Physics, 3rd ed.

Chapter 26 Guided Notes Answer Key

Using Light
Fill in each blank with the correct word or phrase as you watch each video.

Intensity and Color

− Light-Source Intensity––The Candela

• luminous intensity (IL)––the ___________________ of a light source; the

___________________ of light a source emits

• Candela (cd)

o The SI unit of luminous intensity is the ___________________ (_____).

o candela (cd)––the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits

monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that

direction of 1/638 watt per steradian

 steradian (sr)––a ___________________ solid angle (a 3D angle), with its vertex at the

___________________ of a sphere, that cuts off a circular area on the surface of the

sphere equal to the radius of the sphere squared

 The central angle of a steradian is about ___________________.

o The candela is based on the intensity of a ___________________ ___________________ at

the freezing point of platinum.

• blackbody––a body that ___________________ all the radiation ___________________ upon it

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 − Luminous Flux––The Lumen

• luminous flux (Φ)––the measure of the _______________ ________________ produced by a

light source

o It is measured in units called ___________________ (_____).

o A ___________________ point light source (approximately equivalent to 1 candle) emits light

at a rate of about ___________________.

− Illumination at a Point––Illuminance

• illuminance (E)––the ___________________ of light an object receives from a light source

o Illuminance is proportional to the ___________________ of the source and inversely

proportional to the ___________________ of its ___________________ from the object.

o The units of illuminance are lumens per square meter (lm/m2), which are called

___________________ (____).

• Figure 26-6 on ST p. 599

• Sample Problem

o What is the illuminance on a surface 2 m from a 4 cd source?

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 • Example 26-1

o What is the illuminance at a point 5.0 m from a light source emitting 600. lm?

• Example 26-2

o How strong a light source, in lumens, is needed to give an illuminance of 80. lx at a distance of

1.5 m?

− Comparing Light Sources

• photometer––an instrument that compares the luminous intensity of an ___________________

light source to a ___________________ light source

• Unknown Intensity Equation

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 • Example 26-3

o A standard 100. cd bulb that is 32.0 cm from the photometer detector has the same luminous

intensity as an unknown bulb that is 25.0 cm from the photometer head. Find the unknown

bulb’s luminous intensity.

o Given:

 IL std = ___________________

 dstd = ___________________

 dunk = ___________________

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 • Sample Problem

o A 50.0 cd bulb that is 30.0 cm from the photometer head has the same luminous intensity as

an unknown bulb that is 20.0 cm from the head. Find the unknown luminous intensity.

o Given:

 IL std = 50.0 cd

 dstd = 30.0 cm

 dunk = 20.0 cm

− Transmittance

• Light Transmission

o You can receive light in three ways:

 ___________________ from its source,

 by ___________________ from a surface, or

 by ___________________ through a material.

• Materials differ in their ability to ___________________ light.

o ___________________ materials

 transmit light so that you can see ___________________ through them

 examples: ___________________, water, ___________________

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 o ___________________ materials

 transmit light but ___________________ it so that you ___________________ see clearly

through them

 examples: ___________________ glass, ___________________ paper

o ___________________ materials

 do ___________________ transmit visible light at all unless the material is extremely

___________________

 examples: ___________________, metal, ___________________

− Color

• Color

o What you see as color is actually different ___________________ of light.

o Light’s frequency, which determines its color, is related to the energy change of

___________________.

 Thus, ___________________ changes in electron energy produce

___________________ energy emissions that are observed as ___________________

frequencies of light.

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 o Light passing through a medium or being reflected may have some of its frequencies

___________________ or ___________________.

 The energy from the absorbed light ___________________ the material that absorbs it.

o Colors are specified by ________________, ________________, and ________________.

 hue: the ___________________ of wavelengths in light; basic color type

 saturation: a measure of the ___________________ of ___________________ colors

present that tend to dull the color

 brightness, value, or lightness: how ___________________ or ___________________

the color appears

• Color Models

o We will study four different models of graphing the colors seen by the human eye.

 ___________________ model

 ___________________ model

 ___________________ model

 ___________________ model

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 • RGB Model

o the standard red-green-blue (RGB) color model that is used in TVs and computer monitors

o Figure 26-9 (a) on ST p. 603

• CMYK Model

o the cyan-magenta-yellow-black (CMYK) color model that is used in ___________________

___________________

o Figure 26-9 (b) on ST p. 603

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 • L*a*b Model

o a 3D color-wheel model approximating the relationship between ___________________

(perimeter of the wheel), ___________________ (radial distance from the center), and

___________________ (vertical position)

o Figure 26-9 (c) on ST p. 603

• CIE Yxy Model

o one of many 2D representations showing the ___________________ of colors perceived by

the ___________________ ___________________

o Figure 26-9 (d) on ST p. 603

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 − Additive Color Mixing

• Additive Color Mixing

o ___________________ colors—yellow and blue, green and magenta, red and cyan (pairs of

colors that produce white light when combined)

o ___________________ ___________________ colors—red, green, and blue (combinations of

these three colored lights can produce any color in the spectrum)

 Figure 26-11 on ST p. 604

o ___________________ ___________________ colors—yellow, magenta, and cyan (mixtures

of the primary colors)

− Colored Objects

• Colored Objects

o Why does a red object appear red?

 Because light coming from the object to your eyes is red!

o There are three reasons why the light coming from an object may be red:

 The object may be ________________ by only red light.

 The object may ________________ only red light and absorb all other colors.

 If the object is transparent, it may ________________ only red and absorb all other colors.

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 • pigment––the substance in an object that ___________________ certain colors and

___________________ others

o The pigment is named by the color that it ___________________.

− Subtractive Color Mixing

• Subtractive Color Mixing

o ___________________ ___________________ colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow (the

additive secondary colors)

 When these colors are ___________________, the remaining color is the light that the

pigments have ____________ ___________________ from the original light.

 The correct mixture of these colors produces ___________________ (or grayish brown).

 _________ mixture of these colors will produce ___________________.

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Optical Instruments

• Optical Instruments

o Optical instruments often use ___________________ or ___________________ lenses to

change the ___________________ of an image.

o Examples of optical instruments include the following:

 ___________________

 telescopes

 ___________________

 binoculars

− The Microscope

• microscope––an instrument that ___________________ ___________________ images

o ___________________ ___________________ uses two lenses “in series.”

 Light first passes through the ___________________ ___________________, producing

a magnified, inverted real image.

 The ___________________ ___________________ (eyepiece) then magnifies the real

image, producing a much-enlarged virtual image.

 Therefore, the final image is inverted __________ -to-________________ and reversed

___________________ -to-___________________.

 Figure 26-14 on ST p. 606

 The overall magnification is equal to the ___________________ of the individual

magnifications of the lenses.

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 • Lenses

o The objective is usually a ___________________ of lenses, as is the ocular.

 binoculars: _____________ oculars

 stereo binocular microscope: _____________ oculars and _____________ objectives

 Figure 26-15 on ST p. 607

− The Telescope—Refractors

• telescope––an instrument that ___________________ ___________________ images

o There are two main types of telescopes:

 ___________________ telescopes

 ___________________ telescopes

• Refractor Telescopes

o Refracting telescopes use _____________ double ___________________ converging lenses.

• Magnification

o The magnifying power of a telescope is the ________________ of the angle that the

________________ subtends, or takes up (θI), to the angle that the ________________

subtends (θO).

o The magnifying power is also equal to the ___________________ of the

___________________ ___________________ of the objective (fo) and the ocular (fe).

 Figure 26-17 on ST p. 609

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 − Reflector Telescopes

• There are three forms of reflecting telescopes.

o ___________________ reflector

o ___________________

o ___________________

• Newtonian Reflector

o The Newtonian form of the reflector telescope uses a small, ___________________

___________________ mirror in addition to the main parabolic mirror.

− Folding the Light Path—Cassegrainian Telescopes

• Cassegrainian

o In this telescope, a ___________________ secondary mirror reflects the image back through a

hole in the main _________________ mirror to an eyepiece _________________ the mirror.

o One problem introduced by this design is ___________________ ___________________ from

the convex secondary mirror.

− The Schmidt-Cassegrainian Telescope

• Schmidt-Cassegrainian

o Schmidt installed a “___________________ ___________________” to cause incoming rays

to focus at a point when reflected.

 This correction ___________________ the spherical aberration problem.

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