.18) / 10.08 = 46.77 kN/m2
Average base pressure along footing edge = (78.27+111.27) ×0.5 = 94.79 KN/m2
Average base pressure along the other edge = (35.8+68.83) ×0.5 = 52.32 KN/m2
= 52.32 +(94.79 -52.32) ×(2.8/2+0.6/2)/2.8 = 78.1 KN/m2
Vs = ((94.79 + 78.1) × 0.5 - G/A) × 1.1 × 3.6 = 157.13 KN
b0 = [ 1 - 0.5 (h1 / h0) (1 - Pw / Fw)] Fw
= [ 1 - 0.5 * (0.7/ 1.13) * (1 - 0.80/ 3.60)] * 3.60 = 2.73 m
One way shear capacity = 0.7×0.92×1,430×1.13×2.73 = 2,840.49 KN > Vs
Hence OK
Average base pressure along footing edge = (111.27+68.83) ×0.5 = 90.07 KN/m2 Average base pressure
along the other edge = (78.27+35.8) ×0.5 = 57.04 KN/m2
57.04 +(90.07 -57.04) ×(3.6/2+0.8/2)/3.6 = 77.22 KN/m2
Vs = ((90.07 + 77.22) / 2 - 46.77) × 0.5 × 1.4 × 2.8 = 144.57 KN
b0 = [ 1 - 0.5 (h1 / h0) (1 - P1 / F1)] Fw
= [ 1 - 0.5 * (0.70 / 1.13) * (1 - 0.60/ 2.8)] * 2.8 = 2.12 m
One way shear capacity =0.7×0.92×1430×1.13×2.12=2202.1 KN > Vs
Hence OK

Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5×Φ = 1,200-50-1.5×14 = 1,129 mm
Critical X Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 43.30·0.76 = 32.86 kN

Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1430·((0.60 +2.8) / 2)·1.13 = 1863.58 kN

Hence, Safe
Critical Z Side
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 48.02 × 0 = 0 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1430·((0.80 +3.06) / 2)·1.13 = 2114.62 kN
Note: because Fl is zero, SFA show zero at Fu.
Hence, Saf
Four Sides
Control LC = # 102
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = (43.3+10.27)·0.76=40.71 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.97·1,430 ·((2.8 +11.72) / 2)·1.13 = 7,956.4 kN
Hence, Safe
Reinforcement


Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2,625,000 mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = (0.15 / 100) × 2,625,000 = 3,937.5 mm2
Calculate moment [per Cl. 8.2.11]
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pier + Weight of soil = 192.48 + 13.82 + 265.18 = 471.48 KN
Pmax = 90.07 kN/m2
P = 77.22 kN/m2
MI = 1.42·[(2·2.8 +0.6) ( 90.07 + 77.22 - 2·471.48/10.08) + (90.07 – 77.22)·2.8] / 12 =
80.57 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 80,570,000/ (0.9·1,129·300.000) = 264.31 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax



Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 3,375,000 mm2
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = 0.15%·3,375,000 = 5,062.5 mm2
Calculate moment
MI = (A1)2 [(2·l + a ')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
G = Weight of footing + Weight of pedestal + Weight of soil = 192.48 + 13.82 + 265.18 =
471.48 KN
Pmax = 94.79 kN/m2
P = 78.1 kN/m2
MI = 1.12·[(2·3.6 +0.8) (94.79 + 78.1 - 2·471.48/10.08) + (94.79 – 94.47)·3.6 ] / 12 = 70.07
kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 70,070,000/ (0.9·1,129·300.000) = 229.88 mm2


Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements .
Table 188: Reinforcement details
Base Number Foundation Reinforcement Base Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf. (Mz) Bottom Reinf. (Mx) Main Bars Stirrups
1 # 14 @ 105 mm c / c # 14 @ 105 mm c / c N/A N/A
Comparison

Advanced Results
Along X 1129 1129

Along Z
36.20 36.20
77.11 77.11
108.92 108.92
Shear Force (One-Way, 144.57 152.19 5.2%

column face)
157.13 165.48
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)

Combined Foundation 1

Advanced Results

column face) Flz(kip)
0 0
Flx(kip)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 40.71 40.65 Negligible

(kN)
(mm2)
(mm2)
10.5 Combined Foundation 1

Design a combined footing with symmetric loads per the Chinese standard GB50007-2011.

Problem
Loads

Load case 1: Dead load
Load acting through column 1: 400 kN

Load acting through column 2: 400 kN
Load Combinations
Service load combination case 101: 1.0 × Load case 1

Ultimate load combination case 102: 1.5 × Load case 1
Table 190: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - service combination
Condition No. Column No. Axial Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X Moment Z
(KN) (kN·m) (kN·m)
101 1 400 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
101 2 400 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Table 191: Load cases for foundation design - Ultimate combination
102 1 600 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
102 2 600 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
103 1 480 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
103 2 480 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Basic Geometry
Distance between columns = 3 m
Pedestal beneath column 1: dimensions
Pedestal Shape: Rectangle

Length of the pedestal along X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the pedestal along Z (Pw): 0.30 m

Left overhanging length: 1.375 m

Right overhanging length: 1.375 m
Whether the length of the left cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value)? Yes

Whether the length of the right cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value)? Yes
Clear Cover
Clear cover for pedestal: 50.00 mm
Clear cover for foundation: 50.00 mm
Soil properties
Density of the Soil: 18.00 kN/m3
Soil bearing capacity: 120.00 kN/m2
Height of soil above foundation: 0.00 m
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m 2
Groundwater depth: 3 m below ground level
Concrete and Steel Properties
Concrete density: 25.0 kN/m3
Compressive strength of concrete: 23.1 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 415 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size: 8 mm
Maximum bar size: 14 mm
Minimum bar spacing: 100 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 450 mm
Buoyancy effect = 0 kN
Calculations
Determine the size required for the foundation
Service load case 101: 1.0 × DL
Load from columns = 400 + 400 = 800 kN
Minimum area of foundation required: Amin = Pc / qmax
Amin = 800 / (120 kN/ m2) = 6 67 m2
Minimum Length of base, L: (1.375 + 3.0 + 1.375) = 5.75 m
Minimum Width of base, W: 1.50 m
Assume Thickness of base, Do: 0.60 m
Ao = Area based on minimum dimensions = L × W = 5.75 × 1.5 =8.625 m2
Weight of footing = 8.625 × 0.6 × 25 = 129.375 kN
Final provided foundation dimensions:
Area of base, A: 5.75 × 1.5 = 8.63 m2
Left Cantilever length, Llo: 1.375 m

Right Cantilever length, Lro: 1.375 m

Total load on the footing = (800+129.375+2.25) kN = 931.625 kN
Soil pressure due to vertical load alone = pk / A = 931.625 / 8.625= 108.1045 kN/ m2
So, pressure at four corners -
σ1= pk/A-Mx k/Zx+Mzk/Zz= 108.1045 kN/m2
σ2=pk/A-Mxk/Zx-Mzk/Z z= 108.1045 kN/m2
σ3=pk/A+Mxk/Zx-Mzk/Z z= 108.1045 kN/m2
σ4=pk/A+Mxk/Zx+Mzk/Z z= 108.1045 kN/m2
Max pressure = 108.1045 KN/m < 120 kN/m (Hence safe)

Corner1 (q1) Corner2 (q2) Corner3 (q3) Corner4 (q4) area (Au) (m 2 )
(kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 )
101 108.1045 108.1045 108.1045 108.1045 0.0
If Au equals zero, the entire footing is in contact with the soil. Hence, no re-distribution is needed.
Overturning Stability Test
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0 kN.m
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 1.5 × 931.625 = 698.72 kN.m
About Z Direction
Max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 5.75 × 931.625 = 2678.422 kN.m
Load Case Moment X Moment Z Resistance Resistance Overturning Overturning

(kN·m) (kN·m) Moment X Moment Z Stability Factor Stability Factor
(kN·m) (kN·m) X Z
101 0.0 0.0 698.72 2,6478.4 n/a n/a

Maximum pressure from axial load = 1200 / 8.63 = 139.13 KN/m2
One-way Shear Check
Effective Depth, h0 = D-clear cover-1.5× Φ = 600-50-1.5× 12 = 532 mm
The following formulae are used pe GB50007 - 2011 code for design of building foundations.


βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = 1.0 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
One-way shear is checked on the column face
Vs = 139.13 × 5.75 × (1.5 - 0.3) / 2 = 480.00 kN
One-way shear capacity =0.7×1.0×1890×0.532×5.75=4047.06 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Vs1 = 139.13 × 1.5 × (1.375 - 0.3 / 2) = 255. 65 kN
Vs2 = 600 - 139.05 × 1.5 × (1.375 + 0.3 / 2) = 281.74kN
Vs = max (Vs1, Vs2) = 281.74 kN
One-way shear capacity =0.7×1.0×1890×0.532×1.5=1055.754 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Column 1, X Direction at critical side
Punching shear
Al =Max （ AX+ ， AX- ） =Max （ 1.034876 , 1.222376 ） =1.222376 m2
Fl = Pj·Al = 139. 13 × 1.222376 = 170.07kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 ×1.00 × 1890.00 × (0.30 + 1.36) / 2 × 0.532 = 585.59 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 1, Z Direction at critical side
Punching shear
Al =Max （ AZ+ ， AZ- ） =Max （ 0.097376 , 0.097376 ） =0.097376 m2
Fl = Pj·Al = 139.13 × 97,376 = 13.55 kN

Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 ×1.00 × 1890.00 × (0.30 + 1.36) / 2 × 0.532 = 585.59 kN

Hence, safe.
Column 2, X Direction and critical side
Punching shear
Al =Max （ AX+ ， AX- ） =Max （ 1.222376, 1.034876 ） =1.222376 m2
Fl = Pj·Al = 139. 13 ×1.222376= 170.07kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 ×1.00 ×1890.00 × (0.30 + 1.36) / 2 × 0.532 = 585.59 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, Z Direction and critical side
Punching shear
Al =Max （ AZ+ ， AZ- ） =Max （ 0.097376 , 0.097376 ） =0.097376 m2
Fl = Pj·Al = 139.13 × 97,376 = 13.55 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 ×1890.00 × (0.30 + 1.36) / 2×0.532 = 585.59 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 1, Four Edges
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 600 - 139.13 × (300 + 2×532)2 = 341.149 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 × 1890.00×4 × ((0.30 + 1.36) / 2) ×0.532 = 2342.36 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, Four Edges
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 600 - 139.13 × (300 + 2×532)2 = 341.149 kN

Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 × 1890.00 × 4 × ((0.30 + 1.36) / 2) ×0.532 = 2342.36 kN

Hence, safe.
Reinforcement Design
Top Longitudinal Reinforcement
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used in accordance with GB50007-2011.
No control condition = # 102
Minimum area of steel,
Astmin = 1,350 mm2
MI = 600 × (5.75 - 1.375 - 1.375) / 2 - 139.13 × ((5.75/2)2 / 2) × 1.5 = 37.5 kN∙m
The area of steel required
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 37,500,000 / (0.9 × 532 × 415) = 188.74 mm2
Selected rebar size,db = 12.000 mm
Minimum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smin = 100 mm
Maximum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smax = 400 mm
Actual spacing, S = 125 mm
Number of steels n= (1500-2×50-12)/125+1=12.1 , provide n=13
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 113 .1×13=1470.3 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements.
Astmin ≤ Ast, with actual
Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement
Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 1,350 mm2
MI = 139.13 × ((1.375-0.15)2 / 2) × 1.5 = 156.587 kN·m
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 156,586,650/ (0.9 × 532 × 415) = 788.05 mm2
Selected rebar size,db = 12 mm


Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Top Transverse Reinforcement
MI = 0 kNm
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 0.000 / (0.9 ×532 ×415) = 0.000 mm2
Selected rebar size, db = 12 mm
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Bottom Transverse Reinforcement
MI = 139.13 × (((1.5-0.3)/2)2 / 2) × 5.75 = 144 kNm
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 144,000,000 / (0.9 × 532×415) = 724.7 mm2


Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Table 192: Overview of the design results
Base Number Left Cantilever Right Cantilever Length (M) Width (M) Height (M)
(M) (M)
1 1.375 1.375 5.75 1.5 0.6
Table 193: Foundation reinforcement details
Base Number Top Longitudinal Bottom Longitudinal Top Transverse Bottom Transverse
Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement
1 #12 @ 125 mm c / c #12 @ 125 mm c / c #12 @ 125 mm c / c #12 @ 125 mm c / c
Comparison
Value Of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference %
Advanced Result
(General)
Along X 532 532

Along Z
108.1045 108.1045
108.1045 108.1045
108.1045 108.1045


Advanced Result
(General)
Shear Force (Col. 1, One- 281.74 281.74 None

Way)
480 480
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)
Punching (Col. 1, one- 13.55 13.55 None

Way) Flz(kN)
170.07 170.07
Flx(kN)
Punching (Col. 1, Four 341.149 341.15 None

Edges
) (kN)

Way)
480 480
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)
Punching (Col. 2, Two- 13.55 13.55 None

Way) Flz(kN)
157.03 157.03
Flx(kN)

Edges) (kN)
(Bottom, mm2)
(Bottom, mm2)
(Top, mm2)
Ast reqd. along Z 0 0 None
(Top, mm2)

10.6 Combined Foundation 2

Design a combined footing with symmetric loads per the Chinese standard GB50007-2011.
Problem

Loads
Load case 1: Dead load
Load acting through column 1:

Nx= - 153.85 kN; Qx= 7.69 kN; Qz= - 7.69 kN; Mx= 38.46 kN·M; Mz= - 38.46 kN·M
Load acting through column 2:
Nx= - 153.85 kN; Qx= 7.69 kN; Qz= - 7.69 kN; Mx= 38.46 kN·M; Mz= - 38.46 kN·M
Load Combinations
Service load combination case 101: 1.0 × Load case 1

Table 194: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - service combination
101 1
-153.85 7.69 -7.69 38.46 -38.46
101 2
-153.85 7.69 -7.69 38.46 -38.46

Table 195: Load cases for foundation design - Ultimate combination
102 1
-200 10 -10 50 -50
102 2
-200 10 -10 50 -50
Basic Geometry
Distance between columns = 1 m

Height of the pedestal: 0.5 m

Height of the pedestal: 0.5 m
Left overhanging length: 1.3 m

Right overhanging length: 1.3 m
Whether the length of the left cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value)? Yes
Whether the length of the right cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value)? Yes
Clear Cover
Clear cover for foundation: 70 mm
Soil properties
Density of the Soil: 20 kN/m3
Soil bearing capacity, fak: 205.1 kN/m2
Height of soil above foundation: 2.4 m
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m 2
Groundwater depth: 3 m below ground level
Concrete and Steel Properties
Concrete density: 25.0 kN/m3
Compressive strength of concrete: 14.3 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 300 N/mm2

Minimum bar Size: 8.2 mm

Maximum bar size: 14 mm
Minimum bar spacing: 100 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 450 mm
Buoyancy effect = 0 kN
Calculations
Determine the size required for the foundation
Volume of Footing = 3.6 × 3.6 × 0.6 =7.776 m3
Weight of Footing = 7.776 × 25=194.4 kN
Volume of concrete in pedestal = 0.6 × 0.8 × 0.5=0.24 m3
Weight of pedestal = 0.24 × 25= 6 kN
Volume of soil on the footing = 3.6 × 3.6 × 2.4 - 7.776-0.24 ×2-0.6 × 0.8 × 1.3 ×2 =21.6 m3
Wight of soil = 21.6 × 20= 432 kN
Gk = 432+6×2+194.4= 638.4 kN
Minimum area of foundation required: Amin = pk/ fa
Amin = (638.4+ 153.85 ×2) / 239.7 = 3.95 m2
Minimum Length of base, L: (1.3 + 1 + 1.3) = 3.6m
Minimum Width of base, W = 3.6m
Assume Thickness of base, Do = 0.60 m
Ao = Area based on minimum dimensions = L×W = 3.6 × 3.6 =12.96 m2
Weight of footing = 8.625 × 0.6 × 25 = 129.375 kN
Final provided foundation dimensions:
Area of base, A: 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Left Cantilever length, Llo: 1.3 m
Right Cantilever length, Lro: 1.3 m
Total load on the footing
pk = 638.4+153.85 ×2 = 946.09 kN
Mxk=38.46 + 38.46 - 7.69 × (0.6+0.5) - 7.69 × (0.6+0.5) = 60 kN·m
Mzk=- [ 38.46 + 38.46 +7.69 × (0.6+0.5) + 7.69 × (0.6+0.5)] = - 93.85 kN·m
Wx=Wz=3.6×3.62/6=7.78 m3
Soil pressure due to vertical load alone = pk / A = 946.09 / 12.96= 73.00 kN/m2

So, pressure at four corners (With Clockwise) –Right and Up corner is σ1

σ1= pk/A - Mxk/Zx +Mzk/Zz = 73-60/7.78-93.85/7.78= 53.22 kN/m2
σ2= pk/A - Mxk/Zx - Mzk/Zz = 73-60/7.78+93.85/7.78=77.35 kN/m2
σ3= pk/A + Mxk/Zx - Mzk/Zz = 73+60/7.78+93.85/7.78=92.79 kN/m2
σ4=pk/A + Mxk/Zx + Mzk/Zz= 73+60/7.78-93.85/7.78=68.65 kN/m2
Soil bearing capacity modified per GB50007-2011, equation 5.24
Fa=fak+ηb·γ·(b-3)+ ηd·γm·(d-0.5)=205.1+1.3×20× (3.6-3)+0.5×20× (2.4-0.5)=239.7 kN/m2
pk=73 kN/m2 < 239.7 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
pk max= 92.79 KN/m2 <1.2 × 239.7=287.64 kN/m2 (Hence safe)

Corner1 (q1) Corner2 (q2) Corner3 (q3) Corner4 (q4) area (Au) (m 2 )
(kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 ) (kN/m 2 )
101
53.22 77.35 92.79 68.65 0.00
If Au equals zero, the entire footing is in contact with the soil. Hence, no re-distribution is needed.
Overturning Stability Test
About X Direction
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = -98.85 kN.m
Load Case Moment X Moment Z Resistance Resistance Overturning Overturning

(kN·m) (kN·m) Moment X Moment Z Stability Factor Stability Factor
(kN·m) (kN·m) X Z
101 60
-93.85 1702.97 1702.97 28.383 -18.146
(For Critical Load Case LC 102)

So, Stress at four Corners:
σ1= P/A - Mx/Zx +Mz/Zz = 400/12.96-78/7.78-122/7.78= 5.14 kN/m2
σ2= P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 400/12.96-78/7.78+122/7.78=36.52 kN/m2
σ3= P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 400/12.96+78/7.78+122/7.78=56.58 kN/m2
σ4=P/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz= 400/12.96+78/7.78-122/7.78=25.21 kN/m2
One-way Shear Check


The following formulae are used pe GB50007 - 2011 code for design of building foundations.
βhs = (800 / h0)1/4 = 1.0 (Ref. clause 8.2.9 - 2)
A0 = b0 × h0
One-way shear is checked on the column face
Average base pressure along footing edge = (5.14+25.21)/2=15.175kN/m2
=15.175+(46.553-15.175) × (3.6-1.3+0.6/2)/3.6=37.837 kN/m2
Vs =3.6× (46.553+37.837) × (1.3-0.3/2)/2=151.902 kN
One-way shear capacity = 0.7×1.0×1430×0.512×3.6=1845.04 kN > Vs
Hence OK
=20.83+(40.90-20.83) × (3.6-3.6/2+0.8/2)/3.6=33.09 kN/m2
Vs =3.6× (40.90+33.09) × (3.6/2-0.8/2)/2=186.45 kN
One-way shear capacity = 0.7×1.0×1430×0.512×3.6=1845.04 kN > Vs
Hence OK
Note: The clear spacing of two columns is less than effective height, So the punching shear check is according to
equivalent column.

Column 1, X Direction at critical side

Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 19.43 × 1.128256 = 21.92 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 × 1430.00 × (0.80 + 1.824) / 2 ×0.512 = 672.42kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, X Direction at rightside
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 46.553×1.128256 = 52.52kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 × 1430.00 × (0.80 + 1.824) / 2 ×0.512 = 672.42kN
Hence, safe.
Z Direction at critical side
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 40.90 × 2.958656= 121.0kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 × 1.00 × 1430.00 × (1.6+ 2.624) / 2 × 0.512 = 1082.43kN
Hence, safe.
Four Edges
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 19.43×1.128256 +46.55×1.128256 +25.78×2.958656 +40.90×2.958656=
271.72kN
am=2 × (0.8+1.824) /2+2 × (1.6+2.624)/2=6.848
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 ×1.00 ×1430.00 × 6.848 × 0.512 = 3509.68 kN
Hence, safe.
Reinforcement Design
Reinforcement parallel to the X-Direction

Control load case No.: 102

Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 0.15%×3,600×600=3240 mm2
MI = [15.175×1.6×1.6/2+(29.12-15.175) ×1.6×1.6/6] ×3.6+61-200×0.3=92.35kNm
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 92,347,051/ (0.9 × 512 ×300) = 668.02mm2
Number of steels n= (3600-2×70-12)/120+1=29.7, provide n=30
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 113.1×30=3393 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements
Reinforcement parallel to the Z-Direction

Control case No.: 102

Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 0.15%×3600×600=3240 mm2
MI = 3.6×33.09×1.4×1.4/2+3.6× (40.90-33.09) ×1.4×1.4×2/6=135.1kNm
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 135102881/ (0.9 ×512 × 300) = 977.31 mm2
Number of steels n= (3600-2×70-12)/120+1=29.7, provide n=30
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 113.1×30=3393 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax

Table 196: Overview of the design results
Base Number Left Cantilever Right Cantilever Length (M) Width (M) Height (M)
(M) (M)
1 1.3 1.3 3.6 3.6 0.6
Table 197: Foundation reinforcement details
Base Number Top Longitudinal Bottom Longitudinal Top Transverse Bottom Transverse
Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement
1 #12 @ 120 mm c / c #12 @ 120 mm c / c #12 @ 120 mm c / c #12 @ 120 mm c / c
Comparison
Advanced Result
(General)

77.3536 77.3536
92.7857 92.7857
68.6483 68.6483

Way)
151.90 151.90
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)
Punching (Col. 1, one- 121.00 120.99 None

Way) Flz(kN)
52.52 52.52
Flx(kN)

Edges
) (kN)

Way)
151.90 151.90
Vsz(kN)
Vsx(kN)


Advanced Result
(General)
Punching (Col. 2, Two- 121.00 120.99 None

Way) Flz(kN)
52.52 52.52
Flx(kN)

Edges) (kN)

(Bottom, mm2)

(Bottom, mm2)
Ast reqd. along X 0 0 None

(Top, mm2)
Ast reqd. along Z 0 0 None

(Top, mm2)

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation ..................................................................7
Figure 2: Plan and Elevation ................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces ...................................................... 25
Figure 6: Bending section considered .................................................................................................28
Figure 7: One-way shear section considered ...................................................................................29
Figure 8: Two-way shear section considered ..................................................................................29

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions ...............................................35
Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions ................................. 37
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear ........................................................................38
Figure 13: Plan and Elevation .................................................................................................................40
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 54
Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................55
Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................57
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 58
Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 67

Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction ..................................... 77
Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................84
Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................90
Figure 35: Plan and Elevation .............................................................................................................. 102
Figure 36: Bending about major axes ...............................................................................................104
Figure 45: Elevation of Footing ........................................................................................................... 164
Figure 46: Plan of Footing ..................................................................................................................... 164
Figure 47: Compression zone of pressure due to ultimate loads ......................................... 165
Figure 48: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads ...................................................... 171
Figure 49: Bending sections considered ......................................................................................... 172

Figure 50: Shear sections considered ...............................................................................................174
Figure 51: Two-way shear sections considered .......................................................................... 175
Figure 54: Plan of Reinforcement ...................................................................................................... 184
Figure 56: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design ..............................................188
Figure 62: Final Plan Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 212
Figure 64: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams .......................................................216
Figure 66: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ................................................ 223
Figure 68: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ..........................................................228
Figure 72: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions ................................................................ 244
Figure 73: Footing Plan ...........................................................................................................................252
Figure 74: Loads on Footing ................................................................................................................. 252
Figure 75: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams ...... 254

Figure 76: Elevation, Plan, and Section ............................................................................................259
Figure 77: Soil Stress Distribution Below Footing ......................................................................262
Figure 78: Bending Moment and Shear Force Graphs of Combined Strip Footing .......263
Figure 79: Elevation and loads ............................................................................................................ 269
Figure 80: Elevation and Plan .............................................................................................................. 274
Figure 83: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 286
Figure 87: Results of redistributed pressure from STAAD.Pro .............................................311
Figure 88: Column interaction diagram with 4-#11 bars ........................................................319
Figure 92: Soil reaction diagram used in punching shear design ........................................ 331
Figure 95: Section considered for punching shear ..................................................................... 340
Figure 97: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 348
Figure 98: Punching shear due to corner piles (case 1) ........................................................... 350
Figure 99: One-way shear due to corner piles (Case 2) ........................................................... 351
Figure 100: Section considered for one-way shear ....................................................................353
Figure 101: Section considered for bending ................................................................................. 355

Figure 102: Elevation and Plan ........................................................................................................... 359
Figure 103: Section considered for punching shear .................................................................. 361
Figure 104: Section considered for one-way shear ....................................................................363
Figure 105: Section considered for moment ................................................................................. 365
Figure 106: Elevation and dimensions ............................................................................................ 368
Figure 107: Forces on foundation ......................................................................................................369
Figure 108: Shear and Bending diagrams .......................................................................................370
Figure 109: Plan .........................................................................................................................................373
Figure 110: Plan and Elevation ........................................................................................................... 377
Figure 111: Bending Moment Diagram ........................................................................................... 379
Figure 112: Shear Force Diagram ...................................................................................................... 379
Figure 113: Punching Line Arrangement ........................................................................................382
Figure 115: Bending Moment Diagram ........................................................................................... 389
Figure 116: Shear Force Diagram ...................................................................................................... 390
Figure 117: Punching Line Arrangement ........................................................................................394
Figure 119: Elevation and Plan ........................................................................................................... 406
Figure 121: Moment Location ..............................................................................................................411
Figure 122: Shear Location ................................................................................................................... 414
Figure 123: Punching Shear Location .............................................................................................. 417
Figure 124: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal Dimensions .............................................................418
Figure 125: Arrangement of Piles ...................................................................................................... 419

Figure 133: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 435
Figure 134: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 439
Figure 135: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................ 439
Figure 137: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift .................................................................448
Figure 139: Bending moment diagram - front face .................................................................... 452
Figure 147: Pier Elevation .....................................................................................................................476
Figure 153: Tank and foundation elevation .................................................................................. 506

Figure 154: Anchor bolt plan ............................................................................................................... 506
Figure 155: One-way shear dimensions ..........................................................................................514
Figure 156: Two-way shear check ..................................................................................................... 516
Figure 158: Anchor bolt plan ............................................................................................................... 519
Figure 159: One-way shear dimensions ..........................................................................................525
Figure 160: Two-way shear check ..................................................................................................... 526
Figure 161: Plan .........................................................................................................................................528
Figure 162: Footing Elevation ............................................................................................................. 529
Figure 163: Section ...................................................................................................................................529
Figure 165: Vessel and foundation elevation ................................................................................579
Figure 166: Foundation elevation and plan ...................................................................................580
Figure 167: One-way Shear Dimensions .........................................................................................584
Figure 168: Two-way Shear Dimensions ........................................................................................ 586
Figure 169: Vessel and foundation elevation ................................................................................591
Figure 170: Foundation elevation and plan ...................................................................................592
Figure 171: One-way Shear Dimensions .........................................................................................595
Figure 172: Two-way Shear Dimensions ........................................................................................ 597
Figure 173: Tank foundation elevation ........................................................................................... 601
Figure 174: Tank elevation ................................................................................................................... 602
Figure 175: Four corners of the calculated stress .......................................................................617
Figure 176: Elevation of stability forces ..........................................................................................618
Figure 177: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction .............................................................624
Figure 178: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction .............................................................625

Figure 180: Elevation of stability forces ..........................................................................................632
Figure 183: Elevation .............................................................................................................................. 642
Figure 184: Plan .........................................................................................................................................643
Figure 186: Elevation of stability forces ...................................................................................... 0
Figure 189: Elevation .............................................................................................................................. 653
Figure 190: Plan .........................................................................................................................................654

List of Tables
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison ................................................................9
Table 2: Australian verification example 2 comparison ............................................................. 18
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison .....................................................................31
Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads ................................................................................................... 32

Table 10: British verification example 5 comparison .................................................................. 60
Table 15: British verification example comparison ................................................................... 100
Table 16: British verification example 13 comparisons ...........................................................108
Table 17: CSA verification example 1 comparison .................................................................... 115
Table 18: CSA verification example 2 comparison ..................................................................... 122

Table 27: IS verification example 1 comparison ......................................................................... 184
Table 36: IS verification example 10 comparison .......................................................................229
Table 38: Pile Locations in Plan .......................................................................................................... 237
Table 40: Pile Coordinates in Plan ..................................................................................................... 244
Table 43: IS verification example comparison ............................................................................. 257
Table 44: Ribbed beam verification ................................................................................................. 266
Table 45: US verification example 1 comparison ........................................................................272

Table 51: US Verification problem 9 comparison ....................................................................... 310
Table 52: US Verification problem 9 comparison ....................................................................... 310
Table 53: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 312
................................................................................................................................................................................. 314
Table 55: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 314
................................................................................................................................................................................. 317
Table 57: US combined foundation 1 comparison ......................................................................328
Table 58: US combined foundation 2 comparison ......................................................................337
Table 60: US verification example 10 comparison ..................................................................... 345
Table 66: US Combined Foundation 2 comparison .................................................................... 375
Table 67: Corner pressures for the factored load case (kN/m2) ......................................... 398
Table 68: EC2 verification 4 comparison ........................................................................................409
Table 69: Location of Piles in Plan ..................................................................................................... 410
Table 70: Eurocode pilecap verification - comparison ............................................................. 417
Table 71: Location of Piles in Plan ..................................................................................................... 419
Table 73: Pile Locations in Plan .......................................................................................................... 429

Table 75: Soil Test Report Summary ................................................................................................ 436
Table 76: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips) .................................. 436
Table 77: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison ............................... 444
Table 78: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................445
................................................................................................................................................................................. 445
Table 80: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................ 447
Table 82: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................454
................................................................................................................................................................................. 455
Table 84: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 456
Table 86: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 464
................................................................................................................................................................................. 464
Table 89: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison ......................................... 479
Table 90: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison ......................................... 484
Table 91: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison ................................... 489
Table 92: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison ................................... 494
Table 93: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison ......................................499
Table 94: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison ......................................504
Table 95: Primary load description ...................................................................................................507
Table 96: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level (PIP STC01015 Section 4.2.2.3 Table 3)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 509
Table 97: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level ............................................................. 509

Table 98: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level (PIP STC01015 Section 4.2.2.3 Table 4)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 510
Table 99: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 510
Table 100: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ................................................ 511
Table 101: Stability Ratio ................................................................................................................... 0
Table 102: Soil bearing check .............................................................................................................. 513
Table 103: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison ............................................ 518
Table 104: Primary load description ................................................................................................ 520
Table 105: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................ 521
Table 106: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level ..........................................522
Table 107: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level .......................................................... 522
Table 108: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level ................................523
Table 110: Stability Ratio .......................................................................................................................525
Table 112: Primary Load Description .............................................................................................. 539
Table 115: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level ................................540

Table 123: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison ..........................................553
Table 126: Calculation of the force and moment – based on Table 6-3 page 79 of ASCE 7-05
................................................................................................................................................................................. 556
Table 131: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 563
Table 132: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 564
Table 133: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................565
Table 134: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............565
Table 135: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 566
Table 136: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ...........567
Table 137: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 570
Table 138: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 571
Table 139: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................571
Table 140: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............572
Table 141: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 573
Table 142: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ...........574
Table 143: Service level load combinations .................................................................................. 576
Table 144: Service level loads applied at the top of the Shell / fixed pier .......................576
Table 145: Service level loads applied at the top of the Channel / sliding pier ............. 577
Table 146: Service level loads applied at the top of the Shell / fixed pier ........................577
Table 147: Service level loads applied at the top of the Channel / sliding pier ............. 577

Table 148: Pile Coordinates in Plan .................................................................................................. 581
Table 152: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End ... 582
Table 153: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End .......... 582
Table 154: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End ....................582
Table 155: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End ...........................582
Table 156: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 1 comparison .........................................589
Table 157: Pile Coordinates in Plan .................................................................................................. 593
Table 161: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End ... 594
Table 162: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End .......... 594
Table 163: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End ....................594
Table 164: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End ...........................594
Table 165: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 2 comparison .........................................600
Table 166: Seismic Load Calculation ................................................................................................ 605
Table 167: Overturning Effect of Seismic Force .......................................................................... 605
Table 168: Allowable Stress Design Factors - Service Level .................................................. 606
Table 169: Ultimate Stress Design Factors .................................................................................... 606
Table 170: Applied Loads at Top of Ringwall - Service Level ................................................ 607
Table 171: Applied Loads at Top of Ringwall - Strength Level ............................................. 608
Table 173: Overview of steps footing basic geometry .............................................................. 614

Table 174: Load cases ............................................................................................................................. 616
Table 175: Factors of safety ..................................................................................................................618
Table 176: Comparison of results ...................................................................................................... 626
Table 177: Overview of steps footing basic geometry .............................................................. 628
Table 178: Load cases ............................................................................................................................. 629
Table 179: Factors of safety ..................................................................................................................632
Table 181: Footing geometry (conical base) .................................................................................642
Table 182: Load cases ............................................................................................................................. 644
Table 183: Factor of safety ....................................................................................................................647
Table 184: Reinforcement details ...................................................................................................... 652
Table 185: Footing geometry (conical base) .................................................................................653
Table 186: Load cases ............................................................................................................................. 655
Table 187: Factor of safety ....................................................................................................................658
Table 188: Reinforcement details ...................................................................................................... 663
Table 190: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - service combination ............. 666
Table 191: Load cases for foundation design - Ultimate combination ...............................666
Table 192: Overview of the design results .....................................................................................673
Table 193: Foundation reinforcement details .............................................................................. 673
Table 194: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - service combination ............. 676
Table 195: Load cases for foundation design - Ultimate combination ...............................677
Table 196: Overview of the design results .....................................................................................684
Table 197: Foundation reinforcement details .............................................................................. 684

Index
A Mat Combined Foundation drilled pier
91, 92, 95, 97, 99, API method 480, 482–484
ACI 318 268, 435
100 Drilled Pier 475
American
combined foundation 79–83, drilled piers
combined foundation 322,
85, 87–89, 91 API method 475, 477, 479
323, 325–329, 331,
isolated foundation 28–32, FHWA 485, 487–490,
334, 335, 337
34–51, 53, 55, 56, 492–494
deadman guy anchor 435,
58–65, 67–72, 74, Vesic method 495, 497–500,
436, 439, 442, 444,
77–79 502–504
448, 451–453, 457,
isolated foundation with
458, 461–463, 468,
eccentricity
469, 473, 474
101–104, 106–108
E
isolated footing 273–277 EC2
British Code 28
isolated foundation combined foundation
BS8110 28
268–272, 278–293, 376–378, 380, 381,
295, 298–303, 305, 383, 384, 386, 387,
308–317 C 391, 392, 394
mat combined foundation Canadian eccentricity 101–104, 106–108
367–372 buoyancy calculations 122, European
pedestal design 317–321 124 Isolated Footing 395,
pile cap foundation 337, combined foundation 178, 397–401, 403, 405
339–342, 344, 345, 180 isolated foundation 406,
347, 348, 350, 353, isolated foundation 407, 409
355, 357, 358, 110–122, 124, pilecap foundation 409,
360–364, 366, 367 126–132, 134–141, 411–414, 416–418,
API 475, 477, 479, 480, 482–484 143–150, 152, 153, 420–423, 425–427,
AS3600 6 155–160, 162, 163, 429–433
Australian 165, 168, 169
General Combined Footing pilecap foundation 170, 172,
19–21, 23–26 174–177
F
General Isolated Footing 6, FHWA 485, 487–490, 492–494
Canadian Code 110
8, 9, 11–15, 17, 18 Chinese Code 614
General Combined Footing CSA A23.3 110 G
19–21, 23–26 GB-50007-2011
General Isolated Footing 6,
8, 9, 11–15, 17, 18
D combined footing 1 664,
665, 667, 668, 673
Deadman Anchors 435
combined footing 2 675,
deadman guy anchor 435, 436,
B 439, 442, 444, 448,
678, 684
British steps footing 1 614, 616,
451–453, 457, 458,
Isolated Foundation 618, 619, 621, 624,
461–463, 468, 469, 473,
101–104, 106–108 626
474

steps footing 2 627–629, mat combined foundation pile cap foundation 537,
632, 633, 635, 638, 251–254 540, 541, 544, 545
640 mat foundation 254, 256, seismic loads 546–555
tapered footing 1 641, 642, 257 vertical vessel foundation
644–649, 652, 653, pilecap foundation 236, 518, 524–528,
655–660, 663 238–243, 245–251 530–533, 535, 536
GB50007-2011 614 Indian Code 181 wind loads 555–561
getting help 686 IS 456 181 plant foundations 505
H P R
help 686 plant ribbed combined 258, 260, 261,
horizontal vessel loads 263–266
561–563, 568–570,
I 575–577
Indian
horizontal vessel pile cap
T
combined foundation tank foundation 601, 604, 606,
foundation 577, 578,
213–221, 224, 226, 609, 610, 612, 613
582, 584, 586, 587,
228–230, 232–235 technical support 686
589, 590, 594, 595,
isolated foundation 181,
597, 598, 600
183–185, 187–207,
209, 211, 212
U
United States Code 268

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STAAD Foundation Advanced

CONNECT Edition V9 Update 6 (v9.6)

Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 3 Verification Manual

List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 687

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................695

STAAD Foundation Advanced 4 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 5 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 6 Verification Manual

Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation

Approximate area of footing required = 450/120 m2 = 3.75 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 7 Verification Manual

Mz = -5 × 1.2 kN.m = -6 kNm

max. pressure, 105.634 kN/m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)

Sliding force = 52 + 52 = 7.071 kN

STAAD Foundation Advanced 8 Verification Manual

Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Advanced Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Maximum Bearing 105.634 105.6336 105.6336 Negligible

Resisting force for 256.729 256.730 256.73 Negligible

Resisting Moment 713.137 713.12 713.12 Negligible

Resisting force for 256.729 256.730 256.73 Negligible

Resisting Moment 713.137 713.12 713.12 Negligible

1.2 AS Isolated Foundation 2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 9 Verification Manual

Figure 2: Plan and Elevation

Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 10 Verification Manual

Total Vertical load V = 1,887.96 kN

STAAD Foundation Advanced 11 Verification Manual

Check for Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

STAAD Foundation Advanced 12 Verification Manual

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

Check for Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

STAAD Foundation Advanced 13 Verification Manual

Now, Reducing for self weight, Mu(X) = 785.8743 kNm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

Area of Steel Required

Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

STAAD Foundation Advanced 14 Verification Manual

Provide 12 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c

Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

Check for One-Way Shear

STAAD Foundation Advanced 15 Verification Manual

Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2

τv < τc and τv < τc,max

STAAD Foundation Advanced 16 Verification Manual

Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2

τv < τc and τv < τc,max

STAAD Foundation Advanced 17 Verification Manual

fcv = 0.34 fc = 0.34 25 = 1.7 N/mm2

Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Advanced Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Corner Pressure, 117.9975 117.9975 117.9972 Negligible

STAAD Foundation Advanced 18 Verification Manual

Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Advanced Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Resisting Moment 3,775.92 3,775.85 3,775.85 Negligible

Shear Force (One- 634.909 638.28 638.28 0.5%

Resisting Shear 0.3066 0.3066 0.302 Negligible

Shear Force (Two- 0.789 0.789 0.790 None

Resisting Shear 0.8639 0.863 0.863 Negligible