Module 1

Introduction to Globalization How are states created?

Nation-states and Globalization
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NATION - is a solidified unit of people
tied up by a common history and cultural
heritage with full of emotional, psychological,
and spiritual bonds.
STATE - is a political entity that is
established to fulfill the security and ensure the
common welfare of its people.
It is an entity that has rights and
responsibilities under international law and
which has the capacity to maintain its rights by
bringing international claims.
ELEMENTS OF STATE
1) POPULATION 113,412,898*
2) TERRITORY 1987 Constitution
Article 1
 Discovery and occupation
1. Prescription
2. Cession
3. Accretion
4.. Conquest
DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION
 This occurs when a territory belonging to
any state is placed under the
sovereignty of the claiming state.
 Typically, this must be peaceful and
public.
 GUAM is an example of an occupied
territory. The United States government
occupies the South Pacific island. The
distance between Guam and the nearest
US state, Hawaii, is more than 6,000
kilometers.

3) GOVERNMENT Republic with a PRESCRIPTION

presidential form of  This occurs when a territory is acquired
Government through continuous and uninterrupted
4) SOVEREIGNTY Sovereignty resides possession over a long period of time.
in the people and all  It is similar to occupation, but concerns
government otherwise empty territory. If a second
authority emanates state occupies that territory peacefully
from them. and publicly over a long period of time, it
may be said to have acquired the
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATION AND territory.
STATE
CESSION
NATION
 This involves the peaceful transfer of
 Having an occupied territory is not an territory from one sovereign to another,
essential requirement for the existence with the intention that sovereignty
of the state. should pass.
 It is not important for the nation to  This happens when one nation
possess sovereignty. voluntarily gives up territory to another,
STATE typically via a treaty or sale. The cession
may be the result of dispute or conflict
 A definite territory is essential for the settlement.
existence of a state.  For instance, the Treaty of Paris (1898)
 Sovereignty is the basis of the legal that concluded the Spanish- American
existence of a state. War (signed in Paris, on December 10,
 Russia is the biggest state in the world 1898). One of the provisions of the
in terms of geographical size. treaty is that the US must take
 possession of the Philippines but has to  Middle East
pay Spain $20 million nominally for  Israel
public buildings and public works.  Ottoman Empire
 For instance, the Treaty of Nanjing  Tsarist Russian Empire
(August 29, 1842) that ended the 1st  Spanish - American War
Opium War, the first unequal treaties
between China and foreign imperialist NATION-STATES IN THE AGE OF
powers. China paid the British an GLOBALIZATION
indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong The 3 Frames that characterize the
Kong, and agreed to establish a “fair relationship among nation-states
and reasonable” tariff.
 Cultural
ACCRETION
 Political
 This refers to the increase in the land  Economics
area of the state, either through natural o Exchange of common interests
means, or artificially through human primarily motivated by economic
labor. agenda
 For instance, an underwater volcano,  Barter System
Home Reef, located in the Central  Empires are the 1st drivers
Tonga Islands erupted and the newest of globalization. For
land mass on earth formed. This example: the empire of
happened in September 2022. Alexander the Great
 Establishment of colonies.
CONQUEST/ANNEXATION For example, Spanish
 The act of defeating an opponent and colonies established as
occupying all or parts of territory does early as 15th Century.
not of itself constitute a basis of title to  World War 1 and World
the land. War 2
 It implies the taking of land, frequently 6 DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE (AL
associated with at least some degree of GORE*)
coercion.
 It gives the victor certain rights under 1. The emergence of a deeply interconnected
international law as regards the territory, global economy
the rights of belligerent occupation, but 2. The emergence of planet-wide electronic
the territory remains subject to the legal communication
title of the ousted sovereign.
 For instance, the US annexation of 3. The emergence of a completely new balance
Texas in 1845, and Germany’s of political, economic, and military power
annexation of Austria in 1938. 4. The emergence of rapid unsustainable
THE UNITED NATIONS growth

 Founded on 24 October 1945 5. The emergence of a revolutionary new set of

 Comprised of 195 states (current) powerful biological, biochemical, genetic, and
 193 of the 195 are member states materials science technologies.
 2 are non-members (Holy See and 6. The emergence of a radically ecological
Palestine) relationship between humans and Earth’s
 6 main organs ecosystem.
 15 Specialized Agencies
 Kurdish
 Palestinian
DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Global Connected Index (GCI) 2018 Report
 Thomas Friedman  The world’s level of connectedness in
terms of international grade, capital,
Globalization is the interweaving of markets, information, and people is at its peak in
technology, information, and 2017.
telecommunication systems in a way that is
 The Netherlands is the world’s most
shrinking the world from a size medium to a
globally connected country.
size small, and enabling each of us to reach
 Europe is the most highly connected
around the world farther, faster, deeper, and
continent.
cheaper than ever.
 Only 20% of the global economic output
 Manfred Steger of the countries is exported from the
home countries.
Globalization refers to the expansion and  Only 3% of people are living outside the
intensification of social relations and countries they were born in.
consciousness across world time and world
Space. It is a multi-dimensional phenomenon
involving economics, politics, culture, ideology,
environment, and technology.
 Anthony Giddens
Globalization is the intensification of worldwide
social relations linking distant localities in such
a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many thousand miles away
ad vice Versa.
4 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION (A.
GIDDENS)
1) The World Capitalist Economy
2) The Nation-state System
3) World Military Order
4) Industrial Development
International Monetary Fund
Globalization refers to the increasing
integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders. The term
also refers to the movement of people and
knowledge across international borders.
Global Connected Index (GCI}
it is a measurement of flows = and
interconnections of a country to other global
players through exchanges in trade, capital,
people, and information.