SEC 4 – Science & Technology

MAGNETISM
UNIT #5
Lesson 1: Magnetism
Lesson 2: Electromagnetism

Name:___________________________
HR:_____________________________

Created by J. Fogel & L. Kissin Modified

by: J. Dufour
LESSON 1 – MAGENTISM
MAGNETISM = magnets
- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
- Describes all phenomena caused by magnets

MAGNETS

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- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
- EXAMPLE: MAGNETITE is a naturally occurring magnetic mineral composed of iron and oxygen (Fe 2O3).
- Lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the magnetite, which is how magnetism was originally discovered.

Magnet Components

- Certain substances act like magnets and some do not

- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
o are a set of regions within a magnetic material that acts like a tiny magnet
o if you examine iron under a microscope you will see it is divided into section

Arrows = direction/motion of the electrons in the domain

DOMAINS

- Each domain is made up of atoms and has electrons moving inside it

- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
o Each mini magnet has its own north and south pole
- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

o When the iron is unmagnetized the domains are NOT aligned

o When the iron is magnetized the domains are aligned

______________________
Magnetizing Objects ______________________
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o They are PERMANENT MAGNETS, meaning they can nerve loose their magnetic power
- ARTIFICIAL MAGNETS are made with substance containing iron, nickel, and cobalt
o _____________________________________________________________________________________

OR

o _____________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: These magnets can be DEMAGNETIZED, meaning they can lose their magnetic power
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o Aka making artificial magnets
- MAGNETIC REMANENCE = ability of a material to acquire and conserve magnetic properties

Magnetic Properties

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-
- If the magnet breaks in two, you will still have a north and south pole for each new magnet

Remember: For true magnetic poles…

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

MAGNETIC FIELDS
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
- Represented by magnetic field lines
- The shape of the magnetic field lines depends on the shape of the magnet

Magnetic Field (con’t)

- Shape of field = _____________________________________________________________
o Shown by lines of force
- Direction = _________________________________________________________________
o Arrowheads
o “NO SIN” = North Out, South In
- Strength =__________________________________________________________________
o Closer the lines are = stronger the field
o Father the lines are = weaker the field

EARTH & A COMPASS

- __________________________________________________________________________________________
o Earth’s magnetic field = MAGNETOSPHERE
- COMPASS = instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows
the direction of magnetic north
o It is a small magnet, and it points to the magnetic south
o North side indicator (red) points toward the south pole;
_______________________________________________
o South side indicator (white) points toward the north pole;
_______________________________________________

****BECAUSE OPPOSITES ATTRACT****

Where do electrons come in?

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- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

STRAIGHT-LINE CONDUCTORS

- When electricity flows through a wire (aka straight-line conductor), a magnetic field is generated
- Direction of the magnetic field can be visualized using a compass
- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Magnetic Field
RIGHT-HAND RULE

- When you don’t have a compass, you use the RIGHT-HAND RULE
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
o Conventional current goes from + to –
o Point your thumb towards the – side and away from the + side
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
o Your 4 fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field (from knuckles to fingertips)

Let’s Practice!

1) Determine the direction of the magnetic fields:

a) + b)
+

-
2) In which direction is the conventional current going?

a) b)
PRACTICE: STRAIGHT-LINE CONDUCTORS
1) Various straight-line conductors are illustrated below. Draw the magnetic field lines in the correct direction
using a curved arrow.

2) A magnetic field is produced when an electric current flows through a straight wire. Which of the drawings
below correctly shows the magnetic field of a straight-line conductor?
3) The diagrams below illustrate a compass placed beside a straight-line conductor. Draw in the direction the
compass needle would point.

4) Of the drawings below, which one correctly shows how the needle of a compass would react if placed near a
straight-line conductor?
When north goes south: Is Earth's magnetic field flipping?
It's been 780,000 years since this happened — and some scientists say that Earth's magnetic poles
are long overdue for a switch.
By Chris Holt | Published: Tuesday, September 14, 2021
RELATED TOPICS: EARTH | PHYSICS | MAGNETIC FIELD

Something odd is happening to Earth’s magnetic field. Over the last 200 years, it’s been slowly weakening
and shifting its magnetic north pole (where a compass points, not to be confused with the geographic
north pole) from the Canadian Arctic toward Siberia. In recent decades, however, that slow shift south has
quickened — reaching speeds upwards of30 miles per year (48 kilometers per year). Could we be on the
brink of a geomagnetic reversal, in which the magnetic north and south poles swap places?

Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the convection of molten iron in the planet’s core, around 1,800
miles (2896 km) beneath our feet. This superheated liquid generates electric currents that in turn produce
electromagnetic fields. While the processes that drive pole reversal are comparatively less understood,
computer simulations of planetary dynamics show that the reversals arise spontaneously. This is
supported by observation of the Sun’s magnetic field, which reverses approximately every 11 years.

Our own magnetic field came into existence at least 4 billion years ago, and Earth’s magnetic poles have
reversed many times since then. Over the last 2.6 million years alone, the magnetic field switched ten
times — and, because the most recent occurred a whopping 780,000 years ago, some scientists believe
we are overdue for another. But reversals are not predictable and are certainly not periodic.
Mapping magnetic fields

Researchers map out the ancient history of Earth’s magnetic field using volcanic rocks. When lava cools,
the iron that it contains is magnetized in the direction of the magnetic field. By examining these rocks and
using radiometric dating techniques, it’s possible to reconstruct the past behavior of the planet’s
magnetism as it strengthened, weakened or changed polarity.

To track more recent magnetic changes, scientists turn to the magnetic properties of archaeological
artifacts. When our ancestors heated an ancient hearth or kiln containing iron to high enough
temperatures, it would realign its magnetism with Earth’s magnetic field upon cooling. The point at which
this occurs is known as the Curie point. Studies have even included some floor segments of an Iron Age
building in Jerusalem, which a Babylonian army burnt down in 586 B.C.

But carrying out measurements on these archeological artifacts is difficult. For one, the magnetism in
ancient objects is very weak — not enough to move a compass needle. And if any objects were heated
and cooled several times, several magnetic patterns will be superimposed. Lastly, their reliability is
dependent on the objects remaining in the same location that the heating took place.
Despite these difficulties, researchers have largely mapped modern changes in the magnetic field beneath
western Europe and the Middle East.

Turtles and salmon and whales, oh my!

Scientists can’t be sure of the exact repercussions that a reversal will have — the evidence from previous
reversals remains unclear — but they may be serious. For instance, many animals use the Earth’s
magnetic field for navigation during migration.
Juvenile loggerhead turtles dig their way out of underground nests on the beaches of Florida, enter the
sea and travel far into the Atlantic Ocean (sometimes completely traversing it). Then, after many years,
they return to the same Florida beaches on which they were born. They navigate this featureless, 9,000-
mile (14,494-km) journey by detecting the strength and direction of the magnetic field. When it comes to
the salmon, whales, birds and other creatures that also use Earth’s magnetism to navigate, their lives
would be seriously disrupted by a reversal of the magnetic field.

Additionally, Earth is constantly bombarded with a stream of charged particles arriving from the Sun and
cosmic rays, mostly protons and atomic nuclei, from deep space. In the period leading up to a reversal,
the magnetic field becomes weaker and significantly less effective at shielding us from those particles.
While some geologists note that mass extinctions seem to correlate with these time periods, humans or
our ancestors have been on Earth for several million years. During that time there have been many
reversals, and there is no obvious correlation with human development.

Tumultuous time for tech

The direct effect on mankind could be only slight, but not so for technology. We use artificial satellites for
navigation, television broadcasting, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring and communication of
all kinds. Without the protection of a magnetic field, these satellites could be seriously disrupted by solar
wind or cosmic rays colliding with electronic circuits. A weak magnetic field in the South Atlantic Ocean,
known as the “South Atlantic Anomaly,” already adversely affects satellites and could be an indication of
what is to come.

Recent geological studies have suggested a possible reason for the anomaly. It is widely believed that our
Moon was formed when Earth was struck by the planet Theia 4.5 billion years ago, but the remains of
Theia have never been found. It now appears that the remains of Theia may lie beneath our feet.

There are two huge volumes of rock buried deep in the Earth, each one millions of times larger than
Mount Everest (and expanding) and denser and hotter than the rest of Earth’s mantle. Scientists suggest
that these rock masses are the missing remains of Theia and that they interfere with the convection of
molten iron — giving rise to the weak magnetic field in the South Atlantic.

Regardless, the seriousness of a magnetic reversal will depend on how long the reversal takes to
complete. If it slowly shifts for many thousands of years, it is possible that migratory creatures, and
mankind as well, will be able to adapt. In the meantime, we have much to learn about what is happening
deep within our planet.
https://astronomy.com/news/2021/09/when-north-goes-south-is-earths-magnetic-field-flipping
LESSON 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM

- ___________________________________________________________________________________________
- Magnetic fields can be created by using electricity
o If there is dynamic electricity, there is a magnetic field

LIVE WIRES

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- Remember: in a circuit current flows from the + point of the power supply to the – point of the power supply.

SOLENOID

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o ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
o It acts like a BAR MAGNET
o Has a north and south pole that depends on the direction of the current flowing through it
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1. FIND YOUR RIGHT HAND
2. WRAP YOUR FINGERS, MAKING A FIST IN THE DIRECTION OF THE CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
- Conventional current goes from + to –
3. POINT YOUR THUMB TOWARDS THE NORTH SIDE AND AWAY FROM THE SOUTH SIDE
- Your thumb is pointing towards the north pole
- Benefits:
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- Current is off, there is no magnetic field
- Current is on, there is a magnetic field
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- Poles can be reversed
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- Can increase or decrease in strength

ELECTROMAGNETS

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- Electromagnets transform electrical energy to mechanical energy
- Solenoids can be easily transformed into electromagnets
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___________________________________________________________________
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o Example: inserting an iron nail into the coiled wire
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

- The strength of an electromagnet can vary by:

o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- ↑ I = ↑strength of electromagnet
- ↓ I = ↓ strength of electromagnet
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- ↑ loops/ coils = ↑ strength
- ↓loops/ coils = ↓ strength
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
- Ferromagnetic core with a lower magnetic remanence = domains can be aligned more quickly and
easier = meaning faster magnetization
o NOTE: low magnetic remanence will also lose their alignment very easily
- Ferromagnetic core with a higher magnetic remanence = domains will be aligned slower = slower
magnetization
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________
- Electric current can generate a magnetic field which can generate electricity
- To do this a magnetic field must be moving relative to a charge / conductor (aka the wire)
- 2 ways that the magnetic field can move relative to a conductor
o ________________________________________________________________________________________
o ________________________________________________________________________________________

Practical Application: How does an electric bell work?

The switch is closed which causes:

Hammer

Armature

Magnet

Workbook Pages: 140 to 142

Homework Assignment:
How are electromagnets used in our everyday devices? Choose a device from the list below and give a detailed
description of how the device functions using electromagnets.

Speakers (earphones), MRI machine, electric guitar, motors, electric doorbells/buzzers, data storage device (VCR, tape
recorder), antishoplifting systems, computers, cars, flashlights
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET: MAGNETS, SOLENOIDS & ELECTROMAGENTS

1. The circles below represent compasses. In each situation, draw the needles of the compasses, using an arrow to
show the direction they point.

2. Draw the magnetic field of each of the magnets below.

3. Determine the orientation of the magnetic field for each of the following 3 electromagnets by labeling the N and
S.

4. Draw the magnetic field lines for each of the solenoids.

5. A bar magnet is brought close to a current-bearing solenoid. Will the magnet attract or repel the
solenoid?

6. A compass is placed in the magnetic field of the following electromagnets. Draw the compasses
pointing in the correct direction.

A C

D
B
CLASS ACTIVITY: MAGNETISM
Station 1: Compasses around a bar magnet

Place the compass(es) in different locations around the bar magnet. Observe where it points. Fill in the drawings below.

Station 2: Straight Line Conductor

DO NOT CHANGE VOLTAGE, TURN OFF WHEN DONE.

Attach the power source to the straight-line conductor. Place the compass around the wire and observe the direction it
points. (Keep in mind the direction will change depending on whether it is on top or below the wire.)

1) Does the direction match the right-hand rule? _______________________

2) Switch the direction of the current. What happens to the compass needle?

_______________________________________________________________
Station 3: Solenoid

DO NOT CHANGE VOLTAGE, TURN OFF WHEN DONE.

Attach the power source to the solenoid. Place a compass at each end.

1) Which way does the needle point? ___________________________________

2) Locate the North Pole. Switch the direction of the current and note the location of the North Pole again. Test the
right hand rule.

3) Fill in the compasses on the diagram below (This is not the one in the lab). Identify the North and South pole as
well.

Station 4: Electromagnet

Create a circuit with the electromagnet, battery and ammeter.

How many paperclips can you pick up? _________________

Should increasing the voltage increase the number of paperclips? _______

Station 5: Fun with Magnets

 Observe the three-dimensional model of the magnetic field for both the bar magnet and horseshoe magnet.
 Observe the disk magnets. Can you make them hover on the pencil?
 Place a magnet under the ion fillings. Can you see the magnetic field lines?