Nervous Tissue Part 2

HISTOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE | PROF. FRANCIS IAN L. SALAVER, RMT, MD | MIDTERM A.Y. 2021 - 2022
NERVOUS TISSUE PART 2
bodies. Nasal bodies are dark stained and consists
 The two the majority of the neuroglia and their nuclei would
distinct usually take up hematoxylin which is a dark blue
zones in staining dye and the white matter would appear lighter
the brain because the myelinated axons are devoid of nasal
and the bodies that's why they appear lighter compared to
spinal dendrites and aside from the fact that axons are
cord we covered by the whitish myelin sheath
refer to them as the gray and the white matter. In the
spinal cord the gray matter is found in its center and
it is surrounded by the peripheral white matter. The
reverse is true with the brain the gray matter of the
brain is found at the periphery while its white matter
is found in the center
 The tip of the red arrow is situated between the gray

matter and the white matter what you notice you have
there in the gray matter the nerve cell bodies and the
dendrites and as well as the smaller neuroglia while
on the white matter you have their whitish structures
 High Power Objective/ Oil Power Objective. In the which are representing the myelinated axons
gray matter where we can find the neurons and
majority of the neuroglia of the nervous tissue so
expect that the neurons and majority of the neuroglia
are found in the central portion of the spinal cord
because that is where we can find its grey matter
while the neurons and majority of the neuroglia are
found at the periphery of the brain because that is
where we can find its gray matter
 Neurons
particularly
 The portion of the spinal cord that is labeled as gray
their nerve
matter, you have there the neurons and the neuroglia
cell bodies
while on the area labeled as white matter you only
are found in
have in there myelinated axons
the gray
GRAY VS. WHITE MATTER
matter but
WHITE MATTER
there's that
 Found on the periphery of the spinal cord
one process
that will arise from the cell body and it will become  Myelinated axons
part of the white matter in the spinal cord (The  Oligodendrocytes (functions to synthesize myelin
myelinated axon of the neuron), we can conclude that sheath and myelin sheath is associated with axon so
the nerve cell bodies and as well as the dendrites are therefore place oligodendrocyte in the area where we
found in the gray matter while majority of the can find the myelinated axons)
myelinated axons are found in the white matter and GRAY MATTER
that's basically the reason why the gray matter  Nerve cell bodies
appears dark because you have there the nerve cell  Dendrites
bodies and the dendrites which contain the nasal  Neuroglia
TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 1
 Ikaw kay crush? (You don’t matter, huhu (┬┬﹏┬┬) )  Take a look at the columnar-shaped ependymal cells
GRAY AND WHITE MATTER so the canal or the lumen in the center contains
 The gray matter is the areas where the actual cerebrospinal fluid
"processing" is done whereas the white matter GRAY MATTER
provides the communication between different gray  Contains
matter areas and between the gray matter and the abundant
rest of the body. astrocytes and
 It's very important to take note that it is in the gray large neuronal
matter where the nerve impulses are actually bodies
processed. You have there the nerve cell bodies and WHITE MATTER
the main role of the white matter is to link one gray  Surrounds gray
matter to another gray matter because you have matter
myelinated axons in the white matter so the  Contains oligodendrocytes and tracts of myelinated
myelinated axons will transmit the nerve impulse of axons
the neurons in one gray matter to another gray matter BRAIN: GRAY
or the white matter also functions to link the cell MATTER
bodies in the gray matter to the other parts of the body  Surfaces of
SPINAL CORD cerebrum and
cerebellum (forming
 White matter is cerebral cortex)
peripheral while gray  Contain neuronal
matter is central bodies, dendrites
 Gray matter assumes and the initial
the shape of an H unmyelinated
o 2 Anterior horn portions of axons
(motor) and protoplasmic astrocytes
o 2 Posterior horn BRAIN: WHITE MATTER
(sensory)  Central portion
 Where central canal (lined by ependymal  Main component is myelinated axons, the myelin-
cells – expect that it will contain Cerebral producing oligodendrocytes and fibrous astrocytes
Spinal Fluid) is located  Does not contain neuronal cell bodies
ASTROCYTES
 The two
main types of
astrocytes
are the ones
found in the :
 White matter
- fibrous
astrocytes,
 The central channel of the spinal cord contains  Gray matter -
ependymal cells and these empathic muscles protoplasmic
function to synthesize cerebrospinal fluid astrocytes.
 It's very important for these astrocytes to be
distributed to both gray and white matters because
they are there to provide blood brain barrier
 The central channel of the spinal cord contains
ependymal cells and these empathic muscles
function to synthesize cerebrospinal fluid

PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES OF THE CNS
 Bone
o Skull and
vertebral
column
 Meninges
 CSF
MENINGES
 Dura mater
 The dura mater in the picture it's very obvious that it
 Arachnoid
is composed of thick layers of collagen fibers so since
mater
this dura mater has to protect the brain and the spinal
 Pia mater
cord from multiple directions expect that the dura
mater should be composed of dense irregular
connective tissue. Beneath the dura mater you have
the layer that has spongy web-like structures and this
spongy web like structures look like the webs of
spiders and that's the reason why that layer is named
arachnoid matter and then the layer of the meninges
that is in intimate contact with the brain and the spinal
cord and you cannot dissect that layer from the brain
and the spinal cord that is the pia mater so every time
you're holding a human brain or a human spinal cord
you're actually touching the Pia mater
DURA MATER
 Thick external layer made of dense irregular
connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal
cord.
 It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane
called the meninges that protect the central nervous
system.
 The skull and the human brain you have 3 the layers
of the many meninges the outermost layer the one
that is closest to the skull is the dura mater beneath
the dura mater you have the arachnoid matter. Take
note of the spongy web-like structures found within
the arachnoid matter and then the layer that is in
intimate contact with the brain and in the spinal cord,
the innermost layer that is the Pia mater

 The dura matter was reflected laterally exposing now  Outermost covering is provided by the bone. Beneath
the underlying arachnoid mater. There's a fluid the bone you have the three layers of the meninges.
underneath the arachnoid matter that fluid now is the The layer that is closest to the bone is the dense
cerebrospinal fluid so therefore cerebral spinal fluid is irregular connective tissue layer of the meninges and
flowing at the sub arachnoid below the arachnoid that is the dura mater. Below the dura mater you have
mater. arachnoid matter and this layer of the meninges has
spongy web-like structures and these spongy white
black structures are named arachnoid trabeculae.
This arachnid trabeculae arise from the arachnoid
mater and they are attached to the pia mater. Take
note the pia mater is in intimate contact with the brain
and the spinal cord. The space between the
arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the sub
arachnoid space and that is where the cerebrospinal
fluid is flowing. The cerebral cerebrospinal fluid is
particularly flowing on the spaces between the
arachnoid tropically. Also take note the presence of
 Spinal cord because what is found at the periphery is large blood vessels within the arachnoid matter.
the white matter. A lot of collagen fibers that’s why the ARACHNOID MATER
dura mater is composed of dense regular connective  Characterized by its spongy web-like structure
tissue  Composed of connective tissue that comes in contact
with dura mater and system of trabeculae which are
connected to the pia mater
 CSF flows below the arachnoid membrane =
Subarachnoid space
 Cut section of the spinal cord as white matter is found

at the periphery
 THE D is dura mater - have their thick layers of
collagen fibers particularly type one
 THE A - arachnoid matter
 ARACHNOID TRABECULAE- the structure is pointed
by the black arrows
 ASTERISK SIGN - the areas where the csf is flowing
 THE P - pia mater; the inner most layer of the
meninges
PIA MATER
 Follows the contour of the brain and spinal cord very
closely
 Picture the dura mater below the dura mater you have
 Tightly adherent (can’t dissect it from the brain and
the arachnoid mater and pointed in the picture is the
the spinal cord)
sub arachnid space and then within the subarachnoid
 Cannot be separated during dissection space you have there a large blood vessel that is just
 Provides support for the blood vessels supplying the resting on top of the via mater and then take a look at
brain tissue (look at the red arrow on the next slide) the pia mater it's really adherent to the surface of the
spinal cord
PIA MATER
 Some processes of the astrocytes bind to pia mater
and they form a physical barrier to the periphery of the
CNS
 They separate the CNS tissue from the CSF in the
subarachnoid space
o The subarachnoid space where the csf is flowing
some of the chemicals in the csf may cause harm
to the brain and spinal cord so the pia mater along
with the processes of the astrocytes will create a
barrier
 Blood vesels
that penetrate
the CNS
through tunnels
are covered by
pia mater =
perivascular
spaces
o Point of entry of the branches of the blood vessels
in the arachnoid mater into the brain and spinal
cord. The walls of these perivascular spaces are
covered by pia mater because the purpose of it
 Yellow arrow is the blood vessel within the arachnoid along with the astrocytes is to provide protection
mater but as soon as these branches will form smaller
branches they are no longer covered by the pia
mater yet, these smaller branches now will be
interacting with the processes of the astrocytes
within the brain and the spinal cord so still the
neurons are protected from the toxic chemicals in
the blood because of the pia matter in the
perivascular spaces
 As the blood vessels form branches, their small
 Cut section of the white matter of the spinal cord. The
branches are then covered by astrocytes
pia mater is really tightly adherent on the surface of
the spinal cord and as well as the brain
 The layer of the meninges that is found nearest to the

bone and within the dura mater are sinuses. This
sinuses are spaces that are lined by endothelial cell
so meaning this sinuses will eventually drain towards
MENINGES blood vessels and one of the sinuses that we have in
our dura mater is the superior sagittal sinus so expect
 MATER derived from the latin word “mother” because
that you will find this one on the superior part of the
they provide protection to the brain and spinal cord,
brain.
similar to how a mother would provide protection to
 The space below the arachnoid mater is called the
her own child
DURA MATER subarachnoid space
 Arachnoid matter created protrusions towards the
 DURA in latin = Tough mother
blood-filled sinuses in the dura mater
o Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
ARACHNOID MATER  csf is flowing on the subarachnoid space and if this
 spider and mother csf will be allowed to accumulate, they will now cause
PIA MATER pressure or compression of the brain and the spinal
cord and we cannot afford for that to happen so the
 PIA in latin = tender/ soft mother
csf volume must be regulated and there must be a
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CBS)
means on how to reduce the amount of csf so the sub
 Clear,
arachnoid space or the arachnoid mater must have a
colorless
means of draining the excess csf into spaces and
fluid which
these spaces are the blood filled sinuses within the
cushions
dura mater so the purpose of these protrusions is to
the CNS
regulate the amount of csf in the central nervous
by
system and these protrusions are called arachnoid
protecting
villi (plural) arachnid villus (singular)
soft tissue
from jolts
and blows
 Produced
by choroid plexuses made up of ependymal cells
 Circulate within ventricles of brain, subarachnoid
space and spinal cord
ARACHNOID VILLI
 Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the
blood filled sinuses in the dura mater

 Serves as the drainage site of the CSF to control the that nerve does not have the cell body and the
pressure within the cranial cavity neurons instead what you have in there are groups of
 The csf is produced in the choroid plexus. It will axons
produce by filtering the blood, allowing the nutrients
that the brain and the spinal cord would be needing
and this this csf will flow into the subarachnoid space
distributing the nutrients and the chemicals needed by
the brain and the spinal cord as soon as those
nutrients and chemicals were already consumed then
that's the time the csf must be drained into the blood
filled sinuses within the dura mater  When you group axons together and you wrap them
with connective tissue you will form the nerve. A nerve
does not contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the
neurons
 Csf is produced by those red colored structures we

call them as the choroid plexus and then the csf will
eventually flow into the subarachnoid space and then
the csf will be drained on the arachnoid villi the
protrusions of the arachnoid matter into the blood-
filled sinuses within the dura mater. RED ARROW -
 The smallest component is actually the axon. Nerves
one of the arachnoid villi
are groups of axons so you have here in this picture
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
one axon and the axon is coated with myelin sheath
 Cranial nerves
 The individual axons within the nerve are all covered
 Spinal nerves
by the connective tissue endoneurium, so one axon is
 Ganglia
covered with myelin sheath and the myelin sheath
 Nerve endings and the axon are covered by the endoneurium
 Recall that all  Axon that was highlighted a while ago was grouped
of the nerve with other axons and they will form one nerve fascicle
cell bodies and
 One nerve fascicle and this nerve fascicle or just
the dendrites
simply fascicle is covered by a connective tissue and
are found within the gray matter of the brain and the
we call it as the perineurium.
spinal cord and what will only extend into the white
 After we will group fascicles together, remember
matter is the myelinated axon so take a look at the
these fascicles are composed of groups of axons.
picture of the spinal cord and the take a look at the
When you group fascicles together, you will now form
spinal nerves arising from the spinal chord
a one whole nerve and this one whole nerve is coated
 cell bodies and the dendrites will not form the spinal
by the connective tissue epineurium
nerves because they are in the gray matter, spinal
 Endoneurium individual axons if axons are grouped
nerves will form the myelinated axons arising from the
together they will initially form fascicles and fascicles
nerve cell bodies in the gray matter so nerves are
are covered by perineurium and then group of
basically composed of group of axons and their
fascicles will form the whole nerve and the whole
dendrites and the cell bodies of the neurons are found
nerve is covered by epineurium
somewhere else so every time you will dissect a
cadaver and you will encounter a nerve, Imagine that
ORGANIZATION OF NERVE NERVE
 One axon covered by  Group of axons will form
connective tissue called Fascicle and is covered by
Endoneurium connective tissue called
 The structures labeled as Perineurium.
nerve fibers in the picture so
those are three axons and
each of them is covered with
endoneurium  Group of Fascicles will
form a nerve and is covered by
connective tissue called
Epineurium.
 Another
picture of a
cross
section of
the nerve
take a look
at the
individual
axons
inside and
then the area highlighted in green color is the
endoneurium of those axons
 One fascicle you can find in there the group of axons

are covered with endoneurium and this fascicle will be
covered by perineurium and when we will group these
fascicles together they will form one whole nerve so
expect that this covering is called the epineurium
NERVES (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
 The structures labeled as “ma” stands for myelinated EPINEURIUM
axons so each of them are covered with  Covers the entire nerve
endoneuruim. It's very obvious in the picture that we PERINEURIUM
have here group of axons so they will form one what  Covers the fascicle or group of axon fibers
fascicle and the fascicle will be covered by this ENDONEURIUM
structure labeled in the picture P what is that  Covers individual axons
perineurium
 Has a rounded or spherical cell body so that will give

us an idea that this neuron is taken from the
peripheral nervous system. The axon is myelinated
and since this neuron is from the peripheral nervous
system. The myelin sheath is produced by the
schwann cell and then highlighted on the right side of
the photo is the manner on how the schwann cell will
myelinate the axons of the nerves in the peripheral
nervous system
 Not all of the areas of the axons are coated with
myelin sheath. The areas that are not covered by
myelin sheath will now be referred to as the nodes of DEFINITION OF TERMS
ranvier  Tract - group of axons within brain and spinal cord
NODES OF RANVIER (CNS)
 Are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural  Nerve – group of axons outside the CNS
axon.  This is similar to the terms nucleus and ganglion.
 The myelin allows the electrical impulse to move Nucleus is the group of cell bodies we have in the
quickly down the axon. CNS while ganglion is the group of cell bodies in the
 The nodes of Ranvier allow for ions to diffuse in and peripheral nervous system so when you group axons
out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal in the CNS you will call them as tract but if you group
down the axon. axons in the PNS you will refer to them as nerve
 Are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural

axon
 This is a longitudinal section of nerve. RED ARROW
 Optic nerve since it is found outside the brain
FROM lowest to highest: Axon, myelin sheath
parenchyma you will call that group of axons in there
covering, endoneurium and then take a look at the
as nerve and then as this structure will enter the brain
area pointed by the blue arrow that area locks the
parenchyma just like that one pointed by the red
myelin sheath that area now is the node of ranvier
arrow you will no longer call it as optic nerve, you will

call it as optic tract as labeled in the picture so group the white matter should be found in the center and this
of axons outside the brain and spinal cord nerve is how the gray and the white matters are arranged in
group of axons within the brain and the spinal cord. the cerebellum (gray,white,gray) so the white matter
is sandwiched between two grey matters

axon
 FIRST ARROW TO THE LEFT. This is a group of cell
 This is the picture of the cerebellum then we will take
bodies outside the CNS or within the PNS so you will
a portion of it and view it under the microscope and
call this one as ganglion.
this is how it will look like
 NEXT ARROW. This is a group of axons outside the
CEREBELLUM
CNS or within the PNS so you will call this one as a
nerve
 THIRD ARROW FROM THE LEFT. This one is a
group of axons outside the CNS so you will still refer
to this one as a nerve but as soon as the group of
axons will enter the brain or the spinal cord you will
now call them as a tract
 This group of cell bodies within the spinal cord one of
the organs in the CNS will now be referred to as
nucleus
 The areas pointed by the gray arrows in there

would mean that these cells are neuroglial cells so most
likely the areas pointed by the gray arrows are part of the
 Cerebellum - this part of the brain has something to
gray matter because it is in the gray matter where we can
do with regulating and coordinating movements in
find the cell bodies, dendrites, and majority of the
relation to motor. This is part of the brain expect that
neuroglia and then take a look at the area pointed by the
the gray matter should be found at the periphery and
white arrow it doesn't have cells in there because what
you're supposed to find in there are myelinated axons and
few of the oligodendrocytes
GRAY MATTER HAS 3 LAYERS
CEREBRUM

axon The outermost layer is called the molecular layer
because you have there more of molecules than cells
and in this molecular layer is followed by a layer of
purkinje cells and we call that as the purkinje cell layer
and the innermost layer of the gray matter is called
the granular cell layer

 Pyramidal cells are named such because their cell

bodies are shaped like that of pyramids. The cells
pointed by the blue arrows are pyramidal cells so
every time you will be asked to view slides of
cerebrum and you will find these cells under the
microscope you have to name that particular layer as
pyramidal layer. Just refer their location to the
molecular layer to determine whether it is the so if the
pyramidal cells are found near to the pyramidal layer
then you're looking at the external pyramidal layer but
if the pyramidal cells are found near the white matter
rather than the molecular layer then most likely you're
looking at the inner or internal pyramidal layer

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HISTOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER

 The tip of the red arrow is situated between the gray

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 2

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 3

 Cut section of the spinal cord as white matter is found

 The layer of the meninges that is found nearest to the

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 6

 Csf is produced by those red colored structures we

 One fascicle you can find in there the group of axons

 Has a rounded or spherical cell body so that will give

 Are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 9

 Are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural

 The areas pointed by the gray arrows in there

 Are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 11

 Pyramidal cells are named such because their cell

TELETUBBIES AND FRIENDS 12

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