12sc Day150 GuidedNotes Ch23

Physics, 3rd ed.
Chapter 23 Guided Notes

Light and Reflection
Fill in each blank with the correct word or phrase as you watch each video.
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
− Light as Energy
• What Is Light?
o ___________________ light is in the family of EM waves.
o There are many kinds of EM waves:
 ___________________ waves
 infrared waves
 ___________________ light
 ultraviolet waves
 ___________________
 gamma rays
− The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
o Arranging EM waves by either increasing frequency or decreasing wavelength forms the
___________________ (_____) ___________________.
© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o Figure 23-8 on ST p. 528
− Radio Waves
• Radio Waves
o These waves are generated by ___________________ electrons ___________________ on
an antenna.
o The ___________________ -frequency (___________________ -wavelength) waves in the
radio frequency band are ___________________.

− Infrared Waves
• Infrared Waves
o Infrared waves are produced by the ___________________ ___________________ of atoms.
− Visible Light Waves
• Visible Light Waves
o These waves are generated when energetic electrons ___________________ to
___________________ energy levels, emitting light in order to conserve energy.
o Visible light includes only a ___________________ band of the EM spectrum: the
___________________ spectrum.
− Ultraviolet Waves
• Ultraviolet (UV) Waves
o UV waves are also produced by electrons ___________________ to lower energy levels.
o UV light is subdivided into three bands:
 ___________________ (UV-A)
 ___________________ (UV-B)
 ___________________ (UV-C)
− X-rays
• X-rays
o X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons ___________________ atoms and suddenly
___________________.

− Gamma Rays
• Gamma Rays
o These rays are produced by ___________________ changes in ___________________
particles (e.g., nuclear decays).
Sources and Propagation of Light
Sources of Light
• Sources of Light
o ___________________ sources
o Gas-discharge tubes
o ___________________
o Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
o ___________________ ___________________
− Incandescent Sources
• Incandescent Sources
o Incandescent sources are objects that are ___________________ until they
___________________.
o The ___________________ of the object determines the ___________________.

− Gas-Discharge Tubes
• Gas-Discharge Tubes
o Gas-discharge tubes are ___________________ tubes fitted with ___________________.
o The gas emits light when e− are excited by a ___________________ ___________________.
 The e− ________________ to higher energy levels and then ______________ back down,
emitting light.
o Examples include mercury- and sodium-vapor lamps, ___________________ lamps, and neon
lights.
− Lasers
• Lasers
o Lasers produce coherent light—light at a single frequency (___________________); all the
light waves are _______ ___________________ with each other.
 Light
 Amplification by the
 Stimulated
 Emission of
 Radiation
− Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
o An LED is a solid-state electronic device made from a ___________________ material that
emits ___________________ light when a potential difference is established across it.
o LEDs emit light only when the ___________________ ___________________ is in the right
direction.

− Cold Light
• Cold Light
o Cold-light sources generate light with ___________________ heat through
___________________ reactions.
o ___________________ is the production of cold light by ___________________ things.
 This reaction is among the ___________________ ___________________ in nature.
The Speed of Light
− Historical Setting
• Measuring the Speed of Light
o ___________________ —used ___________________ held one mile apart
o Rømer—investigated ___________________ of Jupiter’s moons
o ___________________ —used a mirror and a spinning wheel; calculated speed of light with
only a four percent error
o Foucault—used ___________________ and a beam splitter (a terrestrial method); measured
in ___________________ terms
o ___________________ —used interferometers (an indirect method)

− Current Value for the Speed of Light
• Speed of Light
o In a vacuum, the exact value of the speed of light (c) is 299 792 458 m/s.
 This is rounded to c = ___________________.
 Light travels more ___________________ in matter.
 cwater ≅ ___________________
 cglass ≅ ___________________
 cdiamond ≅ ___________________
Wave Characteristics of Light
− Physical Description of Light Waves
• Physical Description
o EM waves consist of self-supporting, changing ___________________ and
___________________ fields.
o The electric and magnetic field vectors are always at ___________________ angles to each
other and to the direction the wave travels.
o The changing fields ___________________ each other, perpetuating the wave.
o Light travels outward in concentric ___________________ from a point source.
 Figure 23-16 (b) on ST p. 532
 As the sphere expands, a small portion of its surface is nearly ___________________ (a
straight line segment).
 A straight-line wave surface is called a ___________________.

• Huygens’s Principle
o Each point on a wave front acts as a ___________________ ___________________.
 Every point on a wave front acts like a new source of small spherical waves, called
___________________.
 Each wavelet ___________________ and eventually ___________________ into a new
wave front.
 A spherical wave front propagates as a ___________________ surface.
 Figure 23-19 on ST p. 534
 A plane wave front propagates as a ___________________ surface.
 Figure 23-17 on ST p. 532
− Mathematical Description of Light Waves
• Mathematical Description
o An EM wave is made up of ___________________ waves.
 The magnitude of the electric field strength (E) and the magnitude of the magnetic field
vector (B) both act as ___________________ waves.
o Electric and magnetic fields are ______ ___________________ (both reach their maximum or
minimum strength at the same time).

• James Maxwell
o James Clerk ___________________ was responsible for a significant part of the
___________________ description of light waves.
o He combined four known equations to show that light is related to ___________________:
 Gauss’s law for electricity
 The net electric field through a closed surface is ___________________ to the charge
enclosed by the surface.
 Gauss’s law for magnetism
 The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is ___________________.
 Faraday’s law
 A changing magnetic field ___________________ an electric field.
 Ampere’s circuital law
 Maxwell ___________________ this law to account for changing currents and electric
fields and the way that they induce magnetic fields.

Reflection and Mirrors
− Ray Optics
• Light Rays
o Light can be regarded as a ___________________ of ___________________.
o A light ray is represented by a ___________________ drawn in the ___________________
that the light wave is traveling.
 Light rays are ___________________ to the wave front.
 Light rays travel in ___________________ lines through any single material (however,
they may bend when passing from one material to another).
• Reflection
o When light strikes an object, some of the light rays “___________________ _________” the
object’s surface.
 This change of direction is called ___________________.
o The way that rays bounce off the surface is determined by the ___________________ of the
surface.
 Irregular surfaces have ___________________ ___________________ (reflection in
random directions).
 examples: paper, cloth, brick, etc.
 Smooth surfaces have ___________________ or ___________________ reflection
(predictable reflection).
 examples: mirrors, smooth metals, etc.

• incident ray––a ray coming ___________________ a reflective surface
• reflected ray––a ray that has been ___________________ ________ a surface and is moving
___________________ from the surface
• normal line––the ___________________ line ___________________ to the mirror’s surface at
the point of reflection; also referred to as ___________________
• angle of incidence (θi)––the angle between the ___________________ ray and the
___________________
• angle of reflection (θr)––the angle between the ___________________ ray and the
___________________
• Law of Reflection
o How is the reflected ray related to the incoming ray?
o The answer is in the two-part ___________________ _______ ___________________:
 The incoming (incident) ray, the normal, and the reflected ray all lie in the
___________________ plane.
 The angle of incidence ___________________ the angle of reflection (θi = θr).

− Modeling Albedo
• albedo––the ___________________ of the incoming light that is reflected
o It is a ___________________ of the reflected light to the incident light.
o It is usually expressed as a ___________________ between 0 (if all light is absorbed) and 1 (if
all light is reflected).
− Plane Mirrors
• plane mirror––a mirror with a ___________________ surface
o Only ___________________ images are formed by plane mirrors.
 The object in the mirror appears to be located ___________________ the mirror.
 The image in the mirror is therefore said to be a ___________________
___________________ —an image that only ___________________ to be where it is
seen.
 If the image appears ___________________ from the original, it is a
___________________ ___________________.
o If two plane mirrors are set at right angles and an object is approximately equal distances from
each mirror, ___________________ images appear.
 Figure 23-24 on ST p. 537

o The number of images at a given angle is determined by the formula
 If the angle is 60°, ___________________ images appear.
 If the angle is 45°, ___________________ images appear.
 If the mirrors are facing each other, then θ = 0°, and an ___________________ number of
images will appear.
− Curved Mirrors
• curved mirror––a mirror made from a ___________________ or ___________________
surface
o concave mirrors
 formed from the ___________________ part of a curved surface
 produce slightly blurry images (an effect called ___________________
___________________)
 Parabolic mirrors ___________________ this effect.

o convex mirrors
 formed from the ___________________ part of a curved surface
− Concave Mirror Reflections
• Terms
o principle (optical) axis––the line that ___________________ a mirror at its
___________________ (_______)
 vertex (V)––the point on a curved mirror through which the ___________________
___________________ passes
o center of curvature (C)––the ___________________ of the sphere that the mirror’s surface is a
part of
o focal point (principal focus; F)––the point that the reflected rays ___________________
___________________
 located midway between V and C

o focal length (f)––the ___________________ from the mirror to the focal point (F)
o radius (R)––the ___________________ of the sphere that the mirror’s surface is part of
 the ___________________ from point C (the center of the sphere) to the mirror surface
• Rules
o Incident rays (___________________ rays) that are ___________________ to the principal
axis are reflected ___________________ the focal point (F).
o Incident rays that pass ___________________ the focal point (F) are reflected
___________________ to the principal axis.

o Incident rays that pass ___________________ the center of curvature (C) are reflected
___________________ ___________________ C.
• Converging Mirror
o A ___________________ mirror is a ___________________ mirror.
o Parallel rays go ___________________ the focal point.
• Images
o Images are formed where light rays ___________________.
o There are two types of images:
 ___________________ images
 ___________________ images
• Virtual Images
o ___________________
 They are ___________________ formed by ___________________ intersecting rays.
 They are formed by light rays that ___________________ to converge from points behind
a mirror (formed where the rays ___________________ to intersect).
• Real Images
o ___________________
 They are formed by ___________________ rays.
 They can be ___________________ onto a screen.

• Images
o Only ___________________ rays from the object are needed to locate an object’s image:
 One ray should be ___________________ to the optical axis.
 The other ray should pass ___________________ the focal point.
 The object’s image is found where these two rays ___________________.
• Location of the Object
o There are six object locations:
 at ___________________ (dO ⟹ ∞)
 ___________________ C (do > R)
 at ___________________ (do = R)
 ___________________ C and F (f < do < R)
 at ___________________ (do = f )
 ___________________ F and the mirror (0 < do < f )
• Case 1: Object at Infinity
o All incoming rays are ___________________ to the axis and are ___________________
through the focus, F.
o The image is a ___________________ point located at the ___________________.

• Case 2: Object Beyond C
o The image is ___________________, ___________________, ___________________ than
the object, and located ___________________ C and F.
• Case 3: Object at C
o The image is ___________________, ___________________, the ___________________
size as the object, and located at ___________________.
• Case 4: Object Between F and C
the object, and located ___________________ C.
• Case 5: Object at F
o Since all of the rays are ___________________, there is ___________________ image.

• Case 6: Object Between F and V
the object, and located ___________________ the mirror.
− Finding Image Position
• Mirror Equation
o The exact location of an image can be predicted if the mirror’s ___________________
___________________ and the ___________________ of the object are known.
 dO = the distance between the ___________________ and the mirror
 dI = the distance between the ___________________ and the mirror
 f = the mirror’s ___________________ ___________________
• Example 23-1
o Locate the image formed by a concave mirror whose focal length is 10.0 cm if the object is 35.0
cm from the mirror.
o Given:
 dO = ___________________
 f = ___________________

o Find dI.
 Multiply by the lowest common denominator.
 The image is ___________________ from the mirror.
 Since f = ___________________ and R = 2f = ___________________, the image is
___________________ F and C (Case 4).

• Example 23-2
o Locate the image of an object placed 4.0 cm from a concave mirror with focal length f = 8.0 cm.
o Find dI.
 This is a case in which dO < f (Case 6).
 A ___________________ dI means that the image is ___________________ the mirror;
it is a ___________________ image.

• Example 23-3
o Locate the image of an object at infinity (Case 1) if the concave mirror’s focal length is 18 cm.
o You can solve this in one of two ways.
 First, if you know that the image of an object at infinity is at the focal point, you can simply
say that
 Or you can use the following equation to work it out:
 As dO approaches ∞, 1/∞ approaches 0:

− Magnification
• Magnification
o For all spherical mirrors, the height of the image (HI) relates to the height of the object (HO) by
this equation:
o If the image is ___________________ from the mirror than the object is, the image must be
___________________ than the object to maintain the proportionality.
o If the image is ___________________ to the mirror than the object is, the image must be
___________________ than the object.
o The ___________________ of an image is the absolute value of the ratio of the image height
to the object height.

• Example 23-4
o Find the size of the image of a 15.0 cm object that is 30.0 cm from a concave mirror whose
focal length is 20.0 cm. What is the magnification?
o Find dI.
 Solve for image height.
 The real image (dI > 0) is __________________ tall and __________________ (HI < 0).

o Find the magnification.
 The image is magnified to ___________________ the object height.
− Spherical Mirror Aberration and Parabolic Mirrors
• spherical aberration––the ___________________ of an image due to the fact that not all
incoming rays parallel to the axis pass through the focal point when reflected
o Spherical aberration causes a ___________________ image.
o This problem is corrected by using a ___________________ mirror (a paraboloidal reflecting
surface).
• Parabolic Mirror
o Instead of focusing rays to form an image, parabolic mirrors can also ___________________
rays.
 Parabolic mirrors can produce nearly ___________________ rays of light if a light source
is placed at the focal point.
o Parabolic mirrors are used in ___________________, searchlights, and automobile
___________________.

− Differences
• The key differences between spherical and parabolic mirrors are the ___________________ of
their centers of curvature and their focal points.
o Spherical mirrors
 have ___________________ centers of curvature and ___________________ focal
points;
 do ___________________ focus parallel light rays at a point.
o Parabolic mirrors
 have ___________________ centers of curvature and ___________________ focal
points;
 focus parallel light rays at a ___________________.

− Convex Mirrors
• Diverging Mirror
o A ___________________ mirror is a ___________________ mirror.
o Parallel rays do ___________________ go through the focal point.
 The rays ___________________ (go in different directions).
o Only ___________________ images are formed by diverging mirrors.
the object, and located ___________________ the mirror.

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12sc Day150 GuidedNotes Ch23

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Physics, 3rd ed.

Chapter 23 Guided Notes

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

o ___________________ light is in the family of EM waves.

o There are many kinds of EM waves:

− The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

o Arranging EM waves by either increasing frequency or decreasing wavelength forms the

___________________ (_____) ___________________.

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o These waves are generated by ___________________ electrons ___________________ on

o The ___________________ -frequency (___________________ -wavelength) waves in the

radio frequency band are ___________________.

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o Infrared waves are produced by the ___________________ ___________________ of atoms.

− Visible Light Waves

• Visible Light Waves

o These waves are generated when energetic electrons ___________________ to

___________________ energy levels, emitting light in order to conserve energy.

o Visible light includes only a ___________________ band of the EM spectrum: the

• Ultraviolet (UV) Waves

o UV waves are also produced by electrons ___________________ to lower energy levels.

o UV light is subdivided into three bands:

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o These rays are produced by ___________________ changes in ___________________

particles (e.g., nuclear decays).

Sources and Propagation of Light

o Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

o Incandescent sources are objects that are ___________________ until they

o The ___________________ of the object determines the ___________________.

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o Gas-discharge tubes are ___________________ tubes fitted with ___________________.

o The gas emits light when e− are excited by a ___________________ ___________________.

o Lasers produce coherent light—light at a single frequency (___________________); all the

light waves are _______ ___________________ with each other.

− Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

o An LED is a solid-state electronic device made from a ___________________ material that

emits ___________________ light when a potential difference is established across it.

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

o Cold-light sources generate light with ___________________ heat through

o ___________________ is the production of cold light by ___________________ things.

 This reaction is among the ___________________ ___________________ in nature.

The Speed of Light

• Measuring the Speed of Light

o ___________________ —used ___________________ held one mile apart

o Rømer—investigated ___________________ of Jupiter’s moons

only a four percent error

o Foucault—used ___________________ and a beam splitter (a terrestrial method); measured

o ___________________ —used interferometers (an indirect method)

© 2019 BJU Press. All rights reserved.

 This is rounded to c = ___________________.

 Light travels more ___________________ in matter.

Wave Characteristics of Light

− Physical Description of Light Waves

o EM waves consist of self-supporting, changing ___________________ and

other and to the direction the wave travels.

o The changing fields ___________________ each other, perpetuating the wave.

o Light travels outward in concentric ___________________ from a point source.

 Figure 23-16 (b) on ST p. 532

 As the sphere expands, a small portion of its surface is nearly ___________________ (a

straight line segment).

 A straight-line wave surface is called a ___________________.

_________________ (_) _________________.

o These waves are generated by _ electrons _ on

o The _ -frequency (_ -wavelength) waves in the

o Infrared waves are produced by the _ _ of atoms.

o These rays are produced by _ changes in _

o The _ of the object determines the _.

o Gas-discharge tubes are _ tubes fitted with _.

o The gas emits light when e− are excited by a _ _.

light waves are _ _____________ with each other.

o _ is the production of cold light by _ things.

 This reaction is among the _ _ in nature.

o _ —used _ held one mile apart

o Each point on a wave front acts as a _ _.

 Each wavelet _ and eventually _ into a new

o Light can be regarded as a _ of _.

o A light ray is represented by a _ drawn in the _

 Irregular surfaces have _ _ (reflection in

 Smooth surfaces have _ or _ reflection

• normal line––the _ line _ to the mirror’s surface at

o The answer is in the two-part _______________ _ _________________:

_ —an image that only _ to be where it is

• curved mirror––a mirror made from a _ or _

o Incident rays (_ rays) that are _ to the principal