MODULE 9

O BA LI ZAT ION OF
THE GL
RE LIG IO N
GROUP 3
 members

us
oncay, Charlene Castro, V
ezally
la, Shane Glorio Luna, Jan
na
B De Vil

RESEARCHER RESEARCHER REPORTER Presentation Maker

a, Christe
l
, Sheela May , Rica Fa
ith Ramcel
Mendoz Trimoro
Vasquez Villaruel,

RESEARCHER RESEARCHER RESEARCHER REPORTER

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify major religion of the world.

Understand the relationship of globalization and religion.

Discuss how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs

· Determine the positive and negative effect of globalization on religion

 DEFINITION OF TERMS
·Globalization - Globalization a process of expanding various
Secularization - Refers to the historical process in which
sociocultural and socio ecological processes from national to
religion loses social and cultural significance.
international and transcultural level (Al-Rodhan, 2006).

·Religion - Set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that Deterritorialization - Is a cultural feature that blurs the lines
most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling between culture and place and thus transcends territorial
force, such as a personal god or another supernatural being. boundaries.
 Religion
Adherence to a set of beliefs or teachings about the deepest and
most elusive of life’s mysteries.

Unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.

Perspectives on Religion
1. Structural Functionalism (Emile Durkheim) 2. Social Conflict (Karl Marx)

Vital agent of social control Maintains unequal social system.

Nonconformity is punished.

3. Symbolic Interactionism (Max Weber)

Rise of capitalism brought by people’s “Protestant Work Ethic” behavior.

MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

Christianity

World’s largest religion

2.4 billion adherents
Divided into Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and various
denominations of Protestantism.
Belief in the Holy Trinity (There is One God, who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)
Sacred text is called “Bible.”
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
Judaism

World’s oldest monotheistic religion

14.2 million adherents
Sacred temples are called “Synagogues.”
Principal collection of writings is called the “Hebrew Bible” or the
“Tanakh.”
Foundational text is called the “Torah” or “Pentateuch.”
Believers call God as “Yahweh.”
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

Islam

World’s fastest growing religion

1.8 billion adherents
Place of worship is called “Mosque”
Sacred text is called “Koran” or “ Qu’ran”
Believers are called “Muslims”
Allah is their God and Muhammed is the last prophet who received divine
revelations from Allah
Islam

Divided into Sunni and Shi’a

1. Shi’a group (Shi’ite Muslims) believes that Ali, Muhammed’s

cousin and son-in-law, was the successor of the prophet.

2. Sunni group (Sunnis), on the other hand, believes it is up to

the elders to determine from among themselves who should
become the prophet’s successor.
 Islam The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam:

1. Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is
the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. This phrase, written in Arabic, is often prominently
featured in architecture and a range of objects, including the Qur'an, Islam's holy book of
divine 1.revelations. One becomes a Muslim by reciting this phrase with conviction.

2. Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon,
sunset, and after dark. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter (sura) of the
Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose.
Muslims can pray individually at any location or together in a mosque, where a leader in
prayer (imam) guides the congregation. Men gather in the mosque for the noonday prayer on
Friday; women are welcome but not obliged to participate. After the prayer, a sermon focuses
on a passage from the Qur'an, followed by prayers by the imam and a discussion of a
particular religious topic.
 Islam The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam:

3. Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income
to community members in need. Many rulers and wealthy Muslims build mosques, drinking
fountains, hospitals, schools, and other institutions both as a religious duty and to secure the
blessings associated with charity.

4. Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic
calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink. Through this
temporary deprivation, they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has
provided in their lives—including the Qur'an, which was first revealed during this month.
During Ramadan they share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious
duty to help those less fortunate.

 Islam The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam:

5. Pilgrimage (hajj). Every Muslim whose health and finances permit it must make at least
one visit to the holy city of Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Ka'ba, a cubical
structure covered in black embroidered hangings, is at the center of the Haram Mosque in
Mecca. Muslims believe that it is the house Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) built for God, and
face in its direction (qibla) when they pray. Since the time of the Prophet Muhammad,
believers from all over the world have gathered around the Ka'ba in Mecca on the eighth and
twelfth days of the final month of the Islamic calendar.

 MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

Hinduism

World’s oldest living religion

1.2 billion adherents
Religion based on way of life found in Nepal and India
Soul will undergo a birth-death-rebirth cycle called samsara until it
reaches the state of moksha (liberation and ultimate freedom from
samsara)
Has a social hierarchy system called the caste system.
 MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

Buddhism

Buddhism is one of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500

years ago in India
Over 400 million adherents
Established by Siddhartha Gautama in 6th century who became Buddha
after receiving enlightenment.
 Buddhism

Emphasizes the teachings of the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold

Paths of Buddha

> The Four Noble Truths comprise the essence of Buddha's teachings, though they leave
much left unexplained. They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering,
the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.
More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring
about its end.

>The steps of the Noble Eightfold Path are Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right
Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right
Concentration.
 Buddhism

Divided into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism is older and the more conservative of the two main divisions of
Buddhism and is often referred to as the ‘traditions of the elders’. Many Theravada
Buddhists follow the teachings of the Buddha exactly, and many of them are monks or nuns.

Theravada Buddhists strive to be arhats. Arhats are perfected people who have gained true
insight into the nature of reality. This means they have followed the Noble Eightfold Path to
‘blow out’ the three fires of greed, hatred and ignorance and have become enlightened. In
Buddhism, enlightenment leads to nibbana (or nirvana), which means freedom from the
cycle of rebirth (samsara). Consequently, they will no longer be reborn through samsara.

Buddhism

Divided into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhists believe they can achieve enlightenment through following the
teachings of the Buddha. The goal of a Mahayana Buddhist may be to become a Bodhisattva
and this is achieved through the Six Perfections. Compassion is very important in Mahayana
Buddhism. Therefore, Bodhisattvas choose to stay in the cycle of samsara to help others to
achieve enlightenment as well as themselves.

This is a key difference between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhists.

Whereas Theravada Buddhists strive to become Arhats and gain
freedom from the cycle of samsara, Mahayana Buddhists may choose
to stay in the cycle of samsara out of compassion for others.
 MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

Shintoism

Largest religion in Japan

With a little over 100 million adherents
Also called kami-no-michi
An ethnic religion in Japan that focuses on ritual practices that must be
carried out diligently to establish a connection between present-day
Japan and its past.
Only originally a collection of native beliefs and mythology
Impact of Globalization on Religion

Globalization
- Globalization can refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of
all areas of contemporary social life.
- Accelerated pace of contacts among cultures, peoples, and
civilizations
 It has affected religion in various ways like:
1. It paved the way for the rise of religious nationalism.
This came about after the Second World War.
Nationalism was closely associated with particular religious beliefs
and affiliations.
In 2018, a National Bible Day was declared as a memorable
working holiday.
Islam-ruled states in the Middle East, similarly, are influenced by
the practice of Islam.
2. The turn of religion into public life
This is a reaction to post-World War II modernism.
The often-forceful entrance of religious traditions, such as
Catholic liberation theology and Islamic fundamentalism from the
private sphere into public life.
Religious people go beyond the administration of sacraments for
Catholics and focuses more on the social concerns of the poor
and the oppressed inside and outside the church.
3. The proliferation of international terrorism
For one, religious extremism – a type of political violence
anchored on the belief that a supreme being grants violence in
the act of glorifying one's faith – has become a central issue
faced by the global community.
Extremists believe that they must fulfill God's will through
violence.
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a known extremist
group, triggered the locals of Mindanao to launch the Marawi
siege for five months.
4. The increase of individual religiosity
This is brought about by the individual's need to rely on his or her
beliefs and relationships with the supreme being.
For some, it is a reaction based on one's frustration towards
institutionalized religions.
For others they do not want to belong to or engage in any
organization.
GLOBAL MIGRATION

Global migration also influences religion. Because of migration, globalization has forced the
appearance of religious traditions in places where there previously had been mostly unknown
or considered a minority; this is called the deterritorialization of religion.

Secularization

·Refers to the historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance.
·Shift in the overall frameworks of human condition; it makes possible for people to have a
choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto unknown.

Deterritorialization

Deterritorialization is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and
thus transcends territorial boundaries.
· This is highly characteristic of migration amidst globalizations.
· Movement of peoples and their faith across the globe
· Knowing the unknown religious traditions of a particular faith
 The interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local
religion. It is a global religion with a local mix. There is four distinct
glocalization:

1 Vernacularization 2 Indigenization

Vernacularization refers to the blending of universal
religions with local languages. This results in the creation of
new branches of religion.
Ex. Arabic is used as Islam’s sacred language.
Greek and Latin remains to be the primary languages of
Christianity.
Indigenization refers to the transformation of a universal
religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group.
Ex. The practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the
Zamboanga peninsula.
The blending of traditional African forms of religiosity
Christianity in Brazil and the Caribbean
 The interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local
religion. It is a global religion with a local mix. There is four distinct
glocalization:

3 Nationalization 4 Transnationalization

Nationalization constructs a link between the nation and
the church. Religious institutions relate to national identities
and the realities of that nation being part of the nation
means belonging to its national church.
Ex. The Philippine independent church
Transnationalization has complemented religious
nationalization by focusing groups on identifying specific
religious traditions of real or imagined national homelands.
Ex. Iglesia ni Cristo
Transnationalism of Religion
Religious Universalism – person respects religion differences but does not let other
religions to influence him/her.
Local particularism – influencing other people to change their beliefs.

Religion and Global Conflict

The pacifist view: all violence and killing is wrong.
Just War: some wars, at least, are right because they are perceived to be in the interests of
justice.
Holy War: the God of a religion is perceived to ask, or command, its followers to make war
on those who do not believe in that religion and who pose a threat to those who do
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

1. Religion has been a source of global conflict and peace.

Despite these events, it is unjust to point at religion as the sole

cause of global conflicts.
Religions were primarily established to put God’s will in fruition.
However, persons responsible for the conflicts used their religious
doctrines, dogmas, and even sacred verses to justify their evil
actions morally.
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

Contemporary Wars Associated with Religion

1. Israel-Palestine Conflict

Can be viewed as an “Ethnic conflict.”

Where one party is most often portrayed as a singular ethno-religious group and the
other party is sometimes presented as an ethnic group which is multi-religious.
Jews vs Muslims
In 1929, religious tensions between Muslim and Jewish Palestinians over Jews
Praying at the Wailing wall led to the 1929 Palestine riots.
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

Contemporary Wars Associated with Religion

2. India-Pakistan War

After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed
– the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand
to a million
India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority, while Pakistan was established
as an Islamic republic with Muslim majority population.
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

Contemporary Wars Associated with Religion

2. India-Pakistan War

Riots against Igbo in 1953 and in the 1960s in the north were said to have been
sparkled by religious conflict.
Christians vs. Muslims
In the 1980s, serious outbreaks between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan
in southern Kaduna State in a border area between two religions.
The 2010 Jos riots: Muslim herders against Christian farmers
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

Contemporary Wars Associated with Religion

3. Lebanese Civil War

Muslim, Christian Lebanese, and Shiite
Played out along three religious’ lines: Sunni
Muslim

4. Yugoslav Wars

Religious wars between the Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim populations of former
Yugoslavia; that is, Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

Contemporary Wars Associated with Religion

5. Sudanese Civil War

Sprouted from Muslim central government’s pursuits to impose sharia law on non-
Muslim southerners.

6. Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)

ISIS vs. Iraq, Syria, U.S and a dozen other countries

Shia vs. Sunni Muslims (ISIS members are Sunnis)
The globalization of religion brought two negative results:

2. Religion is also a source of peace.

It plays a vital role in man’s search for world peace.

The teachings of great religions on moral principles and values are necessary tools
for the abatement of avarice, hatred and illusions that are the root causes of
conflicts.
Religion touches the inner self of humans and encourages them to improve
themselves and society.
Human assistance helps achieve peace by advancing poverty reduction and putting
attention to economic equality.
 Interfaith Declaration

Code of ethics that outlines an interfaith code of ethics for international business based on
justice, mutual respect, stewardship, and honesty, values found within all three of the
Abrahamic religions.

World Alliance of Religion for Peace Summit

Summit held in 2014, attended by various religious leaders across the globe that aims to
establish a universally applicable system of values, bring religious conflicts to an end, and
define the roles of cultural leaders in the creation of culture.
 REFERENCES:
Juergensmeyer, M. (2014). Religion in Global Conflict. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Retrieved from
http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-handbook-of-Globalization/n43.xml

Roudometof, V. (2014). Globalization and Orthodox Christianity: The Transformations of a Religious Tradition. International
Sociology Reviews, 30(5), 490-500. Retrieved from
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0268580915598100?journalCode=issa

AMAES TV (2021). The Contemporary World – The Globalization of Religion. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/H8_QWipSgys