MAGNETISM

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In the previous part of the lesson, i.e. the DC motor, we were able to determine that a force can
be produced using current and magnetic field. Now we will look at if CURRENT/ VOLTAGE
(Electricity) can be produced by using force and magnetic field.

1 2

^
^
OV +2mV

Magnet Stationary outside the coil Magnet moving towards the coil
3 4

± ± "
^
OV -2mV

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Magnet stationary inside the coil Magnet being pulled out of the coil

5 6

>
+4mV ¥ >
+4mV

Increasing the no. of turns of coil Increasing the strength of magnet

7 8

>
+4mV

Increasing the speed of motion of Magnetic Field lines interacting with the
magnet coil a.k.a Magnetic Flux linkage

121/199
 MAGNETISM
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

EMF induced in the conductor is

directly proportional to
______________________________________________________________________________
the rate
of change of magnetic flux linkage
______________________________________________________________________________ .

Magnetic Flux Linkage can be understood as

interaction of magnetic field lines with the coil.

Similarly, reciprocating motion of the magnet is

not the only way to produce change of
magnetic flux. The coil can also be reciprocated
to cause the same phenomenon. Another
method to induce EMF in the coil is to use a
magnet of fluctuating magnetic field strength
(magnetic flux) whose strength fluctuates from maximum to zero with time periodically.

Lenz’s Law
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EMF induced in the conductor is such that it the
______________________________________________________________________________ opposes
change which produces it
______________________________________________________________________________
.

1. If the magnet is pushed inside the

solenoid to generate electricity,
current induced in
____________________________
coil was such that
____________________________
it tried to
repel the
____________________________
magnet out this was
____________________________
.

done
byproducing North pole on left side
________________________________________________________________________ . .

________________________________________________________________________
the current induced was such
2. If the magnet is pulled out of the coil,_________________________________________
tried attract the in This
that it to
magnet
________________________________________________________________________
. was

done
by south
producing at the
left
________________________________________________________________________
.

________________________________________________________________________

125/199
MAGNETISM
___________________________________________________________________

j
"

si in

)
___________________________________________________________________
v1 T
___________________________________________________________________
T v1

___________________________________________________________________
.
←← .

___________________________________________________________________
1st: Find
poles on coil using Lenz 's Law
___________________________________________________________________
2nd Find current using Right Hand Grip Rule
___________________________________________________________________
:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 MAGNETISM
If poles
were
flipped deflection
would also
flip
3. ________________________________________________________________________ .

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

ENERGY CONSERVATION AND LENZ’S LAW

The opposition is bound to happen to the motion of magnet so that energy can be extracted out
of it and electricity can be produced.

According to Law conservation

of of
ENERGY IS
______________________________________________________________________________
energy ,

NEITHER CREATED NOR JUST CONVERTED FROM ONE

______________________________________________________________________________
DESTROYED ,

to
FORM TO ANOTHER Opposition magnet causes kinetic
______________________________________________________________________________
.

energy
of magnet to convert to electrical
______________________________________________________________________________
energy .

KE >
Electrical Energy + ( heat )
______________________________________________________________________________

if energy
exist
losses
.

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 MAGNETISM
Magnet falling through a coil of wire

When a magnet is dropped through a coil of wire connected to center-zero

voltmeter/galvanometer and it falls under gravity, EMF is induced and varies as shown in the
graph as magnet approaches, travels through and leaves the col.

insert → like pole exit → unlike

pole

?
s

⇐
←
←
←
¥
µ

When magnet enters the coil using South Pole a

A. ________________________________________________________________________
,

South is CLASSMATE
produced at top due Physics
to
Kashan Rashid
bycurrent This is
________________________________________________________________________
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.

because there was rate

change of flux
________________________________________________________________________
of magnetic
linkage .

B. When
crossing from the middle there is equal
________________________________________________________________________
an
,

rate
of change on both sides So no EMF induced
________________________________________________________________________
. .

________________________________________________________________________
When
magnet exits , North exists the coil South is
C. ________________________________________________________________________ .

induced at bottom due to current EMF induced

________________________________________________________________________ .

is larger at exit as there is

greater rate
of
________________________________________________________________________
)
change Magnet
l leaves while
speeding up
________________________________________________________________________ .

________________________________________________________________________

BE N
129/199
 MAGNETISM
AC GENERATOR

It is used to convert the rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is used with
turbines that rotate and convert the rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Coil is horizontal
Max Voltage :

min Coil vertical

Voltage :
is

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Working Principle

Faraday 's Law of electromagnetic Induction

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Components

It
provides a strong magnetic
1. Permanent Magnets:______________________________________________________ field
with which coil interacts to produce EMF
________________________________________________________________________ .

It rotates between poler cutting the lines

2. Coil: ____________________________________________________________________
, field
and EMF is induced in it
________________________________________________________________________
.

" They flip the direction

of
current in
3. Slip Rings: _______________________________________________________________
"

the external circuit when coil crosses the vertical

________________________________________________________________________

position
________________________________________________________________________
.

It reduces fiction and provides contact

4. Carbon brushes: __________________________________________________________
between
ring and external circuit
________________________________________________________________________
.

131/199
MAGNETISM
___________________________________________________________________
When the coil rotates between the
poles of a
___________________________________________________________________

permanent magnet it cuts

the
magnetic field
___________________________________________________________________
,

lines and There is rate

change of of
___________________________________________________________________
a

magnetic flux
linkage Hence an EMF is
___________________________________________________________________
.

induced in the coil

r

important
___________________________________________________________________
very
.

phrase for
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
explaining
induced EMF
___________________________________________________________________ .

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

CLASSMATE
___________________________________________________________________
Physics by Kashan Rashid
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

132/199
 MAGNETISM
Working Mechanism

An external source like water (hydroelectric turbines), wind (wind turbines), steam (steam
turbines in power plants) etc. are used to apply a force on the coil of wire & rotated it about the
axis b/w the magnets

• When the coil winding is rotated about the fixed axis, the coil cuts the field lines of the
permanent magnet.
• The cutting of the field lines by coil causes a rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
• Hence EMF (or current) is generated in the coil wire according to Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction. r

F ^ N
>

É Flemming 's
Hand lute
t>= RIGHT
.

I 7

CLASSMATEii forRashidGenerator
.

AC
Physics by Kashan
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motion )
applied (
"
* " F Force
Thumb
field
:
>

First Finger Magnetic

:

Second Finger Induced

:
>
?
+
current
<

§
•

>

VF
INITIAL POSITION

When the coil begins to rotate due to external force, current induced in the coil is carried all the
way to the external circuit. The coil is fixed to the slip rings and so is the external circuit. Hence,
as the coil rotates the slip rings rotate with it but stay in contact with the same end of the
circuit with the help of rings and carbon brushes.

133/199
MAGNETISM
• After 180° of rotation of the coil, the direction of current in the ends of coil flip. As
external circuit is still attached to the same end of coil, thus the current in the external
circuit also flips its direction.

F 7
^ >
i

> i >
-

I = i
IT I
i
= L

V
L

< F
y

L 1

>

F
^

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•

>

AFTER 180° OF ROTATION

135/199
 MAGNETISM
Factors that increase the voltage output

Increasing the no of
1. ____________________________ .

coil increases
turns
of
____________________________
N
the EMF induced as
____________________________
there is
greater rate
____________________________

change of magnetic
of____________________________
2N

flux linkage
____________________________ .

If no
of turns double voltage induced also doubles
________________________________________________________________________
.

,
.

________________________________________________________________________

Increasing the strength

2. _________________________

of magnetic
_________________________ field
increases the EMF
_________________________
field strength
induced as there
_________________________
CLASSMATE
/doubles
is a rate
greater Physics by Kashan Rashid
v

of
_________________________
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change of magnetic
_________________________

fine linkage
_________________________ .

If strength doubles EMF induced also doubles

________________________________________________________________________
, .

________________________________________________________________________

Increasing the
3. ___________________________

frequency of rotation
___________________________ •
1.0
•

2.0
increases the EMF
___________________________
induced
If frequency
___________________________
.

139/199
Transformer currentin transmission
High
wires caused energy loss as
T
heat.
-

71 > 1

12 R
↓ ↑

p =

LOSS

Using
DC
a source

Although magneticfield to
see
·

SCE
the
primary
gavanometer with the secondary ~
soil,
There was no vale
of change
of magnetic fluxlinkage.
magnetic
primacy
N ·
This is because the
secondary constant.
voil voil field was

constant
magnetic ·
No EMF induced!
field when currentin primary soil was switched
However,
·

on and when it was switched, a

momentary
was observed.
the
galvanometer Physics by Kashan Rashid
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1

switched on:
1
>
>

1
switched
off:
1
↑
>
7

Using an AC source

nSCE
<

current in the
Altinating
·

gavanometer primary
coil
produces an

alternating magnetic field.

this interacts with the
field
·

primary Y
soil and
secondary

willsecondary
voil
constant ·
There was a rate
of change
of magnetic flexlinkage.
field EMFinduced.
·
Hence

EMFinduced
By increasing the Turns
of secondary no. coil,
of
secondaryoil increases(Faraday's Lawofoweverpowerone
at
remains
currentin
Therefore secondary coil desceases.
MAGNETISM
F- Iv
a
S.no STEP UP TRANSFORMER STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A
Voltage Up Voltage Down !
1. Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram

2. Relating no. of turns of coils, voltage and Relating no. of turns of coils, voltage and
current current

turns ✗ voltage turns ✗ voltage

No
of
_________________________________
.

"
" " "
No .

of
_________________________________
" "

increasing
"

increases V
"

N
_________________________________ .
decreasing N decreases V
_________________________________ .

is constant so is constant so
"
as
"
power
_________________________________ _________________________________
as
power
I decreases
" "

_________________________________ .
I in #
_________________________________

If Ns 4 Np so Vs
4 Vp
_________________________________
= :

IfNs Nys so Vs=

_________________________________
=
Vpyg
and Is 5 Ip
Is :
1¥
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and
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-

_________________________________ _________________________________
-

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3. Steps UP Voltage i.e. Increases Voltage Steps Down Voltage i.e. Decreases Voltage

At coil due to coil due to

secondary
_________________________________
,
At
secondary
_________________________________
,

turns There less no turns There

of of
move no
_________________________________
,
_________________________________
,

is a
greater rate of
_________________________________
of is a lesser rate
_________________________________

change of magnetic flux _________________________________

_________________________________ change of magnetic flux
linkage
_________________________________
.

linkage
_________________________________
.

4. Use of Step up transformers Use of Step up transformers

Placed transmission
Placed
power stations
after
_________________________________ after
___________________________________

before transmission lines

_________________________________ lines houses / users
before
___________________________________
to increase voltage and to decrease to
_________________________________ ___________________________________ voltage
decrease current
_________________________________ .
220 V.
___________________________________
_________________________________ __________________________________

147/199
 MAGNETISM

Why transmit electricity at high Voltage?

Increasing voltage decreases current as power is constant

______________________________________________________________________________ .

Less current results in less loss as heat in

energy
______________________________________________________________________________
transmission lines
______________________________________________________________________________
.

______________________________________________________________________________

Why step-down voltage before transmission to homes?

about 50000 V1 is
High Voltage ( of dangerous for
equipments
______________________________________________________________________________ .

thus CLASSMATE
voltage needs to be reduced Physics bytoKashan
220 Rashid
V.
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Equation

Nav
¥÷=VJ for all transformers i.
e. ideal or real
______________________________________________________________________________
,
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

VI. I¥ IPVP Isvs ONLY FOR 100%

OR
efficient
=
______________________________________________________________________________
=

,
transformers
!
______________________________________________________________________________

149/199
Formulae for transformers

ki =
VaN
efficiency:portx100
- + ~

of eff I,Vs
Np:no. of turns primacy coil =

x 100
turns soil
Ns:no.
of of secondary IpVp
Up:primary voltage
Vs:secondary voltage
~
if efficiency 100%
=

core
viron Pin Pout
=

> IpVp Is Vs
=

I!
<
<
Iron, being softmagnetic material,
->
↓ ->
->
⑨
6
·
a
=
I attracts the lines closer.
3

&
->
->
-
S
- this increases
field
the magnetic flux
--
with
4
linkage secondary coil.

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 ( CRO )
Cathode
Ray Oscilloscope

It is used to
graphically represent an electrical
signal
•
.

settings
Y 10mV / dir
gain setting
-
:

T -
base setting : 5ms / dir
Éizo ←
1- air
,
5- 1- div
,
'°

¥÷
'

°
±
-
10 ^

1am
✓
-
20
< >

→
1cm
X-AXIS : TIME BASE

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/
•

Direct
Voltage Direct Voltage Alternating Voltage Alternating Voltage
Time Base : ON Time Base : Off Time Base : ON Time Base : off

1 Constant Value ]
 Reading
information from graph

10
settings: a) Max
Voltage:OV
Y-Gain:5V/div 3) Time Period:Oms
5

0
↑ T-base: 2ms/div 1)
Frequency: 125H2

f1 f1f 125Hz
=
=
=

-
5
3
0x10
-

wv .1
=

-
10
1wave .
4 >

⑥ 24 6818
1S =
1000ms 1x8 1000x1
=
31 Unit:Haetz (Hz)

0ms
=
x = x

Drawing Information
Graph from and settings
1538

Information signal: Setting A:

1020
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510
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·

Alternating Voltage Y-gain:10U/div

Umax -base:
10V
5ms/div
· =

00 ↑

-
5 -
10
·

f 50H2
=

10 -
28 f1 =
50 =

1
so T 0.02) = -> 0.82 x 1000

-
15 -

30
31s 1000ms3
=

20ms
0 10 15
2560
5 28 30
0 10 203048

B
Setting B:
If settings one increased, graph Y-gain:FV/div
deceases in size
along that F-base:10ms/div
·9
axis andvice versa.
 DC CIRCUITS & PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY
Fuse

It is an electronic equipment that is used to protect the circuit from excessive current. It is
made up of a wire that break when specific amount of current flows into the circuit.

Fuse is valedin
Ampeles. GA means
if cusunt
Fuse Rating: __________________________________________________________________ fuse
of 6A or higher
passes the
through
heats
it one
______________________________________________________________________________
up fuse,
to high currentand wire melts. Thus the circuitis
______________________________________________________________________________
broken. Its value is higher than
kept slightly current.
______________________________________________________________________________ operating
It is placed on the live wire, so when
Connection of Fuse: _____________________________________________________________
itmelts, the main is disconnected.
energy supply
______________________________________________________________________________

yp 472R
=

fuse melts
as I
inc.

CLASSMATE Physics by Kashan Rashid

⑤

<
↑

=
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v

low resistance wire

When the metal body gets live the current flowing through the live & earth wire increases this
value gets larger than the ampere rating of the fuse and hence the fuse melts breaking the
current.

Example

A 600W motor is attached to 220V power supply. Calculate the rated current and suggested
value of fuse.

P 1V so 600:1(220) hence I 2.7 A so 3.5A

fuse
= =

Solution: ______________________________________________________________________
=

u4A.
______________________________________________________________________________

65/199
 DC CIRCUITS & PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY
Wires

High Potential
i. Wire It
Live: __________________________________ .

supplies electrical energy to

______________________________________
the circuit Color Red
______________________________________
.
:
.

______________________________________
ii. Low / Zero Potential Wine
Neutral: _______________________________ .

It is used to complete the

______________________________________
circuit return
by providing a
______________________________________
route
______________________________________
.

iii. Earth:
Zero Potential Wire It is connected to the
_______________________________________________________________
.

metal body the

appliance It is used to bypass
of
_____________________________________________________________________
.

the current to
if ground
gets live body
_____________________________________________________________________ .

"

CLASSMATE
"

Capacitor →
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An electronic device that is used to store charge and supply it when

there is drop of current or potential across the resistor. It is always
connected parallel to the resistor. If connected in series, the circuit
works until the capacitor is charging.

Circuit Diagram with capacitor in parallel Circuit diagram with capacitor in series

"" ""
[
✗

preferred
not
preferred

67/199