2-D Transformation

y
2
s
1 3
4

3 x ⇐ r

1 2
4

Ni = Ni (r , s)
∂N i ∂N i ∂r ∂N i ∂s
= . + .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x
∂N i ∂N i ∂r ∂N i ∂s
= . + .
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y
Or in matrix format
 ∂N i   ∂r ∂s   ∂N i 
 ∂x   ∂x ∂x   ∂r 
 = .  (A)
 ∂N i   ∂r ∂s   ∂N i 
 ∂y   ∂y ∂y   ∂s 
The geometric transformation
n n
x =  N i (r , s ).xi y =  N i (r , s ). yi
1 1

The derivatives of (x,y) w.r.t (r,s)

∂x n
∂N (r , s ) ∂x n
∂N (r , s )
= i .xi = i .xi
∂r 1 ∂r ∂s 1 ∂s

∂y n
∂N (r , s ) ∂y n
∂N (r , s )
= i . yi = i . yi
∂r 1 ∂r ∂s 1 ∂s
However, it may be seen that
  ∂r ∂s 
 ∂x ∂x 
 
 ∂r ∂s 
 ∂y ∂y 
can not be evaluated directly
We, however, can evaluate

 ∂x ∂y   ∂N i (r , s ) .x ∂N i (r , s ) 
n n

 ∂r   ∂r  . yi 
∂r   1 ∂r
i

  =
1
=J (B)
 ∂x ∂y   n ∂N i (r , s ) n
∂N i (r , s )  
∂s    1 ∂s . yi 
.xi
 ∂s 1 ∂s

This is Called Jacobean and denoted by J . It may be noted that



 ∂r ∂s 
 ∂x ∂x 
  = J −1 (C)
 ∂r ∂s  
 ∂y ∂y 

Proceed as follows
∂N i ∂N i
Get J from (B). Obtain its determinant J . [and J −1 when and are involved]
  ∂x ∂y
Obtain N i ,x and N i , y from (A) in view of (B) and (C)
−1
 ∂N i   ∂N i (r , s ) .x ∂N (r , s )   ∂N i 
n n

 ∂x   1  ∂r
i 1 i∂r . yi   ∂r 
 = n    (D)
 ∂N i   ∂N i (r , s ) n
∂N i (r , s )   ∂N i 
 ∂y    ∂s .xi 1 ∂s . yi   ∂s 
 1

 ∂N i   ∂N i 
 ∂x   ∂r 
  = J −1  
 ∂N i    ∂N i 
 ∂y   ∂s 
Example:

s
y
2 1 3
4
r

4 1 2
3 x

Let 1(32,20), 2(12,20), 3(0,0) and 4(40,0)

Determine the area of 4 node element shown on left using the parental element shown on
right.
(1 − r ).(1 − s ) (1 + r ).(1 − s )
N1 = N2 =
4 4
(1 + r ).(1 + s ) (1 − r ).(1 + s)
N3 = N4 =
4 4
∂N1 s − 1 ∂N1 r − 1 ∂N 2 1 − s ∂N 2 −1 − r
= = = =
∂r 4 ∂s 4 ∂r 4 ∂s 4
∂N 3 1 + s ∂N 3 1 + r ∂N 4 −1 − s ∂N 4 1 − r
= = = =
∂r 4 ∂s 4 ∂r 4 ∂s 4
Coordinates of 4 nodes 1(32,20) , 2(12,20) , 3(0,0) and 4(40,0)
 n ∂N i (r , s ) n
∂N i (r , s ) 
  ∂r .xi  ∂r
. yi 
 −15 − 15s 0 
 1 1
= ; J = 150 s + 150
 n ∂N i (r , s ) n
∂N i (r , s )   5r − 1 −10 
  ∂s .xi 1 ∂s . yi 
 1
+1 +1

 dx.dy =   J .dr.ds = 2.[75s + 150s ]+−11 = 600

2

A −1 −1

When you have to evaluate integrals involving N i , r and N i , s , the inverse of Jacobean is
also required. Integration is not performed by the above way; rather, Gauss Quadrate is
used. It will be discussed in detail, in future lectures.