16 (a) Energy / J m3 : show energy level C2 and C3 is sp hybrid [1]

n= 5 C sp
n= 4 hybrid

n= 3 m4 : draw orbitals hybrid diagram for C1 [1]

m5 : draw orbitals hybrid diagram for C2 and C3 [1]

n= 2

n= 1
- Draw energy level from n = 1 to n = 5 or more [1]
- third line [1]
b) 1/ = RH (1/n12 – 1/ n22) @ 1/ = RH (1/22 – 1/52) [1]
m6 : label sigma-bond () and pi bond () [1]
E = hf @ E = h c /  @ E = h c (1/n12 – 1/ n22) [1] m7 : stating C1 tetrahedral ; C2 and C3 linear [1]
E = (6.63 x 10-34) (3.00 x 108) (2.31 x 106) [1] b) m8 : nitrogen has short and strong triple bond [1]
E = 4.59 x 10-19 J [1] m9 : with high bond energy [1]
c) Same line spectrum as question [1] c) m10-11 : Draw Lewis diagram [2]
m12 – 13 : molecular geometry [2] m14 – 15 : angle [2]
17. (a) elements with the same state of matter but different
structures / form [1]
(b) hybridisation [1] and electrical conductivity filled [1] [2]
Diamond Graphite Fullerene
(i) sp3 sp2 sp2
Bent Trigonal planar
(ii) Insulator Conductor Insulator
104 – 119o 120o
c) graphite ~ electrons are delocalised within the layered
structure hence conduct electricity [1]
20 a) m1 : Van’t Hoff equation : H [1]
fullerene ~ electrons are delocalised within the ring structure ln K = − +C
to stabilise fullerene hence cannot conduct electricity [1] RT
d) diamond : jewelery / diamond cutter [1] m2 : table of ln K against 1/T [1]
graphite : electrode in laboratory / lubricant [1] 1/T 0.00167 0.00143 0.00125 0.00111 0.00100
fullerene : drug delivery system in human body / lubricant /
ln Kp 7.87 3.85 -0.82 -4.66 -7.37
catalyst [1]
m3 – 5 : Graph : Axis [1] ; Plot [1] ; Line [1] [3]
18. (a) i. m1 : RAM Pb = 204.0(27.0) + 206.0(48.0) + 10.00
207.0(41.5) + 208.0(100.0)
27.0 + 48.0 + 41.5 + 100.0 5.00
m2 : 206.9
ii. m3 : Pb + Cl2 → PbCl2 [1] 0.00
m4 : mass Cl2 = 1.341 – 1.000 @ 0.341 g [1] 0.00095 0.00115 0.00135 0.00155 0.00175
m5 : mol Cl2 = 0.341 / 2(35.5) @ 0.004803 mol [1] -5.00
m6 : RAM Pb = 1.000 / 0.004803 [1]
m7 : = 208.2 [1]
-10.00
iii. m8 : sample A and B are different [1]
m9 : since B have different relative abundance of lead 6.00 −(−1.20)
m6 : 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.00156 − 0.00125 [1]
isotopes compare to A [1]
(b) m10 : lead are hold by metallic bond [1] m7 : – H / R = gradient @ H = 3877 x - 8.31 [1]
m11 : where electrons are delocalised to form electrons sea m8 : = –32.2 kJ mol-1
to interact with metal ion [1] b) m9 : at 650 = 5.40 ; 1/T = 0.001538 [1]
m12 : PbCl2 is ionic compound [1] m10 : ln K = 5.40 ; K = 270 [1]
m13 : which are hold by giant ionic crystal lattice via PCl5 (g) → PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
electrostatic attraction forces [1] Initial : 1.0 0 0
m14 : PbCl4 is simple covalent molecule [1] Degree of a –a +a +a
m15 : hold by weak Van Der Waals forces [1] At equilibrium 1.0 – a a a [1]
Total mol = 1.0 + a
19 a) m1 : ground state and excites state of C [1] m12 : PPCl5 = (1.0 – a) / (1.0 + a) x 101 kPa [1]
m13 : PPCl3 and PCl2 = a / (1.0 + a) x 101 kPa [1]
C* m14 : Kp = PPCl3 x PCl2 / PPCl5 @
C (2s12p3) 270 = (a/(1.0 + a)x101 kPa)2 / (1.0–a)/(1.0+a) x 101 kPa [1]
3
m2 : show energy level C1 is sp hybrid [1] m15 : a = 0.0519 [1]

C sp3
hybrid
 32 −3
1 A 15𝑃
Number of protons = 15, Number of neutrons = 32 – 15 = 17, Number of electrons = 15 + 3 = 18
It can hold a maximum of 6 electrons. (True)
It has the highest energy of the orbitals with principal quantum number 𝑛 = 3. (False, 3d has the
2 A highest energy)
It is at a higher energy level than a 3s orbital but has the same shape. (False, different shape)
It is occupied by two electrons in an isolated sulphur atom. (False, 4 electrons).
1s22s22p63s2 : magnesium
1s22s22p63s23p2 : silicon
3 B
1s22s22p63s23p5 : chlorine
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 : copper
4 A The formal charge is on the hydrogen atom. (False, on sulphur atom)
5 D Aluminium has the highest charge density.
Ethanol and water has hydrogen bonds, hydrogen chloride has permanent dipole, bromine has only
6 C
temporary dipole.
Let T1 = 300 K, P1 = 16 kPa, T2 = 375 K, P1 = 40 kPa.
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 (16)𝑉1 (40)𝑉2
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑉1 = 2𝑉2 (Obeys ideal gas law)
𝑇1 𝑇2 (300) (375)
7 C Intermolecular forces between the gas molecules are significant. (False, since obeys ideal gas law)
It is possible to calculate the number of moles of gas present using these data alone. (False,
insufficient)
The pressures used are too high for ideal gas behaviour. (False, since obeys ideal gas law)
Ethane-1,2-diol disrupts the extensive network of hydrogen bonds in ice. (Best explains the lowering
8 B
of melting point).
Temperature T1 is higher than temperature T2. (False)
The shaded area indicates the particles that have sufficient energy to react at T2. (True)
9 C
The total area under each curve is the same for both temperatures. (True)
The peak of the curve will shift to the left when temperature increases. (False)
Changing the concentration of the Pd2+(aq) will have an effect on the rate of the reaction. (True).
Pd2+(aq) increases the energy of the reacting molecules. (False)
10 B
Pd2+(aq) lowers the activation energy for the reaction. (True)
When Pd2+(aq) is used, the reaction proceeds by a different route. (True)
N2 H2 NH3
Initial 2.00 6.00 2.40
At equilibrium 2.32 6.96 1.76
11 A Change +0.32 +0.96 −0.64
(1.76)2
𝐾𝑐 = = 3.96 × 10−3 mol−2 dm6
(2.32)(6.96)3
A lower temperature would not raise the concentration of SO3 at equilibrium. (False)
The use of vanadium(V) oxide catalyst increases the rate of oxidation of SO2. (True)
12 B
Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel will increase the yield of SO3. (False)
The Kc of the reaction is the same as the Kp at equilibrium. (False)
13 C HCO3– first accepts H+ to form H2CO3, then decomposes into H2O and CO2.
The solubility of silver chloride is 1.33 × 10–10 mol dm–3. (False, it’s 1.33 × 10–5 mol dm–3
Precipitate will form when the saturated solution is heated. (False, it will dissolve)
14 D
The unit of the solubility product is mol3 dm–9. (False, it is mol2 dm–6
Precipitate will form after adding HCl(aq) into saturated AgCl solution. (True, common ion effect)
15 C 30% H2O will yield pure HNO3 as first distillate and azeotropic mixture as second distillate.