ACCESS TO SAFE WATER

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ARTICLE/LITERATURE/STUDY

Contextualizing linkages between Anthonj, C. (2021).
water security and global health in Contextualizing linkages
Africa, Asia and Europe. Geography between water security
matters in research, policy and and global health in
practice Africa, Asia and Europe.
Geography matters in
research, policy and
practice. Water Security,
13, 100093.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.w
asec.2021.100093
Giving out solutions is the main focus in targeting Diaz, Sophia Celine
the problem, but understanding its root cause may
aid in comprehending this problem as a whole and
may give out more relevant and important
resolutions than before. Different authors,
scholars, or people look at and define water
security differently; the United Nations view this
holistically through the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). In the context of exposure to
water-borne diseases, this may be acquired from
the ingestion of bacterial, viral, protozoal, and
helminthic pathogens in drinking contaminated
water. It can also be passed from
person-to-person or through vectors.

Interconnecting knowledge about these to medical

geography is just as significant as it can be used
to identify environmental factors that may also
affect water security, cultural context, and
infrastructures built in specific areas. Looking at it
from the different aspects, extreme weather
events, unequal access to safe water, sanitation,
hygiene and healthcare (WASH), different cultures
of each group of people, and their practices
should be considered in planning out how to
address the main problem regarding water
security (in relation to the medical geography).

Plant-based point-of-use water
filtration: A simple solution for
potable water in developing
countries
Ibrahim, N., Edri, L., Bellizzi,
A., Kozlovsky, C., Wiley,
M., Jacobitz, F. G., Fuller,
M. G., Macdonald, K.,
Bolender, J. P.,
Ndaruhutse, G. R., &
Having access to acceptable quality and safe Diaz, Sophia Celine
drinking water, despite the Sustainable
Development Goals set by the United Nations,
seems to be difficult for people residing in the
countryside of developing countries, especially in
Africa and Asia. Citizens deprived of this normally

Amyloid–carbon hybrid membranes
for universal water purification
Lester, Y. (2022). get their water from open and unprotected water
Plant-based point-of-use sources (e.g., groundwater wells and rivers) that
water filtration: A simple may lead them to acquire water-borne diseases.
solution for potable water In rural Africa, household water treatment devices
in developing countries. are used to improve these conditions at such low
Groundwater for cost.
Sustainable
Development, 18, This study created a filter made out of different
100802. xylems for waterborne bacterial and viral
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.g infections in Africa. Some angiosperms (e.g.,
sd.2022.100802. Populus), and gymnosperm (pine) were able to
filtrate most of the sample bacteria used in the
experiment. The maximum volume of water (MVF)
filtered in this experiment showed 100% despite
different usage of plant filtration. However,
removing inorganic contaminants was difficult at
this point. All things considered, a prototype was
made using cost-efficient and low-maintenance
products for people in countryside communities.
The prototype consists of two subsystems that will
aid in filtration and improving water quality, as
stated in the SDGs.
Bolisetty, S., & Mezzenga, R. One of the leading causes of water pollution is Dumago, Carylle Mae
(2016). Amyloid–carbon industrial wastes that often go untreated.
hybrid membranes for Consequently, organisms that live in contaminated
universal water waters, as well as people who rely on them for
purification. Nature livelihood are affected by such negligence. To
Nanotechnology, 11(4), help solve the issue, several methods have been
365–371. introduced such as membrane purification.
https://doi.org/10.1038/n Existing membrane purification technologies,
nano.2015.310 however, have high intrinsic costs and are
susceptible to membrane fouling. They also only
cater to a specific ion and become inefficient once
conditions depart from optimal.
This study developed an efficient hybrid
membrane made up of amyloid fibrils and
activated carbon, which helped to address the
problems that arose in existing membrane
technologies. The amyloid-carbon hybrid
 membrane is capable of undergoing several
cycles of water purification without any reduction
in its performance. It can also remove bacteria
through size exclusion filtration, and it can recover
expensive and important heavy metal ions.
Moreover, it can be employed using inexpensive
sources such as whey protein.

Application of magnetic Pinto, M., Ramalho, P. S. F.,
nanoparticles for water purification Moreira, N. F. F.,
Gonçalves, A. G., Nunes,
O. C., Pereira, M. F. R.,
& Soares, O. S. G. P.
(2020). Application of
magnetic nanoparticles
for water purification.
Environmental
Advances, 2, 100010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.e
nvadv.2020.100010
Nanotechnology has been considered as an Dumago, Carylle Mae
alternative to existing centralized systems
because it allows for water purification with low
costs, high performance, and less reliance on
infrastructures. The main objective of the study
was to develop a water purification technology
using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly
based on iron oxide (FeO). The results of the
study revealed that FeO and MnFeO were the
most efficient in removing E. coli. In addition, it
was shown that an increased concentration of
MNPs led to an increase in bacteria removal.
Another factor examined in the study was how the
type of microorganism affected the removal rate,
which yielded significant results. FeO particles
were seen to have a higher removal efficiency of
S. aureus while CuFeO particles had a higher cell
removal efficiency of E. coli.

Cost-effective hybrid filter for
remediation of water from
fluoride
Alhendal, M., Nasir, M. J., On a global scale, groundwater is the fundamental Eusebio, Elisha
Hashim, K. S., and preferable source of drinking water. However,
Amoako-Attah, J., the groundwater treatment industry is challenged
Al-Faluji, D., Muradov, by the incidence of high fluoride concentrations
M., Kot, P., & Abdulhadi, that causes various health issues such as
B. (2020). Cost-effective diarrhea and nausea. Thus, there is a need for
hybrid filter for fluoride remediation.
remediation of water
from fluoride. IOP This study constructed and applied an
Conference Series: economically-efficient hybrid filtration cell (HFC),
Materials Science and which utilized activated carbon and limestones, to
Engineering, 888(1), remove fluoride from groundwater. They
012038. conducted batch flow experiments using the HFC
https://doi.org/10.1088/1 to remediate artificial water from fluorides. The

Local innovation for application of
membrane system for supply of
arsenic-safe water in rural
Bangladesh
‘Everyone is exhausted and
frustrated’: exploring psychosocial
impacts of the lack of access to safe
water and adequate sanitation in
Usoma, Kenya
757-899x/888/1/012038
Aktar, T., Barsha, H., Arafat, F.,
Khandaker, N. R., &
Hossain, B. (2019). Local
innovation for application
of membrane system for
supply of arsenic-safe
water in rural
Bangladesh.
WEENTECH
Proceedings in Energy,
35–42.
https://doi.org/10.32438/
wpe.2219
Bisung, E., & Elliott, S. J. (2016).
‘Everyone is exhausted
and Frustrated’:
Exploring psychosocial
impacts of the lack of
access to safe water and
adequate sanitation in
USOMA, Kenya. Journal
of Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene for
Development, 6(2),
205–214.
https://doi.org/10.2166/w
ashdev.2016.122
study showed that the HFC is effective in fluoride
remediation considering that the HFC is run at a
pH of 5.0, having an initial fluoride concentration
of 30 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 30 mg/L, and
water temperature of 313 K.
In Bangladesh, arsenic contamination is the major Eusebio, Elisha
issue when it comes to groundwater. Its major
source is anthropogenic from reductive dissolution
of arsenic-rich iron oxyhydroxides present in the
alluvial sediment deposits of the Ganges delta.
Drinking water with high concentrations of arsenic
may lead to hardening of the skin in the palm and
sole, skin cancer, liver cancer, damage to the
nodules of the kidney, heart disease, and type II
diabetes.
This study assembled a retrofitted reverse
osmosis membrane system that could provide the
required 4.0 psi pressure for the majority of the
households, those without overhead tanks. The
efficacy of the retrofit was tested with well water,
and the study showed that it was effective in
completely removing arsenic from water at a price
within the reach of many in Bangladesh.
This journal article tackled the psychosocial Lauro, Kriselle Franz
impacts of the lack of access to safe water,
especially in Usoma, Kenya. We all know that
water is one of our life's most essential needs. We
couldn't imagine life without water since we all
depend on it, whether for personal or social
consumption, such as hydropower energy to the
water systems of our farm for food and many
more. Marshall (2011) concluded that Kenya
suffers from a severe water crisis due to multiple
causes, including droughts, forest degradation,
floods, a lack of water supply management, the
contamination of water, and population growth.
This situation in Kenya poses many health
challenges, especially for those low-income
 Additional/ Supporting Source: communities.

Marshall, S. (2011). The water
crisis in Kenya: Causes,
effects and solutions.
Global Majority
E-Journal, 2(1), 31-45.
https://www.american.ed
u/cas/economics/ejournal
/upload/marshall_accessi
ble.pdf
This matter affects not only the physical health but
also the mental health of those affected
individuals who only received a small amount of
attention. The results of the study revealed that
there are deep feelings of "anxiety and frustration,
embarrassment, negative identity, feelings of
marginalization, and lack of self-efficacy" (Bisung
& Elliott, 2016). These resulted from their lack of
safe water access, which are everyday stressors
that continue to affect many people, not only in
Kenya. And these problems need to be addressed
immediately because everyone deserves access
to safe water.

Bug-killing Book Pages Clean
Murky Drinking Water
This article is about an invention, "The Drinkable Lauro, Kriselle Franz
Webb, J. (2015). Bug-killing Book" made by Dr. Teri Dankovich. The book's
book Pages clean murky pages act as the filter for dirty water, and once it
drinking water. BBC passes through the pages, which contain silver or
News. Retrieved copper nanoparticles, the water's bacteria dies. In
February 1, 2023, from the trials of 25 contaminated water sources from
https://www.bbc.com/new South Africa, Ghana, and Bangladesh, the filter
s/science-environment-3 paper successfully removed approximately 99% of
3954763 the bacteria, which is similar to the tap water
conditions of US tap water. This drinkable book
can eliminate cholera, E. coli, hepatitis, and
typhoid fever. These diseases that are from water
are responsible for around 3.4 million deaths per
year.

SmartCoast: A Wireless Sensor O’Flynn, B., Martinez-Catala, R., As a part of the implementation of the Water Tomaneng, Shaina Delia
Network for Water Quality Harte, S., O’Mathuna, C., Framework Directive in Europe which aims to
Monitoring Cleary, J., Slater, C., place emphasis on the management of good
Regan, F., Diamond, D., water quality, this study centered on the
& Murphy, H. (2007). development of SmartCoast, a multi-sensor water
SmartCoast: A Wireless quality monitoring system. Using parameters such
Sensor Network for as temperature, phosphate, dissolved oxygen,
 Water Quality Monitoring. conductivity, pH level, turbidity, and water level,
32nd IEEE Conference the SmartCoast sensor enables intelligent
on Local Computer monitoring for freshwater, transitional, and coastal
Networks (LCN 2007). waters. In its Wireless Sensor System, the device
https://doi.org/10.1109/lc utilizes off-the-shelf sensors to measure
n.2007.34 temperature, pH, conductivity, depth, and turbidity
and customized sensors to measure phosphate &
dissolved oxygen using low power consumption
communications.

The data from the chemical and physical

measurements obtained by the wireless system
will then be made available for viewing by remote
users in real time. While trials were still said to be
underway, SmartCoast has the potential to map
the distribution of pollutants especially in areas
across Europe and help identify major sources of
pollution.

A comprehensive review of water Ighalo, J. O., & Adeniyi, A. G.
quality monitoring and assessment
in Nigeria
(2020). A comprehensive
review of water quality
monitoring and
assessment in Nigeria.
Chemosphere, 260,
127569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.c
hemosphere.2020.12756
9 country’s surface water sources are polluted due
Another country that is immensely affected by the Tomaneng, Shaina Delia
lack of access to safe drinking water is Nigeria,
which is the most populated African nation in the
world. In this study by Ighalo & Adeniyi (2020), the
water quality situation faced by the people of
Nigeria and the factors that cause it were
investigated, showing that many of the problems
can be traced back to the sociopolitical
circumstances affecting the country. Most of the
to oil and gas exploration and production, gas
flaring, mining, abattoir effluents, industrial
effluents, domestic waste and sewage, fish farm
effluents and a host of others. As for groundwater,
the water quality has also become poor because
of landfill leachate, sewage, and oil and gas
exploration and production. Rainwater, in
particular, is also contaminated by chemical
pollutants in the air that result from combustion
processes such as gas flaring.

While bottled water is commercially available in

 the country, there is still a high risk of microbes
polluting it, especially in the form of sachet water.
The authors suggest the use of various
technologies such as Internet of Things
(IoT)-enabled water quality monitoring and
assessment systems and smart sensors for
detecting water quality parameters and aiding the
reinforcement of commercial water quality
regulations in Nigeria.

Submitted by:

Diaz, Sophia Celine

Dumago, Carylle Mae
Eusebio, Elisha
Lauro, Kriselle Franz
Tomaneng, Shaina Delia

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