Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Герундий
Герундий
Герундій
Харків - 2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(2007-2008 piloting)
Appendix .................................................................................................................. 39
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NOMINAL VERBAL
a) The gerund can perform the functions of a) The gerund can take a direct, indirect or
subject, object and predicative, e.g. prepositional object, e.g.
Seeing is believing. (seeing – subject; She avoided (what?) meeting him. (direct)
believing- predicative) Mr. Black thought (of what?) of leaving
He remembered posting the letter. (object) the town. (prepositional)
b) The gerund can be preceded by a b) The gerund can be modified by an adverb,
preposition, e.g. e.g.
Mary insisted on calling Dick. Peter enjoys reading books (how?) slowly
c) The gerund can be modified by a noun in and thoroughly.
the possessive case or a possessive c) The gerund has the category of voice, e.g.
pronoun, e.g. I hate interrupting people.(active)
Excuse my interrupting you. I hate being interrupted. (passive)
Excuse John’s interrupting you. d) The gerund has the category of correlation,
d) The gerund can perform the functions of e.g.
attribute and adverbial modifier, e.g. There is some hope of catching the last
There is a chance (what kind?) of finding train. (non-perfect/common)
him in. (attribute) Paul remembered having caught the last
Remember to turn off the gas (when?) train. (perfect)
before leaving the house. (adv. modifier of
time)
4. The gerund has only two grammatical categories: the category of voice (active and passive)
and the category of correlation (perfect and non-perfect)
CORRELATION VOICE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
NON-PERFECT I remember taking my sister to I remember being taken to the theatre
(COMMON) the theatre for the first time. = Я for the first time. = Я помню, как
помню, как повел свою сестру меня повели в театр в первый раз. /
в театр в первый раз. / Я Я пам'ятаю, як мене уперше повели
пам'ятаю, як уперше повів в театр.
свою сестру в театр.
PERFECT Ted entered without having The door opened without having been
knocked at the door. = Тед knocked on. = Дверь отворилась,
вошел, не постучав в дверь. / без стука. (т.е. без того, чтобы в нее
Тед увійшов, не постукавши у постучали.) / Двері відчинилися,
двері. без стуку. (= без того, щоб у неї
постукали.)
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Note: In Modern English the perfect passive gerund is used very seldom
Translation of gerund into Russian
1. By an infinitive, e.g. Before going to bed, Jack checked all the locks in the house. = Перед
тем как пойти спать, Джек проверил все замки в доме. / Перед тим як піти спати,
Джек перевірив всі замки в будинку.
2. By noun, e.g. Reading English books in the original is my aunt’s hobby. = Чтение
английских книг в оригинале – увлечение моей тетушки. / Читання англійських
книг в оригіналі - захоплення моєї тіточки.
3. By using a special form of the verb – деепричастие, e.g. Fred left the room without
looking at anyone. = Фред вышел из комнаты, ни на кого не глядя. / Фред вийшов з
кімнати, ні на кого не дивлячись.
4. By a subordinate clause, e.g. I don’t remember meeting this person before. = Я не помню,
чтобы я встречала этого человека раньше. / Я не пам'ятаю, щоб я зустрічала цієї
людини раніше.
GERUNDIAL PHRASES
Gerundial phrases or constructions consist of
some nominal element + gerund + some other words depending on it
The nominal element can be expresses by:
A noun in the common case, e.g.
I remember the weather being extremely fine that summer. = Я помню, что в то лето
была удивительно хорошая погода. / Я пам'ятаю, що в те літо була дивно гарна
погода.
I remember Peter telling me this joke. = Я помню, как Питер рассказывал мне эту
шутку. / Я пам'ятаю, як Питер розповідав мені цей жарт.
A noun in the possessive case, e.g.
Dana enjoyed John’s playing the piano. = Дана получала удовольствие от того, как
Джон играл на пианино. / Дана була захоплена тім, як Джон грав на піаніно. /
A possessive pronoun, e.g.
We all appreciate your helping us. = Мы все ценим то, как вы нам помогли. / Ми все
цінуємо те, як ви нам допомогли.
A pronoun in the objective case, e.g.
Imagine him talking to her like that! = Представь, что он разговаривает с ней таким
образом! / Представ, що він розмовляє з нею в такий спосіб! /
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TASK 2. Define the form of the gerund translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
Choose the forms from:
a) Non-perfect active (NPA) b) Non-perfect passive (NPP)
c) Perfect active (PA) d) Perfect passive (PP)
1. Your idea is worth considering.
2. Do you remember having mentioned the fact to anyone?
3. After having been signed by the executive director, the documents were sent to the
suppliers.
4. The old man never mentioned having spoken to the headmaster about the boy’s
behaviour.
5. Before drinking this water requires filtering.
6. After having been thoroughly examined by the doctor, the old lady was taken to hospital.
7. Steve managed to sneak to his bedroom without being seen.
8. Dick never forgave his wife for having deceived him with his best friend.
9. Nobody likes being laughed at.
10. Thank you so much for putting up with all my idiosyncrasies.
11. Fred will always regret having uttered those offensive words.
12. I remember the weather being extremely fine that summer.
13. Your suggestion is worth talking over.
14. Fancy us having to walk a mile in a wind like this.
15. All depends on the doctor being sent for in time.
16. The teacher was displeased with the boys being noisy.
17. Happiness consists largely in having true friends.
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TASK 5. Use the prompts below to make up mini-dialogues. Follow the example.
Example. to go on a shopping spree
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Her job is giving advice to people who write to magazines about their personal problems.
= Ее работа заключается в том, что она дает советы людям, которые пишут в
журналы и своих личных проблемах. / Її робота полягає в тім, що вона дає поради
людям, які пишуть у журнали про свої особисті проблеми.
It looks like raining. = Похоже, идет дождь. / Схоже, іде дощ.
Reading his letter looked to her like feeling his presence. = Читать его письма было
равносильно тому, чтобы ощущать его присутствие. / Читати його листи було як
відчувати його присутність.
To be among these people was like breathing fresh air in a desert. = Быть среди этих
людей было как глоток свежего воздуха в пустыне. / Бути серед цих людей було як
ковток свіжого повітря в пустелі.
He didn’t feel like going out that evening. = У него не было ни малейшего желания
идти куда-нибудь в тот вечер. / У нього не було ні найменшого бажання йти куди-
небудь у той вечір.
TASK 6. Translate into English using gerund as the predicate and as the predicative.
№ Russian Ukrainian
1 Как насчет того, чтобы поехать в субботу Як щодо того, щоб поїхати в суботу за
за город? – Что? Предлагать мне это місто? – Що? Пропонувати мені це перед
перед самым экзаменом? Ты просто надо самим іспитом? Ти просто знущаєшся з
мной издеваешься! мене!
2 Самое сильное увлечение моего отца – Найдужче захоплення мого батька –
виндсерфинг. В прошлом году он был во віндсерфінг. Торік він був у Франції. І
Франции. И знаете, что он привез? Нет, знаєте, що він привіз? Ні, не парфуми!
не духи! Суперсовременный сёрф, Суперсучасний серф, що важить усього
который весит всего 10 килограммов. 10 кілограмів.
3 Как насчет того, чтобы, чтобы рассказать Як щодо того, щоб, щоб розповісти все,
все, что нам известно полиции? – що нам відомо поліції? – Вмішувати в
Вмешивать в это дело полицию цю справу поліцію нерозумно. Мені не
неразумно. Мне не нравится эта идея. подобається ця ідея. Це значить,
Это значит, рассказать им о наших розповісти їм про наші підозри, не
подозрениях, не имея никаких улик. Нас маючи ніяких доказів. Нас просто
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Note: The verbs marked with * can also be followed by the infinitive; some of them with a
change in meaning.
For the difference between ‘stop + gerund’ and ‘stop + infinitive’; ‘go on + gerund’ and ‘go
on + infinitive’, see ‘The Infinitive’ or the Appendix)
TASK 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or gerund form.
1. Old Mrs. Bennet went on _________ (to chat) for another two hours without ___________
(to notice) my discomfort.
2. The little boy told me his name and went on _________ (to show) us his toys.
3. I am really sorry, I didn't mean _________ (to interrupt) you. Please, go on ___________
(to speak).
4. I have stopped _________ (to read) romances because they all seem to me the same.
5. Don’t forget to stop ________(to buy) bread on your way home.
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6. No matter how hard she tries, she can’t give up ___________ (to eat chocolate) though she
is allergic to it.
7. At weekends my dad and I used ___________ (to go) ____________ (to fish) at the lake
not far from our holiday home.
8. When Tom saw Becky burst out ____________ (to laugh) he got embarrassed and rushed
out.
9. I think you should stop ________ (to work) and leave at five o’clock like everyone else.
10. The children went on _________ (to talk) when the teacher came into the room. In fact,
they even didn’t stop ________ (to say) “Good morning”.
11. Stop _______ (to complain)! I refuse _______ (to let) you worry me again!
12. I wish you would stop _________ (to drink) so much cold Cola with your sore throat.
13. Could you please stop _________ (to make) so much noise?
14. Have you finished __________ (to wash) your hair yet?
15. Don’t give up! Keep on ___________ (to try)!
16. This room will look very cheerful once you’ve finished __________ (to paper) it.
17. I wish you wouldn’t keep _________ (to tell) me what I already know too well.
18. We need to set about _________ (to find) a solution.
19. You ought to give up _________ (to drink) so much coffee, it’s bad for you!
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придется сделать.
7 Дирижер поднял свою палочку, и Диригент підняв свою паличку, й оркестр
оркестр начал играть. Сама музыка и ее почав грати. Сама музика і її виконання були
исполнение были такими прекрасными, такими прекрасними, що коли музиканти
что когда музыканты закончили играть закінчили грати останній фрагмент, зал
последний фрагмент, зал разразился вибухнув оплесками.
аплодисментами.
8 Студенты должны знать, что когда их Студенти повинні знати, що коли їхній
преподаватель заходит в аудиторию, викладач заходить в аудиторію, вони
они должны немедленно перестать повинні негайно перестати розмовляти, і
разговаривать, и встать, чтобы встати, щоб привітати його.
поприветствовать его.
9 Мистер Бонд, пожалуйста, простите Містер Бонд, будь ласка, вибачте хлопчика.
мальчика. Он не имел намерения Він не мав наміру перервати вашу чудову
прервать вашу замечательную речь. річь. Просто в його віці дуже важко
Просто в его возрасте очень трудно продовжувати сидіти нерухомо протягом
продолжать сидеть неподвижно в двох годин.
течение двух часов.
10 Когда погода была хорошей, мы Коли погода була гарною, ми бувало ходили
бывало ходили на прогулку в лес, на прогулянку в ліс, збирали гриби й
собирали грибы и землянику, слушали суницю, слухали спів птахів і
пение птиц и наслаждались тишиной и насолоджувалися тишею й спокоєм.
покоем.
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Do you have any objections to working in the sales department? = У вас есть какие-
нибудь возражения против того, чтобы работать в отделе продаж? / У вас є які-
небудь заперечення проти того, щоб працювати у відділі продажів?
I always had fantasies about travelling to distant countries and visiting strange places. =
Я всегда фантазировал о том, чтобы путешествовать в дальние страны и побывать
в необычных местах. / Я завжди фантазував про те, щоб подорожувати в далекі
країни й побувати в незвичайних місцях.
My mother’s obsession about cleaning the house all the time irritated our father. =
Одержимость моей матери уборкой в доме все время раздражала нашего отца. /
Одержимість моєї матері прибиранням у будинку увесь час дратувала нашого
батька.
5. There are other prepositions that are found in a limited number of nouns which are
recommended to be remembered. These nouns and prepositions are:
Preposition ‘for’
cause excuse gift ground motive
passion genius pretext talent reason
reputation opportunity
Do you think you need any pretext for visiting Matilda? = Вы думаете вам нужен
какой-либо повод, чтобы навестить Матильду? / Ви думаєте вам потрібний який-
небудь _________ ?, щоб відвідати Матильду?
Is there any reason for your declining their invitation? = Есть ли какая-нибудь причина
для вашего отказа от их приглашения. / Є чи яка-небудь причина для вашої
відмови від їхнього запрошення?
I don’t see any motives for Roger’s killing Mrs. Stevens. = Я не вижу никаких мотивов,
по которым Роджер мог убить миссис Стивенс. / Я не бачу ніяких мотивів, по
яких Роджер міг убити миссис Стивенс.
Preposition ‘in’
advantage difficulty experience harm pleasure
point sense skill
Preposition ‘at’
amazement astonishment attempt delight dismay
irritation pleasure satisfaction shyness surprise
Bertha couldn’t hide her amazement at seeing Len in San Francisco. = Берта не могла
скрыть своего изумления при виде Лена в Сан-Франциско. / Берта не могла
сховати свого здивування, побачивши Лена в Сан-Франциско.
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7. However there are cases when only gerund or only infinitive is used after certain nouns in
the function of attribute, e.g.
Noun + Infinitive Noun + OF + Gerund
(has an additional meaning of adverbial
modifiers of purpose)
effort, e.g. The local club is making every trouble, e.g. I’ll buy some milk for you,
effort (what kind of effort? what for?) to it’ll save you the trouble of going out.
interest young people. hope, e.g. There is no hope of finding the
right, e.g. What gives you the right (what jewellery.
kind of right? what for?) to criticize him? habit; e.g. I’m not in the habit of letting
strangers into my apartment.
TASK 9. Make up sentences of your own with the gerund in the function of an attribute
using the word combinations given below.
1 a chance of seeing 7 one’s surprise at hearing 13 a prospect of travelling
TASK 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or gerund form using them in
the function of an attribute. Add prepositions wherever necessary.
1. It was very kind of you to have taken the trouble ____________ (to bring) me this book.
I have always wanted to read it.
2. John’s idea ___________ (to start) __________ (to look) for our family roots looked
very appealing.
3. There was very little hope _________ (to see) my stolen car again.
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4. Stuart was so excited that he had to make an effort ___________ (to control) his voice.
5. Georgina was a most startling woman __________ (to look) ________.
6. You should have seen my mother’s surprise ____________ (to see) me at the doorstep.
7. My grandmother is not an easy person ___________ (to give) presents ________. You
never know if she likes them or not.
8. It’s wonderful that we have an older man with plenty of experience __________ (to turn)
________ for advice and help.
9. At the dinner party Mr. Stonebridge had a pleasure ____________ (to meet) the new
young neighbour who he found very interesting.
10. Unfortunately the young doctor had no experience ___________ (to perform) such
difficult operations and they had to send for the local surgeon.
11. It was father’s habit ___________ (to settle) down at a table to lay out at once his
cigarette case and lighter.
TASK 11. Translate into English using gerund or infinitive in the function of an
attribute.
№ Russian Ukrainian
1 Я настоятельно рекомендую вам Я настійно рекомендую вам одержати
получить водительские права. Опыт права водія. Досвід водіння машини
вождения машины пригодится вам в придасться вам у пошуках престижної
поисках престижной работы. роботи.
2 Синтия не тот человек, которому легко Синтия не та людина, якій легко
помочь или дать совет. Представьте себе допомогти або дати пораду. Уявіть собі
мое удивление, когда я увидела, что она мій подив, коли я побачила, що вона
готова последовать моему совету. готова діяти за моєю порадою.
3 Не тратьте время, у вас есть многое, чем Не витрачайте час, у вас є багато чого, чим
можно заняться. Кроме того, мне нужно можна зайнятися. Крім того, мені потрібно
кое-что обсудить с вами, прежде чем вы дещо обговорити з вами, перш ніж ви
начнете разрабатывать план проведения почнете розробляти план проведення
ежегодной научной конференции. щорічної наукової конференції.
4 Для подростков идея получить так много Для підлітків ідея одержати так багато
денег и таким легким путем была грошей і таким легким шляхом була зовсім
совершенно новой и поэтому нової й тому захоплюючою. Вони не
захватывающей. Они не осознавали, что усвідомлювали, що думка одержати гроші
мысль получить деньги преступным злочинним шляхом була вкладена в їхню
путем была вложена в их головы хитрым голів хитрою й жорстокою людиною.
и жестоким человеком.
5 Самый эффективный метод запоминания Найефективніший метод запам'ятовування
английских неправильных глаголов – англійських неправильних дієслів –
выписать их на карточки и повторять их виписати їх на картки й повторювати їх
регулярно несколько раз в неделю. регулярно кілька разів у тиждень.
6 Вы, несомненно, должны использовать Ви, безсумнівно, повинні використати цей
этот шанс побывать в Англии, даже если шанс побувати в Англії, навіть якщо вам
вам придется для этого сдать все доведеться для цього здати всі іспити
экзамены досрочно. достроково.
7 Вы видите какой-нибудь способ Ви бачите який-небудь спосіб зменшити
уменьшить риск данной ситуации? Мы, ризик даної ситуації? Ми, звичайно ж,
конечно же, приняли все необходимые прийняли всі необхідні міри проти
меры против похищения ребенка, но эта викрадення дитини, але ця небезпека ще
опасность еще существует. існує.
8 Какой смысл их ждать? Они уже Який сенс їх чекати? Вони вже спізнилися
опоздали на полчаса. Если мы будем их на півгодини. Якщо ми будемо їх щораз
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каждый раз ждать, мы, в конце концов, чекати, ми, зрештою, виробимо в них
выработаем у них привычку всегда звичку завжди спізнюватися.
опаздывать.
9 У вас есть право молчать и не отвечать У вас є право мовчати й не відповідати на
на вопросы полиции, пока не приедет питання поліції, поки не приїде ваш
ваш адвокат. Но я вам не советую адвокат. Але я вам не раджу користуватися
пользоваться этим правом, если вы цим правом, якщо ви хочете надати нам
хотите оказать нам помощь в поисках допомогу в пошуках злочинця. Ваше право
преступника. Ваше право хранить зберігати мовчання може зробити нам
молчание может оказать нам плохую погану послугу.
услугу.
10 Стелла видела, что от нее ждут ответа, но Стелла бачила, що від неї чекають
не сделала ни малейшего усилия відповіді, але не зробила ні найменшого
порыться в своей памяти. Она даже зусилля поритися у своїй пам'яті. Вона
перестала притворяться, что всякое навіть перестала прикидатися, що всяке
умственное усилие было для нее розумове зусилля було для неї
невозможно. неможливо.
11 У вас была реальная возможность У вас була реальна можливість поліпшити
улучшить рабочую обстановку в вашем робочу обстановку у вашім відділі. Чому
отделе. Почему вы не воспользовались ви не скористалися нею?
ею?
12 Будьте осторожны, когда будете задавать Будьте обережні, коли будете задавати
мистеру Блумфилду вопросы. Не містерові Блумфилду питання. Не
касайтесь его научной работы. Если он торкатеся його наукової праці. Якщо він
садится на своего конька, нет никакого сяде на свого ________ ?, немає ніякого
способа его остановить. способу його зупинити.
13 Матильда непредсказуемая женщина. Матильда непередбачена жінка. Ніколи
Никогда невозможно предугадать, что неможливо вгадати, що вона зробить або
она сделает или скажет в следующую скаже в наступну мінуту. Але зате з нею
минуту. Но зато с ней всегда интересно. завжди цікаво.
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happened.
7 Of Except Prepositions: Your English is decent apart from
exception what? except (for) spelling.
but for The boy enjoys everything except doing
apart from his homework.
aside from
besides
8 Of purpose What for? Preposition: They took her to the police station for
(rare use) For what for questioning.
purpose?
TASK 12. Sort out the sentences given below according to different types of adverbial
modifiers expressed by the gerund. The first one is done for you.
Adverbial Modifier Number of Sentences
1 Time
2 Reason
3 Manner/attendant circumstances 1,
4 Concession
5 Purpose
6 Condition
7 Exception
8 Comparison
1. Without looking up I apologized to the man I bumped into and went on my way.
2. In sending me to university my parents made a sacrifice; they couldn’t really afford it.
3. It must be great to get anything you want just by asking!
4. The servants left without Peter having seen them go.
5. On returning home from school the boy noticed a small jade statuette on the living-room
shelf.
6. The cigarette burned down to Dan’s fingers and he threw it over the banister without
putting it out.
7. Barbara took her temperature and, upon finding it was a hundred point four, went back to
bed again.
8. The little boy showed his boredom by refusing to find any interest in the game.
9. It was quiet in the woods except for our breaking twigs.
10. We talked in whispers for fear of disturbing the child.
11. I was to walk over to my grandmother's before going home.
12. I thought that working on the farm was much better for me than staying in the hot city all
summer.
13. Except for his breathing I wouldn’t have known that he was there.
14. We use thermometer for measuring temperature.
15. Despite being extremely tired, Peter made several telephone calls.
TASK 13. Fill in the correct prepositions or conjunctions for the gerunds used as adverbial
modifiers. There may be more than one option.
1. _______ checking into his room, Derek left the motel and arrived at the airport in time to
go on duty.
2. Louise had many little things to do ______ sitting idly in her house while waiting to be
taken out by her new boy-friend.
3. Fred had scarcely ever drunk tea at all ________ knowing Gwen.
4. Clare looked at Jim steadily ________ answering.
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5. _______ knowing what was there, he took the paper out and walked to the window.
6. I never thought they would have left ________ saying good-bye to me.
7. You can't escape your fate ________ running away.
8. The boy hoped to get his things from his bedroom _________ his parents seeing him.
9. Bob turned the car round ________ stopping and came straight back to the house.
10. Mr. Fulton made the journey to town and back twice a day and usually passed the time
_________ falling into a light nap.
11. He poured milk into a jar from a carton in the refrigerator then drank some of it himself
_________ putting the carton back.
12. ________ arriving in the apartment, I found out they were planning a little party for me.
13. They walked to the house _________ speaking to each other.
14. I thought that the telegram would be better ________ trying to explain the situation over
the phone.
TASK 14. Translate into English using either infinitive or gerund with the right preposition
or conjunction.
№ Russian Ukrainian
1 Несколько минут ребята стояли, не Кілька мінут хлопці стояли, не кажучи ні
говоря ни слова, затем заговорили все слова, потім заговорили всі відразу. Вони
сразу. Они решили, что лучше сразу вирішили, що краще відразу піти й у
пойти и во всем признаться, чем ждать, всьому зізнатися, чим чекати, коли за ними
когда за ними придут из полиции. прийдуть із поліції.
2 Открыв конверт, Розалинда не сразу Відкривши конверт, Розалінда не відразу
начала читать письмо, а сначала почала читати лист, а спочатку подивилася
посмотрела на дату, словно для того, на дату, немов для того, щоб переконатися,
чтобы убедиться, что его принесли сразу що його принесли відразу ж після того, як
же после того, как оно было отослано. його було відіслано.
3 Прежде, чем писать книгу на новую для Перш, ніж писати книгу на нову для нього
него тему, Артур Хейли сначала тему, Артур Хейлі спочатку
устраивался на работу на то место, о влаштовувався на роботу на те місце, про
котором он собирался писать. Так, он яке він збирався писати. Так, він працював
работал в аэропорту, а потом в в аеропорті, а потім у готелі, щоб зібрати
гостинице, чтобы собрать материалы и матеріали й визнати всі подробиці про
узнать все подробности о работе своих роботу своїх майбутніх героїв.
будущих героев.
4 Я не буду утомлять вас перечислением Я не буду стомлювати вас перерахуванням
всех этих мелких деталей. – Напрасно. всіх цих дрібних деталей. – Дарма. Один з
Один из героев великого Жюль Верна героїв великого Жуль Верна говорив,
говорил, «Жизнь - цепь, а мелочи в ней - «Життя - ланцюг, а дрібниці в ній - ланки.
звенья. Нельзя звену не придавать Не можна ланці не надавати значення».
значения».
5 К нашему удивлению Лиз смогла До нашого подиву Ліз змогла заробити
заработать себе на жизнь, работая на собі на життя, працюючи на швейній
швейной фабрике. Конечно, она была фабриці. Звичайно, вона була дуже бідна й
очень бедна и едва сводила концы с ледь зводила кінці з кінцями, але вона була
концами, но она была слишком горда, занадто горда, щоб піти до батьків, які
чтобы пойти к родителям, которые вигнали її з дому, і попросити їх про
выгнали ее из дома, и попросить их о допомогу.
помощи.
6 Несмотря на то, что у нее было много Незважаючи на те, що в неї було багато
вопросов, Джуди смогла сдержать свое питань, Джуді змогла стримати свою
любопытство и решила выяснить все цікавість і вирішила з'ясувати все сама в
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More verbs are given in the Appendix. Here are some examples of using the gerund after
these verbs,
Beth avoided speaking in public as she was not sure of herself.
The boy admitted stealing the money from the cloak room.
Do you mind Alice’s joining us for the trip?
2. The gerund is found in the function of a direct object after two adjectives: to be busy and
to be worth, e.g.
Is it worth buying this expensive printer?
He was busy packing his suitcase when the taxi arrived.
3. The following verbs and expressions can be followed either by gerund or by the
infinitive with a difference in meaning
4. There is also a group of verbs that can take either infinitive or gerund depending on the
voice they are used in or the object they take.
gerund infinitive
in the active voice or not followed by an in the passive voice or followed by an
indirect object indirect object
The agency advises booking in advance. The agent advised us to book in advance.
They don’t allow smoking here. We were advised to book in advance.
We were not allowed to smoke there.
They don’t allow people to smoke here.
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to imagine
gerund infinitive
general use as part of Complex Object with the verb ‘to be’
I imagined her dancing with another boy and I had imagined her to be older than she looked.
got very sad.
5. With the verbs and phrasal verbs given below only the gerund is used. It is important to
remember not only these verbs and phrasal verbs but also the prepositions.
Preposition ‘of’
to accuse of to hear of to be tired of
to approve of to learn of to be fond of
to be afraid of to suspect of not to like the idea of
to be aware of to speak of to give up the idea of
to be capable of to think of to be sure of
to be incapable of to be ignorant of to be proud of
to complain of to dream of
to consist of/in to be conscious of
Preposition ‘for’
to admire smb for to forgive smb for to praise smb for
to apologize for to thank smb for to punish smb for
to excuse smb for to blame smb for to sentence smb for
Thank you very much for sending me the books and pictures.
Tom was punished for going to the cemetery at night.
Will she ever forgive her husband for being unfaithful to her?
Preposition ‘on’
to count on to insist on to congratulate on
to decide on to waste time on to spend time on
to depend on to rely on to be keen on
to plan on
Preposition ‘to’
to agree to to be accustomed to to get round to
to look forward to to be used to in addition to
to object to to get used to
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Preposition ‘in’
to believe in to assist in to take pride in
to be interested in to help in to lose (no) time in
to persist in to result in to take part in
to succeed in to have (no) difficulty in
Note: Mind the difference in meaning in the use of gerund and infinitive in the expression to be
interested,
to be interested
in + gerund infinitive
refers to something that will happen refers to something that has already
happened
I’m interested in working on this new project. I was interested to read that article. = Мне
= Я заинтересован в том, чтобы поработать было интересно прочесть ту статью. / Мені
над этим новым проектом. / Я зацікавлений було цікаво прочитати ту статтю.
у тому, щоб попрацювати над цим новим
проектом.
Preposition ‘at’
to aim at to be surprised at to be good at
to be astonished at to be displeased at to be bad at
Preposition ‘from’
to prevent smb from to keep smb from
Nothing would prevent him from speaking out against further justices.
Your task is to keep her from leaving her bed before the doctor allows it.
8. In Modern English the expressions can’t help / couldn’t help in the meaning ‘не мог не / не
могу не ...’ are usually followed by gerund, though but + bare infinitive is also used, e.g.
I can’t help thinking he knows more than he has told us. = Я не могу не думать, что он
знает больше, чем он нам сказал. / Я не можу не думати, що він знає більше, ніж
він нам сказав.
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He can’t help being ugly. = Он не может не быть уродливым. / Він не може не бути
виродливим.
She couldn’t help but wonder what he was thinking of. = Ее не могло не интересовать,
о чем он думает. / Її не могло не цікавити, про що він думає.
9. The expressions ‘to be used to = иметь привычку, иметь обыкновение что-то делать’,
‘to get used to = to become used to = to get accustomed to smth = привыкать к чему-то,
приобретать новую привычку’, is always followed by gerund, e.g.
Typists are used to working in noisy rooms. = Машинистки привыкли работать в
шумных помещениях. / Друкарки звикли працювати в гучних приміщеннях.
You will soon get used to operating this machine. = Вы скоро привыкните управлять
этой машиной. / Ви незабаром звикніте управляти цією машиною.
Very soon Robinson became used to living without any people around. = Очень скоро
Робинзон привык жить без людей. / Дуже скоро Робинзон звик жити без людей.
She was a person accustomed to having eight hours’ sleep a night. = Она была
человеком, который привык спать восемь часов каждую ночь. / Вона була
людиною, що звикла спати вісім годин щоночі.
10. Do not confuse compound verbal aspect predicate ‘used to + infinitive’ and the expressions
‘to be used to’, to get used to’, to become used to + gerund. Compare:
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TASK 16. Fill in correct prepositions where necessary and answer the questions about
yourself. Begin each phrase with one of the following openings:
I think…
I believe…
I am not sure but most of my friends say that…
I wish I were not …
If only I could…
1. Are you good ____ organizing people and things?
2. Are you used ____ working hard?
3. Are you fond ____solving problems?
4. Are you interested ____ dealing with people?
5. Are you bad ____ working with numbers?
6. Are you tired ____ being just one in the crowd?
7. Are you keen ____ doing things your way?
8. Are you bored ____ doing routine work?
9. Are you afraid ____ missing your big chance?
10. Are you weak ____ coping with difficult situations?
11. Are you accustomed ____ refusing people?
12. Are you proud ____ being born in Ukraine?
13. Are you persistent ____ doing your work and studying?
14. Are you capable ____ cheating?
15. Are you sure ____ knowing everything about the use of verbals?
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TASK 17. Write about your best friend and compare her/him with yourself using the verbs
given below. Choose between infinitive and gerund. Follow the example. The verbs
can be used in a different order.
Example: My best friend enjoys socialising with people that is why she often goes to different
parties. She always suggests me coming with her but I am not a good mixer.
1. to enjoy 8. to prefer 15. to hate
2. to offer 9. can’t help 16. to often feel like
3. to risk 10. not to mind 17. to give up
4. to practise 11. to consider 18. to put off
5. to encourage 12. can’t resist 19. to afford
6. to appreciate 13. to avoid 20. to remember
7. to refuse 14. can/can’t imagine
TASK 18. Paraphrase the sentences given below using the necessary form of the gerund.
Sometimes you will have to change the notional verb.
1. She admitted that she was wrong.
2. The boy confessed that he had lost the money.
3. They suggested that we should take an early train.
4. They finally acknowledged that they had received the letter.
5. I decided that I would stay at home.
6. He denied that he had taken part in the performance.
7. He confessed that he had seen her somewhere.
8. He recommended that I should buy a fur coat.
9. I hate it when someone is giggling behind my back.
10. You must forgive that they intruded on you in this way.
11. Mum hates it when we eat and drink between meals.
12. Dina dislikes when he behaves like that.
13. I don't like it that you come late every evening.
14. Jill couldn’t excuse the fact that Don was rude to her sister.
15. I can’t bear that he talks to her in that way.
16. Philip doesn't mind if we come to see him.
17. Len laughed at my attempt to eat with chopsticks.
18. Our friends were not happy that we had to leave so soon.
TASK 19. Distinguish between gerund and infinitive forms. Sort out the sentences into the
table below. Define the form of the verbal. The first two are done for you.
Infinitive 1,
Gerund 2,
1. My faithful dog appeared to be listening to every word I was saying. (NPCA)
2. I know your dislike of being woken up early but it’s nine already. (NPP)
3. The head of their firm couldn’t see any possibility for this project to be carried out by our
company.
4. Alice didn’t seem to have heard me.
5. Michael felt better for having written the letter.
6. His giving up the business on his father’s death offended all the family.
7. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble yesterday.
8. I am angry with you for having put me into this awkward position.
9. This offer is too tempting to be resisted.
10. Raymond didn’t like being called Ray.
11. Only then did I remember having met him in Africa.
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***TASK 20. Make up sentences with the words given in brackets so that they mean the same
as the first or the second remark of the dialogues. Follow the example.
Example. Mark: What shall we do? – Sheila: We could go to the cinema. (to suggest) = Sheila
suggested going to the cinema.
1. Dick: Do you want to play tennis? – Sue: No, not really. (to fancy)
2. Moira: You are driving too fast. – Bella: Yes, that’s true. Sorry. (to admit)
3. Jack: Why don’t we go for a swim? – Lily: Good idea! (to suggest)
4. Policeman: You broke into the shop this morning. – Ted: No, I didn’t. (to deny)
5. Secretary: Can you wait a few minutes? – Derek: Sure, no problem. (to mind)
6. Steve: I can do what I want and you can't stop me. – Len: But I can. (to make)
7. Fiona: It's not a good idea to travel during the rush hour, is it? – Rachel: You’d better
avoid it. (to recommend)
8. Tom: Shall we go away tomorrow instead of today? – Trish: We can certainly put it off
till tomorrow. (to agree)
9. Policeman: You don’t even have a licence! – Brian: Sorry, officer. (admit)
10. Paul: Could you turn the radio down, please? – Diana: Certainly. (to mind)
TASK 22. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or gerund form.
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1. Sue has decided ___________ (to apply) for a new job. Her mother advised her __________
(to write) to several different companies. But Sue prefers ___________ (to work) for a large
company where she can meet new people.
2. Carol is too ill ___________ (to go) to work today. She has managed ___________(to drink)
some tea and now she wants ___________ (to sleep). Her husband offered ___________ (to
call) the doctor, but Carol would prefer ___________ (to wait) and ___________ (to see) if
she __________ (to feel) better tomorrow.
3. Daniel`s decided ___________ (to get) his teacher a present, but he doesn't know what
___________ (to choose). He is thinking of ___________ (to buy) her a book because he
knows that she enjoys ___________ (read). His sister will help him ___________ (to pick) a
good one.
4. I dislike ___________ (to shop) because I can't stand ___________ (to be) in crowded
places. If I have to ___________ (to go) into town, I avoid ___________ (to visit) shops
where there are a lot of people.
5. Joan can't afford ___________ (to go) on holiday this year, but she intends ___________ (to
save) up so that she can manage ___________ (to travel) around Europe next summer. She is
looking forward to ___________ (to visit) a lot of exciting places.
6. Countries all over the world have superstitions which some people believe and others don't.
Several superstitions are the same in many countries. For example, many people avoid
___________ (to walk) under ladders, as this is believed ___________(to bring) bad luck.
Some people expect things ___________ (to go) wrong on the thirteenth day of the month,
particularly if it's a Friday. Some say you must never __________ (to put up) an umbrella
inside the house or ___________ (to place) a pair of new shoes on the table. In many places,
it is considered unlucky ___________ (to see) a black cat, while in others this is thought
___________(to be) a symbol of good luck. ___________ (To break) a mirror results in
seven years of bad luck and if you are careless enough ___________ (to spill) salt, you must
throw a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately. These are just a few superstitions
which some people believe in. Do you know any more?
TASK 23. Fill in the gaps with either infinitive or gerund. Be careful with the expressions
used + toV or to be/to get used to + Ving .
1. Jane is American. She came to Britain and at first she found _________ (to drive) on the
left difficult. In her home country she used to _________ (to drive) on the right. She was
not used ________ (to drive) on the left, but soon she got used _________ (to look) first
to the right and then to the left. Now she has no problems. She is used ________ (to
drive) on the left and has no problems.
2. When Philip was sent to work in Singapore, it took him a long time to learn _________
(to survive) in that climate. At first he even worked at night and really hated it, but now
he is used _________ (to stay up) late and doesn't mind it.
3. Juan is Spanish and came to live in England. In Spain he used _________ (to have)
dinner late in the evening, but in England dinner was at 7 o'clock. This was very difficult
for him as he wasn’t used _________ (to eat) so early in the evening. It took him some
weeks to get used _________ (to have) dinner ‘in the afternoon’ as he says. Now he finds
it quite normal.
4. Julia is a nurse now. A year ago she was a student in a medical school and used
________ (to study) during the day and _________ (to sleep) at night. Now she has to
work nights. At first she found it hard and didn't like it. She used _________ (to fall
asleep) during her night shifts. It took her a few months to get used _________ (to stay
awake) at night. Now, after a year, she's quite happy. She is used _________ (to work) at
night and _________ (to sleep) during the day.
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5. Len lives alone. He doesn't mind _________ (to live) alone because he has always lived
alone and got used _________ (to take) care of himself. When he was a child and his big
family lived in one room he used ________ (to sleep) on the floor. When his father got
into some money and they moved to a house, it was difficult for Len to get used
________ (to sleep) in bed. Now he is used _________ (to sleep) in bed but sometimes
when it is very hot in summer he prefers ________ (to spend) his nights on the floor.
6. Most of his life Jack had lived in Alaska. He was used ________ (to live) in a rather cold
climate. Then his boss transferred him to the Middle East. It was very difficult for him at
first because he wasn’t used ________ (to live) in a hot climate. He is still not used
_________ (to endure) much heat.
TASK 24. Translate into English using infinitive or gerund in the function of an
object.
№ Russian Ukrainian
1 В прошлом году я не могла даже мечтать Торік я не могла навіть мріяти про те, щоб
о том, чтобы поехать в Великобританию, поїхати у Великобританію, а зараз у мене є
а сейчас у меня есть все шансы получить всі шанси одержати грант на навчання в
грант на учебу в Манчестерской Школе Манчестерской Школі Бізнесу.
Бизнеса.
2 Я не могла не рассмеяться при виде его Я не могла не розсміятися побачивши його
лица. Я никогда раньше не видела лице. Я ніколи раніше не бачила
самоуверенного Питера таким глупым и самовпевненого Питера таким дурним і
растерянным. розгубленим.
3 Я предлагаю сначала обратиться с этим Я пропоную спочатку звернутися із цим
вопросом к заведующему нашей питанням до завідувача нашою кафедрою,
кафедрой, а тогда если он не сможет а тоді якщо він не зможе допомогти нам,
помочь нам, пойти к декану факультета. піти до декана факультету.
4 Белла очень устала сидеть дома одна и Белла дуже утомилася сидіти дома одна й
общаться только с героями своего спілкуватися тільки з героями свого
романа, и поэтому она решила провести роману, і тому вона вирішила провести
выходные в шумной компании своих вихідні в гучній компанії своїх
университетских друзей. університетських друзів.
5 Кто вам сказал, что у этого мальчика Хто вам сказав, що в цього хлопчика
способности к изучению языков? здатності до вивчення мов? Результати
Результаты его теста на способность к його тесту на здатность до вивчення мов
изучению языков самые плохие в группе. найгірші в групі. Порадьте йому вибрати
Посоветуйте ему выбрать какую-нибудь яку-небудь іншу спеціальність.
другую специальность.
6 Спасибо, что позвонили моей маме. Если Спасибі, що подзвонили моїй мамі. Якби
бы она не знала, что у нас просто вона не знала, що в нас просто спустила
спустила шина, она бы начала шина, вона б почала турбуватися й
беспокоиться и обзванивать все обзванювати всі міські лікарні.
городские больницы.
7 Мария всячески избегала встреч с Марія всіляко уникала зустрічей з
Филиппом, хотя это было очень сложно Пилипом, хоча це було дуже складно
сделать, учась в одном университете. зробити, тому що вони вчились в одному
університеті.
8 Вы думаете, стоит купить это Ви думаєте, варто купити це штучне
искусственное меховое пальто? – Думаю, хутряне пальто? – Думаю, так. Воно не
да. Оно не только теплое, но и выглядит тільки тепле, але й виглядає абсолютно, як
абсолютно, как настоящий мех. дійсний мех.
9 Стюарт был очень огорчен, что не застал Стюарт був дуже засмучений, що не застав
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слишком яркое. Ты же ее знаешь, она вона почуває себе не у своїй тарілці, коли
чувствует себя не в своей тарелке, когда на неї всі дивляться.
на нее все смотрят.
19 Мой младший брат очень не любит, Мій молодший брат дуже не любить, коли
когда ему напоминают, что пора делать йому нагадують, що настав час робити
уроки. Он делает все возможное, чтобы уроки. Він робить все можливе, щоб
оттянуть момент, когда ему надо будет відтягнути момент, коли йому треба буде
садиться за письменный стол и сідати за письмовий стіл і відкривати свої
открывать свои тетради. зошити.
20 Не стоит давать Фреду советы, даже если Не варто давати Фреду поради, навіть
вы уверены, что они разумны. Он все якщо ви впевнені, що вони розумні. Він
равно не будет им следовать. Он очень однаково не буде їм слідувати. Він дуже
гордится тем, что никогда не следует пишається тим, що ніколи не слідує нічиїм
ничьим советам. порадам.
21 Ты знаешь, в чем твои слабые и сильные Ти знаєш, у чому твої слабкі й сильні
стороны? – Я уверен, что у меня хорошо сторони? – Я впевнений, що в мене добре
получается генерировать идеи, но я не виходить генерувати ідеї, але я не завжди
всегда могу хорошо работать в команде. можу добре працювати в команді. Я
Я скорее предпочту сделать всю работу скоріше зволію зробити всю роботу сам,
сам, чем просить кого-то о помощи. чим просити когось про допомогу.
22 Я рекомендую тебе перестать хвастаться. Я рекомендую тобі перестати хвастатися.
Все знают, что ты довольно способный Усі знають, що ти досить здатна людина,
человек, но я отказываюсь верить, что ты але я відмовляюся вірити, що ти одержав
получил высший балл за TOEFL. вищий бал за TOEFL.
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12. They let Edward go out with his friends last night.
allowed Edward __________________________ with his friends last night.
13. They heard Fiona quarrelling with her brother last night.
was Fiona __________________________ with her brother last night.
14. Henry was made to help us with the cleaning.
made We ____________________ with the cleaning.
TASK 26. Spot and correct mistakes. There is one correct sentence. Which?
1. You would better see your doctor.
2. They made me to reveal the plans.
3. He stopped eating fried food as it gave him indigestion.
4. Did you remember buying some bread? I asked you to do it in the morning.
5. Would you mind to give me a lift?
6. I had rather stay in bed today. I don’t feel well.
7. Mum has stopped to drink fizzy drinks. She is on a diet.
8. This bag is too expensive for me to buy it.
9. To smoke it is dangerous for your health.
10. Would you mind me to open the window?
11. I'd love eating a pizza tonight.
12. I stopped at the bakery buying some bread.
13. They made me to pay for the broken window.
14. I heard the Taylors to argue.
15. I'd better to ask someone for help.
16. I forgot calling you last night. I'm sorry.
TASK 28. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
Try to use gerunds or infinitives.
Example. I was made to study hard when I was at school. - They made me study hard when I
was at school.
1. If I take the job I'll have to move to Paris. - Taking the job …
2. It's very kind of you to give me a lift. - I appreciate …
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3. It might be a good idea to use honey instead of sugar. - Why don't you try …
4. I'm quite happy to look after the baby for you. - I don't mind…
5. I must see the manager! - I demand …
6. Go on Jack, apply for the job,' said Sally. - Sally encouraged…
7. You wouldn't know where the Hilton Hotel is, would you? - Do you happen …
8. Parking is not permitted here. - You are …
9. 'Shall I carry that bag for you, John?' said Pauline. - Pauline offered …
10. Is that the manager? I have a complaint about my room. - Is that the manager? I wish …
11. You’ll waste time if you copy your work out again. - Don't …
12. I bet you wouldn't ask David to come with you to the party! - I dare …
13. Brenda really hates staying in expensive hotels. - Brenda can't …
14. 'Please don't leave me on my own,' Martin begged us. - Martin begged …
15. If you work for this company, you have to travel a lot. - Working for this company
involves ...
16. Joe doesn't like it when people treat him like a child. - Joe resents …
17. You should go to the dentist's at once. - Don't put off …
18. It was resolved that the matter would be brought up at the next meeting. - They resolved
…
19. The police were told that the use of unnecessary force was forbidden. - The police were
instructed ...
TASK 29. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct gerund or infinitive form.
It all began about three years ago. A friend suggested __________ (to enter) a photo
competition – for fun. At the time, I wasn’t interested in ________ (to become) a photographic
model – I wanted _________ (to train) as a hairdresser. Well, I won the competition and did a
course in _________ (to model). It was great fun, we learnt a lot more than just __________ (to
walk) up and down and _________ (to put) on make up. Then I got my first job, as a model in a
small London fashion house. After that, I did some television commercials. By this time I found
that my job had changed my life. I had to give up ________ (to smoke) and __________ (to eat)
my favourite foods. I couldn’t risk _________ (to catch) a cold. I had to stop _________ (to go)
to bed late, this was difficult, because I was fond of __________ (to go) to parties and I wasn’t
used _________ (to get) up early. I sometimes hated _________ (to stand) in front of cameras
for hours. But now I’m used to it. I enjoy _________ (to travel) and __________ (to meet)
interesting people, and I must __________ (to admit) I like _________ (to wear) expensive
clothes.
TASK 30. Explain the differences in meaning in the following pairs of sentences.
1. to regret
a) I regret to say that we have decided not to offer you the job.
b) I regret saying that I don’t like your new boyfriend.
2. to try
a) I’ve tried to open the bonnet, but it seems to be stuck.
b) Have you tried cleaning the spark plugs?
3. to remember
a) He remembered seeing Jane on the way back from work.
b) She remembered to send her mother a birthday card.
4. to go on
a) The professor mentioned Boticelli, and went on to talk about the Reneissance.
b) He went on talking about himself for hours and hours.
5. to forget
a) I’ll never forget seeing the Taj Mahal for the first time.
b) She was angry with him for forgetting to lock the back door.
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6. to stop
a) I think we ought to stop to have something to eat soon.
b) They stopped going out in the evening when they had their first child.
7. to dread
a) I dread to think what he is going to say when he sees what you’ve done to the car.
b) She dreaded meeting her ex-husband even accidentally.
8. to need
a) Your business is a complete shambles – the whole thing needs reorganizing.
b) I need to have a word in you ear. It’s about your trip to Italy next week.
9. to mean
a) I meant to write him a letter of condolence, but I never got round to it.
b) If you do join the Navy, it’ll mean being away from home for months on end.
10. to help
a) Everyone helped to make the village look its best for the Prime Minister’s visit.
b) I can’t help feeling that you are making a terrible mistake.
TASK 31. Read the sentences and choose the right answer.
1. John has stopped to talk to Mary. Is he talking to her at the moment?
YES NO NOT CLEAR
2. John has stopped talking to her at the moment? Is he talking to her at the moment?
YES NO NOT CLEAR
3. Do you remember putting this cake in the washing machine? Is there a cake in the
washing machine? YES NO NOT CLEAR
4. Did you remember to put the cake in the washing machine? Is there a cake in the washing
machine? YES NO NOT CLEAR
5. “I’ve got hiccups”. - “Try holding your breath”. Does “try” mean “see if you can do it”
here? YES NO NOT CLEAR
6. How long can you hold your breath? Try to hold it for two minutes. Does “try” mean
“see if you can do it” here? YES NO NOT CLEAR
TASK 32. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs into either the infinitive or the gerund
form. Add a preposition if necessary.
1. I’ve always regretted _________ (not to learn) to play the piano at school.
2. He became an MP in 1983 and went on __________(to become) Prime Minister three
years later.
3. I dread _________ (to think) what he’s going to say when he finds out I’ve crashed the
car.
4. It’s a very beautiful cottage, but it needs __________ (to modernize).
5. The house is a wreck; if you buy it, it’ll mean __________(to live) in chaos for months.
6. I’m sure a good holiday will help __________(to make) you feel more relaxed.
7. I didn’t mean _________ (to cause) you so much trouble.
8. This new job of mine means _________ (to put up) with inconvenient hours of work at
first.
9. Did you remember _________ (to thank) your aunt for the present?
10. She has always regretted ________ (not to travel) round the world when she was
younger. Now I regret __________ (to tell) you that she is too ill to travel.
11. I’m sorry. I forgot __________ (to post) the letter. – What a shame, I remember
__________ (to ask) you to do it.
12. I'm really serious __________ (to buy) this house. The question is if I can afford
__________ (to buy) it.
13. I'm ashamed I forgot _______ (to tell) you that he's not capable ________ (to take)
responsibility.
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14. They are very anxious _______ (to please), but I am afraid I don’t feel qualified
_______ (to say) that their proposals are not worth _______ (to consider).
15. My boss omitted _______ (to tell) me that even though I finished _______ (to type) all
his post, I still wouldn’t be allowed _______ (to leave) before 5 o’clock.
16. My father needs _______ (to take) our car to the garage because its brakes need
_______ (to adjust).
17. Jack wouldn’t even consider _______ (to allow) us _______ (to pay) for ourselves.
18. I really resented his _______ (to say) that to me and I can’t forgive him _______ (to
treat) me like that.
19. I have succeeded _______ (to get) in touch with Mr. Philips and asked him _______ (to
contact) you.
20. You’d better _______ (to tell) the headmaster the truth before he forbids all of us
_______ (to go) to the camp.
TASK 33. Rewrite each sentence so that it included the word in capitals without changing the
meaning. Follow the example.
Example: I'm sorry I didn't go to university. REGRET
I regret not going / not having gone to university.
1. Winning the football pools meant we could buy a new car. ENABLED
2. There is a risk that he will miss the plane if he waits. RISKS
3. I believed you were the murderer because of this clue. LED
4. Does using the hotel swimming pool cost extra? PAYING
5. I think that this is the right street. APPEARS
6. Jean succeeded in finishing all her work on time. MANAGED
7. They said they would like me to stay with them in Florida. INVITED
8. Calling Jim is pointless, because his phone is out of order. USE
9. It is compulsory for all students to leave cash deposit. REQUIRED
TASK 34. Use the right form of the infinitive or the gerund of the verbs in brackets. Add
prepositions if necessary.
1. I no longer feel in the least like __________ (to bungee jump). It’s not my cup of tea.
2. Sheila wanted to _________the truth and nothing could stop her ________ (to know) it.
3. You’ll have to wait for ages for another driving test if you fail _________(to pass) it this
time.
4. The people in the flat below have refused _________ (to join) the Residents’ Association.
5. Katy doesn’t really enjoy ________ (to sing) in public.
6. Jill thinks we should phone our boss now, but John suggests ________ (to phone) later.
7. I don’t want to join the Townsends on holiday, I can’t afford _________ (to spend) my
money the way they do.
8. Imagine his _________ (to tell) the chef how to cook an omelette!
9. I’d like to watch you __________ (to cook). It’s such a rare sight!
10. I couldn't resist _________ (to go) to see that new exhibition at the National Gallery.
11. Please forgive my _________ (to mention) it, but I think you're sitting on my hat.
12. I refuse _________ (to accept) the idea of selling that painting, it's been in my family for
generations.
13. I've heard that Tom intends _________ (to invest) in 1980s furniture which is becoming very
collectable.
14. I was completely taken aback _________ (to learn) that my old vase was quite valuable.
15. Do you think it's worth _________ (to travel) all the way to Paris to see the Cezanne
exhibition?
16. What the designer omitted _________ (to mention) was the price she wants for the
commission.
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17. I have arranged for you _________ (to borrow) that art book rather than have the expense of
buying it.
18. Would you mind _________ (to tidy) up your room a bit before you go out, please?
19. I can't face _________ (to listen) to another hour of this concert, I'm going home!
20. I can't be bothered _________ (to catch) the bus, let's take a taxi.
21. Should you happen _________ (to see) Phil, could you tell him I'm looking for him?
22. I'm inclined _________ (to agree) with my father, who has no time for Picasso.
23. I resent your _________ (to suggest) that my work is not original.
24. Does Molly envisage _________ (to visit) the Prado while she's in Madrid?
25. Like many other artists, Joshua cannot tolerate _________ (to criticize).
26. Is Gail counting on _________ (to get) a grant when she goes to art school?
27. Jason often pretends _________ (to be) unemployed, but actually he's a graphic designer.
28. Don't attempt _________ (to take) that picture out of its frame, you might damage it.
29. Alison generally appreciates _________ (to be) told when her work is not up to standard.
TASK 36. Mira has written a composition about her childhood. She knows that she often
makes mistakes with verb constructions using the infinitive or gerund and she asked
you to check her work before she hands it in.
When I was a child I always wanted riding a horse although my parents would not allow
me to have riding lessons because they said they could not afford letting me have them. Also my
mother said it was dangerous and she did not want me to risk to break my neck. One day, my
best friend got some money for her birthday and she offered paying for a lesson for us both. I
thanked her for being so kind and we arranged having a lesson the following Saturday. I did not
consider to tell my parents our plans because I thought they would prevent me to have the lesson.
I enjoyed to ride very much until the horse I was on felt like to gallop. Off it went across the
field and I did not know how to stop it. Suddenly it decided stopping and I fell off. I had broken
my arm. Of course, I could not deny to have been riding to my parents and my father accused me
to be deceitful. It was not a happy day for me and somehow I have never felt like going on a
horse again.
TASK 37. Fill in the gaps with either gerund or infinitive. Add prepositions wherever
necessary.
1. She walked out of the office without ________ (to say) goodbye.
2. They made her ________ (to type) the letter again.
3. She has gone to the post office ________ (to buy) some stamps.
4. You're too young ________ (to stay) at home by yourself.
5. He opened the door only ________ (to see) that the room was empty.
6. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody ________ (to be) so stupid?
7. Sarah gave up ________ (to try) to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.
8. It was so ridiculous that I couldn’t resist ________ (to laugh) outright.
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9. The secretary asked if I would mind ________ (to wait) for a few minutes.
10. The way to learn a foreign language is to practise ________ (to speak) it as often as
possible.
11. Everyone said how much they had enjoyed ________ (to listen) to the speech.
12. When you’ve finished this book you can tell me if it’s worth ________ (to read).
13. He was very lucky to escape ________ (to send) to prison.
14. She was so upset that she couldn’t help ________ (to cry).
15. The teacher said he would not tolerate my ________ (to be) late every day.
16. The question is so trivial it hardly justifies our ________ (to waste) any more time
discussing it.
17. I hardly dare ________ (to ask) how much it cost!
18. Have you ever contemplated ________ (to take) a year off work?
19. I didn't like the town at first, but I got used ________ (to love) it eventually.
20. What do you suggest ________ (to do) after this course has finished?
21. As soon as Shells finished ________ (to tell) the joke, everyone burst out ________ (to
laugh).
22. Jim and I arranged ________ (to meet) at 6.00 but he didn't turn up.
23. It so happened that we won't need ________ (to pay) so much after all.
24. I can't wait for Saturday.' I'm really looking forward ________ (to see) you!
25. I can't face ________ (to get) up at 6.30 tomorrow morning! I'll catch a later train.
26. The government decided ________ (to reduce) inflation by strict control of the
economy.
27. I couldn't actually afford ________ (to live) in a place like that!
28. The arrested man denied ________ (to be) anywhere near the bank.
29. Carol begged the customs officer ________ (to ignore) the gold bars in her bag.
30. Did you notice anyone ________ (to wait) for me when you passed my office?
31. We agreed ________ (to split) the cost of all the bills.
32. I was hurrying ________ (to get) to the station when I fell and injured my knee.
33. We strongly recommend all clients ________ (to take) out their own travel insurance.
34. I don't remember ________ (to turn) off the gas, now you mention it.
35. Margaret doesn't really dare ________ (to ask) staff to work overtime on Friday.
TASK 38. Read the letter below and put the verbs into the correct form.
Dear Ruth,
Thank you very much for the lovely present you sent for Laurie. It was very kind of you. You
say in your note that you haven’t got used _________ (to be) an aunt yet. I used _________ (to
think) that becoming a father wouldn’t change me. I was wrong, of course! Life will never be the
same again. We used ________ (to go) to bed at midnight or later. Now we’re asleep by ten
because we’ve had to get used ________ (to wake) up at five o’clock.
Actually, that’s quite good in a way. I always used _________ (to arrive) late at the
office, but since Laurie was born my secretary has got used _________ (to find) me hard at work
by the time she gets in!
Mind you, it hasn’t been so easy for Jenny. I think she found it very hard at first, being
with the baby instead of going to work. She wasn’t used _________ (to spend) all day without
adult company. But she’s got quite friendly with a neighbor who also has a young baby and I
think that makes it easier. She used _________ (to say) she’d go back to work when Laurie was
six months old, but now that she’s used _________ (to be) at home she’s beginning to enjoy
herself, so she may wait until Laurie is a bit older.
Anyway, when do you think you’ll be able to come and see us? Jenny says hurry up
while Laurie is still small. We’d love a visitor to show her off to!
All the best,
Dennis.
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