EXTRA PRACTICE

I. Open Cloze

Passage 1:
(1)_____ to legend, Julius Caesar wept before a statue of Alexander the Great because by the time he was
Caesar’s age, he had conquered (2)_____ world. Caesar was sure he would never (3)_____ up. For the a
mbitious (and insecure) scholar, reading the early work of the economic historian Robert Higgs might evoke
a similar feeling. Higgs had a productive, distinguished career as a scholar that would (4)_____ been the e
nvy of almost any observer—and that’s just (5)_____ what he did before publishing his classic Crisis and L
eviathan at the age of 43 in 1987. Higgs’s work on the economic history of the American South and African
American economic achievement, most of (6)_____ he did in the 1970s and early 1980s, stands out and sti
ll holds (7)_____ more than four and a half decades later.

Higgs’s training as an economist meant he wasn’t an economic historian, but it also did mean he was mere
ly an economic historian. He was an economic historian, italicized all the (8)_____ through, with scholarly o
utput scattered across both discipline’s journals. Higgs is just at home in the pages of the Journal of Americ
an History or Agricultural History (9)_____ he is in the Journal of Political Economy and the American Econ
omic Review. He was part of the generation of so-called “New Economic Historians” who explored the roug
h paths broken by Douglass C. North, Robert W. Fogel, and others (cf. Higgs 2016). They turned these pat
hs into highways using neoclassical economic theory to formulate testable hypotheses, which they tested b
y combining historical data with state-of-the-art econometric techniques. They (10)_____ to be known as “cl
iometricians,” a portmanteau of “econometrician” and Clio, the Greek muse of history.

Passage 2:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as a (1)_____ source for cell therapy, and its application is (2)__
___ in various diseases. On the (3)_____hand, reliable methods to evaluate the quality and therapeutic pro
perties of MSC are limited, because molecular mechanisms essential (4)_____ the establishment of stemn
ess in MSCs are largely unknown. In this study, we determined that TWIST1, (5)_____ is an important tran
scription factor for mesenchymal tissue development and cancer metastasis, regulated cell proliferation and
expression of stemness-associated transcription factors in MSCs, and (6)_____ function was conserved in
mice and humans. Furthermore, we found that the transmembrane protein LRRC15 is closely (7)______ wi
th the expression of TWIST1 and (8)_____ can be expected to be TWIST1-regulated stemness of MSCs. T
he LRRC15-positive MSC populations in human and mouse bone marrow tissues clearly expressed stemn
ess-associated transcription factors and therapeutic cytokines, and showed better therapeutic effect in bleo
mycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice. (9)_____ study provides evidence illustrating the important r
ole of TWIST1 in the MSC stemness, and the utility of the LRRC15 protein as a marker to estimate stem (1
0)_____ quality in MSCs before cell transplantation.

Passage 3:
The process of creating a mechanism for predicting earthquakes is identical (1)_____ that of creating a per
petual motion machine. Everybody knows that it is impossible to create perpetual motion machines, (2)___
__ some scientists with fanatic persistence continue to invent different kinds of cunning mechanisms, (3)__
___ , as they selflessly believe, will help them to bypass fundamental laws of thermodynamics and glorify th
eir names (4)_____ the end of centuries. (5)_____ seems that the construction of perpetual mobility and th
e question of earthquake forecasting have (6)_____ closed for a long time. (7)_____, in serious scientific m
agazines, articles of geophysicists appear now and then, where they present their developments which alle
gedly lead to the possibility of earthquake forecasting. We have already written about (8)_____ works and t
heir authors and even wondered who these knights-geophysicists are, tirelessly tilting at windmills? Are the
y really generous, romantic souls who spend their (9)_____ for a phantom victory over an underground ele
ment, or calculating cheaters, living on scientific grants, paid to them from taxpayers' pockets? We represe
nt a small critical review of (10)_____ such paper where Don Quixotes from geophysics on the basis of ion
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osphere anomalies analysis is trying once again to convince us of the possibility of earthquakes forecasting

Passage 4:
(1) _____ since its birth, applied linguistics (2)_____ borrowed many different concepts and methods from o
ther disciplines including, and way (3)_____, linguistics. (4)_____ we own very few theoretical concepts an
d analytical methods of our own, and the disciplines (5)_____ which we have borrowed concepts and meth
ods (6)_____ relatively little attention to what we as applied linguists have done in (7)_____return. ‘Applied’
is often taken as synonymous with atheoretical, (8)_____ of lower scientific value. Many applied linguists w
ould not mind that because our primary interest is in policy and practice concerning language and how to s
olve real-world problems in which language is a central issue (Brumfit 1995). (9)_____the other hand, many
applied linguists would like to think that what we do (10)_____, or should be, ‘theoretical’; we are offering n
ew thinking and new ways of looking at everyday linguistic practices in society, not just practical solutions.

Passage 5:
Team-Based Learning (1)_____ around active, experiential learning and draws on constructivist learning th
eory. (2)_____ individual preparation and problem-solving in small teams, the method allows students to co
nstruct new knowledge and new “mental frameworks built (3)______ previous knowledge”. Several studies
and comprehensive reviews note TBL’s documented effectiveness in promoting increased knowledge acqui
sition, (4)_____ these articles also note that further or more rigorous research is needed to fully interrogate
the reasons and conditions for these effects. (5)_____ major claim for TBL’s effectiveness centres around
much-improved student engagement in TBL classes compared (6)_____ other pedagogies. Key factors in t
his engagement identified by authors (7)_____ TBL’s learner-centred ‘flipped classroom’ structure, regular
assessments, and group accountability, with one study finding that students reported moderate to high level
s of cognitive engagement across the various TBL activities, with (8)_____ highest levels of engagement d
uring collaborative activities. Other important effects of TBL identified in the literature include increased stu
dent confidence and enhanced development of transferable skills including critical thinking and teamwork s
kills. Finally, studies focussing on instructor experience note a striking increase (9)_____ instructor satisfact
ion (10)_____ teaching using TBL. Liu & Beaujean note, in their 2017 meta-analysis, that the use of TBL al
so necessitates the use of several other effective, evidence-based teaching methods and pedagogical tech
niques such as active and collaborative learning.

Passage 6:
We are accustomed to thinking of learning as good (1)_____ and of itself. But as environmental educator D
avid Orr reminds us, our education up till now has in (2)_____ ways created a monster.

If today is a typical day on planet Earth, we will lose 116 square miles of rainforest, or about an acre a seco
nd. We will lose another 72 square miles (3)_____ encroaching deserts, as a result of human mismanagem
ent and overpopulation. We will lose 40 to 100 species, and (4)_____ one knows whether the number is 40
or 100. Today the human population will increase (5)_____ 250,000. And today we will add 2,700 tons of c
hlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere and 15 million tons of carbon. Tonight the Earth will be a little hotter, i
ts waters more acidic, and the fabric of life more threadbare. The truth is that many things on which your fut
ure health and prosperity (6)_____ are in dire jeopardy: climate stability, the resilience and productivity of n
atural systems, the beauty of the natural world, and biological diversity.

It is (7)_____ noting that this is not the work of ignorant people. It is, rather, largely the result of work by pe
ople with BAs, BSs, LLBs, MBAs, and PhDs. Elie Wiesel made a similar point to the Global Forum in Mosc
ow last winter when he said that the designers and perpetrators of the Holocaust (8)_____ the heirs of Kant
and Goethe. In most respects the Germans were the best educated people on Earth, but (9)____ education
did not (10)______ as an adequate barrier to barbarity. What was wrong with their education? In Wiesel’s w
ords: "It emphasised theories over values, concepts rather than human beings, abstraction in favour of con
sciousness, answers instead of questions, ideology and efficiency rather than conscience."
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Passage 7:
Research on bias and fairness in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) has grown exponenti
ally in (1)_____ years. (2)_____ of the work from this field has centred on negative impacts that biassed ML
and AI could have on people (3)_____ various social identities, especially racial minorities. For (4)_____, d
ecision-making algorithms have been shown to have significant negative racial biases in areas like healthca
re, criminal sentencing, autonomous vehicles, hate-speech censorship and detection, search engines, and f
acial recognition technologies.

One area that remains under-researched, however, is automatic speech recognition (ASR). ASR is ‘the pro
cess and the related technology for converting [a] speech signal into its corresponding sequence of words o
r other linguistic entities by (5)_____ of algorithms implemented in a device, a computer, or computer cluste
rs’. ASRs are most widely known for virtual assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa. Yet, ASRs have many (6)_
____ applications beyond virtual assistants that are becoming ubiquitous in daily life.

While strides are being made in exposing racial biases in natural language processing (NLP), only a few st
udies have begun to prod ASRs for racial biases. A groundbreaking study on ASR performance with raciali
zed varieties found that ASRs from Google, Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, and IBM performed significantly (7)_
____ on the speech of Black Americans than White Americans. Further, it was also found that widely tappe
d speech corpora (8)_____ to develop and evaluate speech recognition systems displayed a woeful lack of
representation of African American Language (AAL). Other important works have come to similar conclusio
ns about ASRs and the speech of African Americans.

(9)_____ biases in ASR performance have begun to display negative effects on African American speakers.
Mengesha et al. (2021) investigated the behavioural and psychological consequences of ASR errors for Af
rican American participants and found that ASR failures hindered participants in accomplishing goals and
(10)_____ them experience emotions consistent with those experienced during discrimination in human int
eraction. Such findings document the likely experience of many African American speakers facing biassed
ASR systems in their everyday lives.

Passage 8:
Between 2009 and 2011, a (1)_____ convicted sexual offender in his early twenties was spending (2)_____
of his time online persuading young girls and boys to produce and share with him sexual images and video
s. To maximise his success, he would deceive and manipulate his victims by cycling through numerous diff
erent personas—a teenage boy, a young woman, a modelling agent, for example—(3)______ trying to find
the best fit for the person he was talking to.

Online anonymity is a significant hurdle in policing online sexual abuse, and cases like (4)_____ are sadly c
ommon. As (5)_____, law enforcement agencies draw (6)______ expertise from a range of disciplines for s
upport, including forensic linguistics. (7)_____ that this sort of online abuse occurs almost exclusively throu
gh language, linguists are in a unique position to assist police investigations by describing how language fu

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nctions in various online criminal contexts as well (8)_____ helping identify anonymous offenders through t
heir language.

In the case mentioned (9)_____ , the online abuse was enabled by multiple online identities. The man adop
ted 17 different personas. To understand how online abuse works, it’s important to consider two questions:
First, what strategies did the offender use in the attempt to obtain images from victims? Second, did the 17
personas’ strategies vary, or were they (10)______ consistent, with similar, noticeable patterns in the langu
age used?

Passage 9
How is philosophy related to education and education to (1) ______? This is my initial question and in tryin
g to answer it I shall conduct an inquiry that (2)_____through six stages. First, I shall describe how, in conte
mporary Western societies, philosophy no (3)_________ has much relevance to education and education h
as become (4)_______from philosophy. Second, I shall suggest that this situation may be due to limitations
(5)________in what we now understand the philosophy of education to be. Third, I shall argue that the only
way to know if this (4)____________can be made (6)_______is by producing an alternative history of the
(8)_________________of education to that which currently exists. Fourth, I shall outline  such  a history in
order, fifth, to argue that our inability adequately to (9)____________ philosophy to education or education
to philosophy is a consequence of the fact that the contemporary philosophy of education has looked to the
wrong place for its own intellectual ancestry. Finally, I shall suggest that it is only by recovering from history
a view of the relationship of philosophy to education very different from our (9)________ that the reasons fo
r the contemporary separation of philosophy from education and education from philosophy can be properly
(10)_______

Passage 10
Within the academic culture of most modern Western societies thephilosophy of education (1)_______now
become an institutionalised and professionalised (2)________of expertise with its own distinctive mechanis
ms for protecting itself from anything that would put its continuing existence seriously in question. It goes wi
thout saying that most of these (3)_________mechanisms make use of rhetorical devices designed to conv
ince the discipline’s external audience of its significance for educational policy and its relevance to educatio
nal practice.(4)______what also needs hardly be said is that such exercises in self-justification are increasi
ngly being (5)______as little more than contrived rationalisations designed to conceal the fact that the philo
sophy of education is now regarded by most members of the wider educational (6)________ as an inward-l
ooking scholastic activity that, when judged by the most minimal criteria of practical relevance, makes little
contribution to the formation of educational (7)________ or the improvement of educational practice (Wilso
n, 2003). This is not to suggest that arguments emanating from the philosophy of education are never deplo
yed to justify a particular educational policy or practice. But on virtually (8)_____ the occasions when this h
appens, it is all (9)_____ apparent that the philosophical (10)_____ is not being invoked because it offers a
compelling justification for an educational standpoint such that a decisive refutation of the philosophical arg
ument would lead to the abandonment of that standpoint. Instead, it is almost certainly being invoked in ord
er to add a theoretical embellishment to the presentation of an educational standpoint that is being advocat
ed for reasons that have little to do with its philosophical rationale.

Passage 11:
A new study at the University of Missouri found this lifestyle transition for humans was the catalyst that spar
ked the world's first domestication of cats, and as humans began to travel the world, they brought their new
feline friends along with them.

Leslie A. Lyons, a (1)______geneticist and Gilbreath-McLorn endowed professor of comparative medicine i

n the MU College of Veterinary Medicine, collected and analyzed DNA from (2)______ in and around the F
ertile Crescent area, as well as throughout Europe, Asia and Africa, comparing nearly 200 different genetic
markers.
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"One of the DNA main (3)_____ we studied were microsatellites, which mutate very quickly and give us clu
es about recent cat populations and breed developments over the (4)______ few hundred years," Lyons sai
d. "(5)____key DNA marker we examined were single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are single-based c
hanges all throughout the genome that give us (6)____ about their ancient history several thousands of yea
rs ago. By studying and (7)______  both markers, we can start to (8)____ together the evolutionary story of
cats."

Lyons added that while horses and cattle have seen various (9)________events caused by humans in diffe
rent parts of the world at various times, her analysis of feline genetics in the study strongly supports the the
ory that cats were likely first domesticated only in the Fertile Crescent before migrating with humans all ove
r the world. After feline genes are passed down to kittens throughout generations, the genetic (10)_____ of
cats in western Europe, for example, is now far different from cats in southeast Asia, a process known as 'is
olation by distance.'

Passage 12:
Put your cellphone away. Stop texting. Stop using the camera as a mirror. Stop looking at Instagram. They’
re the familiar commands of teachers and educators in the (1)_____ of the smartphone.

Most teenagers today have grown up (2)____knowing a world without smartphones, (3)____ the Pew Rese
arch Center reporting that 95% of all teens currently have (4)____ to or own a smartphone, and 45% are on
line almost constantly. That (5)_____ educators the daunting (6)_____ of teaching those whose attentions
are – at (7)_____ partially – attached to the devices in their pockets.

Most schools have (7)_____in place policies banning or regulating phone usage during school hours, and t
eachers now routinely find themselves confiscating devices or writing up students for (8)____ on their phon
es.

Educators are now exploring more drastic measures. This school year, more than 1,000 schools nationwide
will be using Yondr, a pouch system that allows students to lock away their phones while they’re in class.

Each morning when students arrive at school, they magnetically lock their devices into their own personal g
reen and gray (9)_____ They maintain (10)________ of their pouches and devices, but they cannot unlock
it until the end of the day, when they tap it on an unlocking magnetic station located throughout the school.

Passage 13:
Researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcar
e of Atlanta, and Emory University School of Medicine enrolled 112 infants who were either 2 months or 6
months old.
The study tracked infants' moment-by-moment eye-looking to reveal that the rhythm of caregivers' singing c
auses infant eye-looking to become synchronized or entrained to the (1)______' social cues at sub-second
timescales.As (2)______as 2 months of age, when infants are first engaging with others in an interactive
(3)______, infants were two times more likely to look to the singers' eyes time-locked to the musical beat th
an would be expected by chance.By 6 months of age, when infants are highly experienced in face-to-face
musical games and are developing increasingly sophisticated rhythmic and communicative behaviors like b
abbling, they were more than four times as likely to look to the singers' eyes (4)_______ to the musical beat
s."Singing to infants seems like such a simple act, but it is full of rich and meaningful social information," sai
d study lead author Miriam Lense, PhD, assistant professor of Otolaryngology and co-director of the Music
Cognition Lab at VUMC. "Here we show that when caregivers sing to their infants, they are intuitively struct
uring their behavior to support the caregiver-infant social bond and infant social learning."
During testing, researchers used (5)_____ technology to measure every movement of each infant's eyes w
hile they watched videos of people (6)_______them with song.

"For this study, we used videos of singing rather than (7)______ singing to ensure that any change in infant
looking behavior was due to the infant, and (8)_______the singer adjusting to the infant," Lense said. "Infan
ts could look anywhere while watching the videos but we found that their looking behavior was not random."
"Critically, the predictable (9)_______ of singing is essential for this entrained social interaction. When we e
xperimentally manipulate the singing so that it no longer has a predictable rhythm, entrainment is disrupted

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and infants no longer successfully synchronize their eye-looking to the caregivers' social (10)_____ ," she a
dded.

Passage 14:
Previously, very (1)______was known about online gaming behaviour based on the actual games played a
nd how career interests are reflected in what people play. To examine this correlation, in collaboration with
Game Academy Ltd, Surrey researchers investigated the gaming (2)_____ of 16,033 participants to explore
how (3)______hobby could support video game players' future career planning and professional training.

The participants played a different number of games on Steam -- a video game digital distribution service a
nd storefront. Researchers studied the 800 most-played games and only included participants for whom the
y had access to gender and job details.

(4)______ discovered that IT professionals and engineers played puzzle-platform games, which possibly e
nhance their spatial skills. People in managerial roles showed an interest in action roleplay games where or
ganisational and planning skills are involved and engineering professionals were associated with strategy g
ames which often require problem-solving and spatial skills. There were apparent gender differences too --
females preferred playing single-player games, (5)________ males preferred playing shooting games.
Dr Anesa Hosein, co-author of the study and Associate Professor in Higher Education at the University of S
urrey said:

"By understanding to what (6)_____ career interests are (7)_____ in game playing, we may be able to dem
onstrate more clearly how these (8)_____ with career interests and encourage employers to understand th
e value of the soft skills associated with gaming. Our research could also inspire game developers to work
on honing these soft skills more closely in their design. Furthermore, places of learning, such as universitie
s, could allow students to reflect and incorporate gaming as (9)_____ of their career development and cons
ider how gaming can be included in the (10)______ to enhance alignment between students' learning, care
er aspirations and extra-curricular gaming interests."

Passage 15:
"We show that the risk for some tipping events could increase very substantially under certain global warmi
ng overshoot scenarios," explains Nico Wunderling, scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Re
search and lead-author of the study to be published in Nature Climate Change. "Even if we would manage t
o limit global warming to 1.5 degrees after an (1)_______of more than two degrees, this would not be enou
gh as the risk of triggering one or more global tipping (2)______ would still be more than 50 percent. (3)___
_ more warming in the long-term, the risks increase dramatically.” "To effectively prevent all (4)______ risks,
the global mean temperature increase would need to be limited to no more than one degree -- we are curr
ently already (5)______ about 1.2 degrees," Jonathan Donges, Co-Lead of the FutureLab on Earth Resilien
ce in the Anthropocene at PIK adds. "The latest IPCC report is showing that we're most likely on a path to t
emporarily overshoot the 1.5 degrees Celsius (6)_______ threshold."
To (7)______ at these results, the scientists, together with co-authors from the Earth Commission -- a grou
p of leading scientists convened by Future Earth -- used different global warming overshoot scenarios with
peak temperatures from two to four degrees and applied these to a set of four interacting tipping elements:
the Greenland Ice Sheet, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation AMO
C, and the Amazon rainforest. The researchers applied a risk analysis approach based on millions of model
simulations to reflect the uncertainties in relevant parameters such as the uncertainty in critical temperature
(8)_________ as well as interaction strengths and interaction structure. (9)______ an amount of simulation
s would be computationally too expensive to do based on fully coupled Earth System Model simulations. Fo
r the different overshoot scenarios, the research team then analyzed the risk of crossing critical thresholds
and the potential for (10)_______ cascading interactions between the four elements, depending on the mag
nitude and duration of the overshoot as well as the warming remaining on the long-term.

Passage 16:
Our (1)_______ to perceive what is truly vertical is crucial. (2)______ it, we would struggle to (3)________
simple tasks such as holding a cup of coffee without spilling it and maintaining appropriate body (4)______
_.

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Now, an international team of scientists from Japan, Canada and Germany have discovered a new situatio
n from our everyday environment where (5)______ability is compromised -- when our body pitches (body pi
tch) and moves at the (6)______ time (body motion).

The scientists' observations, which were published in the journal Multisensory Research, were based on re
al-world scenarios, revealing factors long overlooked by past laboratory (7)______.

"Unlike typical studies of this kind, which happen in well-controlled laboratories, our team traveled to Hong
Kong to conduct field (8)______ on the world-renowned Peak Tram," said Dr Chia-huei Tseng, who led the
research and is (9)______professor at Tohoku University's Research Institute of Electrical Communication
(RIEC). "We performed experiments on hundreds of commuters making their way up Hong Kong's highest
hill, Victoria Peak."

Although body pitch and body motion have been studied in previous studies, the phenomena were isolated.
This study combined both aspects to determine a new situation where verticality becomes distorted.

The team (10)_______the help of an architect to build a device that participants could hold to indicate their
perceived verticality (i.e., subjective haptic vertical or SHV).

In most laboratory setting, humans are capable of perceiving SHV with an error of less than 1 degree. How
ever, when measurements were taken on the moving Peak Tram, a misjudgment of 10 degrees was observ
ed, something never previously reported.

Passage 17:
Researchers report new results from the NASA Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) technology d
emonstration (1)______, which develops and tests new advanced laser sources for deep-space optical co
mmunication. The ability to perform free-space optical communication throughout the solar system would g
o beyond the capabilities of the radio communication (2)________ used now and provide the bandwidth ne
cessary for future space missions to transmit large amounts of data, (3)________high-definition images an
d video.

The (4)_______ system consists of a flight laser transceiver, a ground laser transmitter and a ground laser
receiver. The downlink transmitter has been installed on the Psyche spacecraft, which will travel to a uniqu
e metal asteroid also called Psyche, which orbits the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

Malcolm. W. Wright, from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, will present the f
unctional and environmental test(5) _______of the DSOC downlink flight laser transmitter assembly and gr
ound uplink transmitter assembly at the Optica Laser Congress, 11 -- 15 December 2022.

Validating deep space optical communications will (6)______ streaming back (7)___________ imagery duri
ng robotic and manned exploration of planetary bodies, utilizing resources comparable to state-of-art radio-f
requency telecommunications.
Although free-space optical communications from space to ground have been demonstrated at distances a
s(8) _______ away as the moon, extending such links to deep space ranges(9) ________new types of lase
r transmitters. The downlink flight laser must have a high photon efficiency while supporting near kilowatt p
eak power. The uplink (10)_______ requires multi-kilowatt average powers with narrow linewidth, good bea
m quality and low modulation rates.

Passage 18:
In 1852 the HMS Birkenhead, carrying troops to fight the Xhosa wars, struck a rock near Danger Point in
(1)_____is now South Africa. The soldiers assembled quietly at the ship’s stern,(2) _____ the women and c
hildren on (3)______ clambered to safety on a small boat tethered alongside. (4)_______ 440 men lost thei
r ______, drowned, crushed, or eaten by sharks.

Saving women and children first became known as the Birkenhead drill. It was invoked on the Titanic and c
elebrated as an unwritten (5)______of the sea. To many at the time, its rationale seemed self-evident. Wo
men and children were “naturally more helpless”, as a journalist (6)_______ it. On the Titanic, one fashiona

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ble woman lamented that she was a “prisoner in my own skirt”, unable even to jump into a lifeboat (7)_____
_assistance.

Some have, however, suggested a deeper justification for the drill,(8) ______ in safeguarding the future of
a society. Some of the Titanic survivors went on to have children. Madeleine Astor remarried and had two s
ons with her new husband. (One of them would describe himself as a “most lucky man”, acknowledging tha
t his mother’s good fortune was also his own.) Leah Aks later gave birth to a daughter and second son. Her
great-granddaughter, a flautist, has taught a class about the Titanic at the University of Tennessee. In resc
uing over 700 souls from the icy deep, the lifeboats of the Titanic also, in a (9)_____, “saved” the additional
lives these (10) _______ went on to create, salvaging them from the deeper abyss of non-existence.

II. WORD FORMATION (PASSAGE)

1. A mammoth find
A mammoth, named Jenya after the eleven-year-old who made the (1)_______ find, is thought to be the m
ost perfectly preserved animal of its kind. The last great mammoth was (2)_____ in 1901, so this finding ha
s caused great excitement among (3)_____. Jenya’s remains were excavated from the Siberian permafrost
and taken to St Petersburg for (4)_____. Tests show that it was fifteen years old, two metres tall and weigh
ed 500 kilos, which is (5)_____ smaller than other mammoth finds. What probably killed Jenya was not his
size, but a missing left tusk that rendered him (6)_____ for fights with other mammoths or human (7)_____,
who were settling the Siberian marshes and swamps 20000-30000 years ago. So Jenya’s death might hav
e been the result of a (8)_____ with an Ice Age man. Zoologists now believe mammoths were driven to (9)_
____ by humans as well as by the changing (10)_____.

earthen extinct acclimatise front zoo

inconsiderate fit headhunt astonishment analytical

2. Searching for a King

You wouldn’t expect to find a (1)_____ king under a city car park, yet, astonishingly, this was where (2)___
__ found Richard III, an English king who died in 1485. Always a (3)_____ figure, Richard was (4)_____ as
a villain and murderer by Shakespeare. The accuracy of this (5)______ is debatable, but the fact that he wa
s killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field is (6)_____. The exact (7)_____ of his body after the battle was a (8)
______ but with the discovery of a skeleton in Leicester, people speculated about whether these were the r
emains of the kind. The skeleton exhibited similar injuries to those recorded after the battle and scientists c
arried out carbon dating, which placed the skeleton in the fifteenth century. Analyses of DNA from living (9)
_____ of the king put the identity of the skeleton beyond doubt. The evidence was (10)_____, and the last
missing king of England was found.

where controvert mortal mystification descent

inconclusionary archaic disputes deadening portrait

3. Passage 3
It might seem like common sense that a starving animal is more likely to take dangerous risks to obtain foo
d than one with a full belly. But new research from UCLA shows that groups of Argentine ants, who 1)____
___boldly when they're well fed, exercise far more caution when they've been 2)_______ of carbohydrates
and the risks from competitors are high.

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This 3)_______ foraging strategy might contribute to the success of these insects, known as Linepithema h
umile, an 4)_______species that displaces native ant populations in California and 5)_______and has beco
me a significant 6)_______ pest, the researchers said.

Their findings, published in the journal Current Zoology, suggest that the 7)_______ of Argentine ants to ex
pose themselves to danger when weakened by hunger could possibly give them a competitive edge over ot
her species by helping to preserve their colonies' foraging 8)_______.

"While not foraging may lead to a reduction in food stores when those stores are already low, foraging in a
9)_______environment exposes the colony to potential loss of foragers," said the study's senior author, No
a Pinter-Wollman, a UCLA professor of ecology and 10)_______ biology. "So reduced foraging could be int
erpreted as individual foragers not taking unnecessary risks."

age  intuition  evolve  willingly  private  whereabouts  

incapable  risky  invader  agriculture  investiture  humanoid 

4. Passage 4
Mindfulness meditation is a stress-management practice with ancient 1)_______ that cultivates 2)_______
awareness of the present moment, often by directing attention to the physical 3)_______ of breathing. Initia
lly inspired by centuries-old Buddhist practices consisting of philosophies and meditations together, today a
4)_______ version of mindfulness -- consisting of meditations alone -- is becoming increasingly popular.

There are phone apps that help generate 5)_______ and many big corporations are folding 6)_______traini
ng programs into their curriculums. But there may be an 7)_______ downside to secular mindfulness medit
ation practices, according to new research led by the University of Washington's Foster School of Business,
and published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

"Meditating can reduce feelings of guilt, thus limiting reactions like generosity that are important to human r
elationships," said lead author Andrew Hafenbrack, an assistant professor in the Foster School who studies
mindfulness.

Researchers wanted to know how mindfulness meditation reduces negative emotions, like anger and guilt.

"Negative emotions may not be pleasant, but they can help us 8)_______ social situations and maintain rel
ationships," Hafenbrack said.

"If someone gets really angry and they yell at their boss, or something, and they get fired or make people fe
el unsafe, then you know that's a bad thing," Hafenbrack said. "Not all negative emotions are the same in te
rms of the kinds of behaviors that they queue up, though."

When people feel guilty, it tends to make them focus outward, on other people, which can promote 9)_____
__ actions.

"Meditating for short periods of time is a tool that can make people feel better, like popping an aspirin when
they have a headache," Hafenbrack said. "We have a responsibility as researchers to share not only the m
any positive effects of meditation, but also the inadvertent side effects, such as the potential for it to occasio
nally relax one's moral 10)_______."

secularism  judge  circumnavigate  non-believer  unaware anticipation 

passer-by  desensitize  irreparable  line  controversialist  mindlessness

III. WORD FORM SENTENCES:

9
1. There’s no ______ (CENTURY) in worrying; things will eventually get better, you know.
2. He found that running long distances was not his ______ (FORTIFICATION) , but accelerating.
3. Four cats were reclaimed, 406 cats were rehomed and 18 were _____ (EUTHANASIA) to end their
suffering from illnesses.
4. This time around, both the U.S. and German economies are _____ (FLAT) , while that of Japan con
tinues its slow, downward spiral.
5. An amount standing to the credit of a joint account constitutes a debt which is owed by the bank to t
he depositors jointly and _____ (SEVERAL).
6. You’ll soon become accustomed to the endless Washington _____ (MERRY) of parties and socialisi
ng.
7. In sports commentaries, fairness and ______ (PART) to both sides is vital, but spontaneity and enth
usiasm are valued by those watching or listening.
8. Experience, qualifications and constant quality control are the company policy giving _____ (EXCE
PTIONALLY) results on the finished product, which is then ready for delivery to any country in the w
orld, although they may not be completely accurate.
9. One does not have to be a(n) _______ (PANTHEISM) to be a rationalist, empiricist or sceptic. Not b
elieving in any religion does not qualify anyone to become a man of reason.
10. Bird species include ______ (PROXIMITY) 100 endemics with the greatest variety on the large islan
ds of Halmahera and Seram, with there being probably even more.
11. His comedy stylings were considered slightly edgier than many of his _____ (TEMPORARILY), yet
he was still mainstream enough to appear on television.
12. It's all a smokescreen, a _______ (DIVERT) tactic to take the focus off of certain questions those w
ho failed this country that day don't want aired.
13. He tries to tell Rose that he's been ______ (ONEROUSNESS) because the real robber has been ap
prehended, but she did not believe he was really acquitted of his charges.
14. To our mums, seeing us cracking a smile while we seem to be texting with someone is a ______ (T
ALE) sign of having a lover.
15. These are the last of Russia's original 13 plutonium-producing plants slated for ______ (MANTLE).
16. Thanks to its amazing rock drilling capabilities, the ______ (TERRAIN) version of this absolute beas
t of a car is expected to attract immediate interest among users of directional equipment, believes L
evings.
17. Is such an idea even comprehensible to men and women who live without the constant presence of
the _______ (NUMEN) or divine at our shoulder?
18. The bad news is as each day ticks on the funding ______ (LOCALITY) of over 1 billion per year get
s taxpayers less and less road for their money.
19. At best, they receive a few _____ (QUIZZING) stares, a couple of thumbs-up signs and a desperate
waving of white flags. And at worst, they receive nothing that could amount to any indication of prop
er comprehension from the audience.
20. There are 18 varieties of ______ (HEIRESS) tomatoes, fennel, cipollini onions, eggplant, peppers, s
everal pear trees and a couple apple trees, most of which are rather rare today.
21. Here's what the problem with the strategy of pointless talking was: North Korea was not satisfied wit
h _______ (CAT) manoeuvres, but more direct actions.
22. Luckily we like ______ (DEVIL), feisty dames who laugh in the face of disapproval and adversity, wit
h little consideration for any such things.
23. In recent months, the airline has been forced to ______ (CANNIBALISTIC) its existing fleet to provid
e spare parts due to a dearth of available material.
24. We Scots are not, at the best of times, over-endowed with a sunny disposition and a ______ (HAPP
Y) attitude to life, but more practical, realistic views of life.
25. lt is often said that a good caricature looks more like a person than the person themselves. As it hap
pens, this notion, _______ (INTUITION) though it may sound, is actually supported by research.
26. We code each new face we encounter not in absolute terms, but in several ways it differs remarkabl
10
 y from the mean. ln other words, we ______ (ACCENT) what is most important for recognition and l
argely ignore what is not.
27. The harbour is studded with all kinds of watercraft, from the stupendous ______ (IRON) battleships
to the tiny pleasure boat.
28. You infuse energy and romance in long-standing relationships and _____ (JUVENILE) them.
29. _______ (SYNTHETIC) is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into
chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activiti
es.
30. Tolkien's sword and sorcery epics were turned into the Oscar-winning _____ (BLOCK) films and rec
ently voted Britain's favourite read.
31. Administrative staff may be _______ through increased automation and efficiency. (SKILL)
32. The changes are _______, and will not produce a noticeable effect for 15 to 20 years. (INSIDE)
33. _______ students could understand easily what the teacher explained to them. (BRAIN)
34. Once a person has attained _______ status in the eyes of the world, it is very hard to break it. (TYP
E)
35. Fatigue and boredom combine to cause _______ - one of the biggest reasons people quit.(BURN)
36. After the recent scandal, he faces a(n) _______ struggle to win back public support before the next
election. (HILL)
37. The figure of total group _______ exactly balances out with the total income. (GO)
38. His book is about Shakespeare’s style without getting too involved in the _______ of Shakespeare’s
language. (MINUTE)
39. The religious conservatives are not _______ of the West and its values. (AMOUR)
40. It is said that one woman in five is a(n) _______. Today, pressure usually pushes millions of women
to buy beyond their means as an outlet for their frustration. (SHOP)
41. A conservation focus on preserving ecosystems not only saves large numbers of species (including
___________(CHARISMA) species that do not receive public support) but also preserves the suppo
rt systems that maintain life.
42. The one thing that can be said in favour is that it sends vegans and animal rights activists ________
___ (CANDLE) with rage.
43. The manifesto is long-winded, ___________ and often ambiguous or poorly drafted. (REPEAT)
44. He mistrusted ravishment by charm, spiritual appeal, force, wit or other ___________. (BLAND)
45. Apart from a few fanatics, there was a general ___________ to apply the laws directed against the
m. (INCLINE)
46. Tests at the age of seven provide a ___________ against which the child’s progress at school can b
e measured. (MARK)
47. They were an average family living a boring life in a(n) ___________ little house in the suburbs. (DE
SCRIBE)
48. She has written a(n) ___________ account of the modern art world. (SEE)
49. The competition challenges students around the world to come up an innovative and ___________
business gift. (TREND)
50. Lisette came back from holiday in New York with a(n) ___________ asymmetric haircut. (TREND)
51. He tends to adopt a(n) ___________ manner when talking to young women. (DESCEND)
52. The motive behind such words is austere rather than ___________. (SNOB)
53. She was sitting apart from those who had once been her friends, her eyes ___________ and her ch
eeks blazing. (DOWN)
54. Then Alvin endured a long, ___________wait for a flight back to New York late that night. (SPIRIT)
55. Berlusconi was ___________ by Travaglio’s claim that he had colluded with the Mafia. (RAGE)
56. They can be ___________ and hypersensitive to rejection, and their social skills are, as yet, underd
eveloped. (TOUCH)
57. The renown that Michael Jackson gained for himself is almost ________________. (SUPERIOR)
58. Viet Nam used to be ________________ into two seperate areas, with the border being Gianh river
(MASS)
11
 59. The walls were _________________ with colors, which make it so beautiful. (STRIPE)
60. A bottle of cooled water had __________________effects on us after a long walk. (VIGOR)
61. Hand ________________ is accused of including BBA, which can cause many health problems. (S
ANITARY)

ANSWER KEYS
OPEN CLOZE
Passage 1:
1. According 2. the 3. measure 4. have 5. including 6. which 7. up/true 8. way 9. as 10. came

Passage 2:
1. main/primary/major/principal 2. expanding other 3. other 4. for/to 5. which 6. its 7. correlated 8.
there 9. The/This 10. cell
Passage 3:
1. to 2. but/yet 3. which 4. until/till 5. It 6. been 7. Yet/However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless 8. such 9.
life/lifetime 10. one
Passage 4:
1. Ever 2. has 3. beyond 4. Yet/Nonetheless/Nevertheless/However 5. from 6. pay/give 7.
return/response 8. therefore 9. On 10. is
Passage 5:
1. revolves/centres 2. By/Through/Via 3. upon/on/around 4. although/though 5. Another 6. to/with 7.
contain/include 8. The 9. in 10. while/when
Passage 6:
1. in 2. some/several/many/numerous 3. to 4. no 5. by 6. depend/hinge/turn 7. worth 8. were 9. their
10. serve/act/function
Passage 7:
1. recent 2. Much/Most/Plenty 3. of 4. one/instance/example 5. dint/means/virtue 6. other 7.
worse 8. used 9. Such 10. made
Passage 8:
1. now 2. much/most 3. seemingly/apparently 4. this 5. such 6. on/upon 7. Given 8. as 9. above 10.
linguistically
Passage 9:

1. philosophy  2. proceeds  3. longer  4. removed/divorced/ 5. inherent

insulated  

6.suggestion  7. good 8. relevance  9. relate  10.own 

Passage 10:
1.has  2.area 3.self-protective  4. But  5.perceived/seen

6.community  7.policy  8. all 9. too 10.arguments

Passage 11:
1. feline  2. cats 3. markers  4. past/last 5.Another 

6. clues 7. comparing  8.piece  9. domestication  10.makeup 

Passage 12:

12
 1. age  2. without  3. with  4. access 5. leaves

6. task  7. least  8. put  9. pouches  10. posession

Passage 13:
1.caregivers 2. early  3. manner  4. synchronized  5. eye-tracking 

6. engaging  7.live  8. not  9. rhythm  10.cues 

Passage 14:
1.little  2.behavior  3.the   4. Researchers  5.whereas/while 

6.extent   7.reflected  8. align  9.part  10.curriculum 

Passage 15:
1.overshoot  2.points  3.With   4. tipping  5.at 

6.temperature  7.arrive  8. thresholds  9. Such  10.triggering 

Passage 16:
1.ability  2.Without  3.perform   4. posture  5this 

6. same   7.studies  8. research  9. associate  10.enlisted 

Passage 17:
1.project  2.systems  3. including  4. demonstration  5.results 

6.allow   7.high–definition  8. far  9. requires  10.laser 

Passage 18:
1. what  2.while  3. on  4. Over  5.lives 

6. law  7.without  8. rooted  9.sense  10.survivors 

WORD FORMATION
Passage 1:
1. astonishing 2. unearthed 3. zoologists 4. analysis 5. considerably 6. unfit 7. hunters/hunter-gatherer
s 8. confrontation 9. extinction 10. climate
Passage 2
1. dead 2. archaeologists 3. controversial 4. immortalised 5. portrayal 6. indisputable/undisputed 7.
whereabouts 8. mystery 9. descendants 10. conclusive
Passage 3
1. foraging  2. deprived  3. counterintuitive 4. invasive  5. elsewhere 

7. agricultural  7. unwillingness 8. capabilities  9. high-risk  10. evolutionary

Passage 4:
1.lineage  2. nonjudgmental  3. sensations 4.secular 5.self-awareness
13
 6. mindfulness 7. unanticipated  8. navigate  9. reparative 10. compass

WORD FORMATION SENTENCES

1. percentage 2. forte 3. euthanised 4. flatlining (flat- 5. severally 6. merry-go-rou
lining)

7. impartiality 8. exceptionabl 9. atheist 10. approximately 11. contemporaries 12. diversionar

e

13. exonerated 14. telltale 15. dismantlement 16. all-terrain 17. numinous 18. allocation

19. quizzical 20. heirloom 21. cat-and-mouse 22. devil-may-care 23. cannibalise 24. happy-go-lu

25. counter-intuitiv 26. accentuate 27. iron-clad/cast-iron 28. rejuvenate 29. photosynthesis 30. blockbuster
e (counterintuitive)

31. deskilled: to reduce the amount of skill that is needed to do a particular job
32. insidious: ẩn khuất bên trong
33. brainy: thông minh
34. archetypal: nguyên mẫu, không thay đổi
35. burnout: tình trạng kiệt sức
36. uphill: khó khăn
37. outgoings: chi tiêu
38. minutiae: chi tiết (số nhiều)
39. enamoured: yêu thích
40. shopaholic: người nghiện mua sắm
41. non-charismatic: thiếu sức hút
42. incandescent with rage: đầy giận dữ
43. repetitious: involving something that is often repeated, in a way that becomes boring.
44. blandishments: lời a dua, nịnh hót
45. disinclination: sự không mong muốn
46. benchmark: tiêu chuẩn để đánh giá, so sánh
47. nondescript: bình thường, không có gì nổi bật.
48. insightful: sâu sắc
49. trendsetting: khởi xướng 1 xu hướng mới
50. trendy: hợp mốt
51. condescending: xem thường, trịch thượng
52. snobbish: trịch thượng, tự cao
53. downcast: buốn bã, chán nản
54. dispirited: xuống tinh thần
55. enraged: vô cùng giận dữ
56. touchy: nhạy cảm
57. insuperable: không thể vượt qua
58. demassified: chia ra
59. Striated/striped: có sọc
60. invigorating: làm phấn khởi lên
61. sanitizer: phương tiện sát trùng

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