A N A T O MY A N D P H Y S I O L OG Y

THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

PREPARED BY MARYJANE ABLANEDA

F I R S T P A R T O F T H E R E P OR T
 the body's command center
Nervous system Coordinates all the activities of the body
Enables body to respond and adapt to
changes both inside and out

Structural Classification of the Nervous System

Central nervous Peripheral nervous

system (CNS) system (PNS)
the processing center encompasses nerves outside
of the body the brain and spinal cord

Two major structures •Spinal nerves—carry impulses

•Brain to and from the spinal cord
•Cranial nerves—carry
•Spinal cord
impulses to and from the brain
 1. Cerebrum
S IX 2. Cerebellum
C T I O N S
SE 3. Diecephalon
O F T HE 4. Midbrain
BRAIN
5. Pons
6. Medulla Oblongata
1. Cerebrum - longest section, divided in
left and right hemisphere
4 lobes:
1. Frontal lobe - Reasoning and thought
2. Parietal lobe - integrates sensory information
3. Temporal - processes auditory informationform the ear
4. Occipital - processing visual information from the eye

2. Cerebellum - above the 1st cervical of the neck

Functions
1. Muscle coordination
2. Balance
3. Posture
4. Muscle tone

3. Diencephalon - between the cerebrum and

midbrain
1. Thalassemia - directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum
2. Hypothalamus - controls and regulates temperature, appetite,
water, balance, sleep and blood vessel constriction and dilation
and also emotions

4. Midbrain - located below the cerebrum

Function
1. Responsible for eye and auditory reflexes

5. Pons - below the midbrain

Functions
1. Responsible for certain reflex action such as chewing, tasting
and saliva production

6. Medulla Oblongata - Located at the bottom of

the brainstem, connects to the spinal cord
Functions
1. Regulates, heart and blood vessel function, digestion,
respiration, swallowing, sneezing, coughing and blood pressure
 It is the link

The spinal cord between the brain

and nerves in the

rest of the body

ons
Four Regi
l
1. Cervica
c
2. Thoraci
3. Lumbar
inal N erves
4. Sp

Afferent nerves -
carries
information
from the body to
the brain

Efferent nerves -
carries
information
from the brain to
the body
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Somatic Autonomic

system system

Voluntary Involuntary

1. Responsible for carrying

motor and sensory

information

2. made up of nerves that

connect to skin, sensory

organs and skeletal muscles

3. Responsible for nearly all

voluntary muscle movements

4. processes sensory
information from external

( , ,
stimuli hearing touch sight )
Afferent sensory Conducting Inward
neurons -from the nerves to central
nervous system

Efferent sensory Conducting Outward

neurons -from the central nervous
system to the muscle fibers
throughout the body

Autonomic

system

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

nervous system nervous system

"Fight or Flight Brings all systems

revs up the body of the body back
to either defend to normal
yourself or
escape the threat
 ndages that are
Dendrites - are appe

communications from
designed to recieve

other cells

ting the axon

Myelin sheath - insula

transmitted
the speed of signals
- can greatly increase

between neurons

ial covering axons

- whitish, fatty mater

the
transmission lines of
Axon - the primary

rm
d as bundles they fo
nervous system, an

nerves.
 of all axons in
most of the surface
Schwann cell - cover

peripheral nerves

n around
s in jelly roll-like fashio
- produce myelin sheath

axons (PNS)

e that permits a
Synapse - a structur

ctrical or chemical
neuron to pass an ele

on
signal to another neur

-like endings of
Axon terminal - button

axons make synaptic

axons through which

nerve cells
contacts with other

as a general model
Mitochondria - serve

s move
for how all organelle

dic gap in the

Node of ranvier - perio

lin) on the axon of

insulting sheath (mye

certain neurons
 Nervous
Tissue
Support
:

Cells
Support cells in the CNS are grouped

together as “neuroglia”

General functions

•Support

•Insulate

•Protect neurons
Astrocytes:

shaped cells
•Abundant, star-

•Brace neurons
s
ies and neuron
tween capillar
•Form barrier be
t of the brain
ical environmen
•Control the chem

Microglia:

ytes
•Spiderlike phagoc

is
•Dispose of debr

Ependymal cells
:

l cord
e brain and spina
•Line cavities of th
rebrospinal
circulation of ce
•Cilia assist with

fluid

tes:
Oligodendrocy
s
e central nervou
rve fibers in th
•Wrap around ne

system
S
axons of the CN
sheaths around
•Produce myelin

Satellite cells:

cell bodies
•Protect neuron

Schwann cells:
em
ral nervous syst
myelin sheath in the periphe
•Form
 Nervous
Tissue
Neurons
:

Neurons = nerve cells

•Cells specialized to transmit messages

Major regions of neurons:

•Cell body—nucleus and metabolic center

of the cell

•Processes—fibers that extend from the

cell body

Cell body:

•Nissl bodies

•Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

Neurofibrils:

•Intermediate cytoskeleton

•Maintains cell shape

•Nucleus with large nucleolus

 Axon terminals are

separated from the

next neuron by a gap

Synaptic cleft—gap Synapse—junction

s
between adjacent neuron between nerves

•Most neuron cell bodies

l
Neuron Cell are found in the centra

Body Location nervous system

• cell bodies and

Gray matter unmyelinated fibers

• clusters of cell bodies

r of
Nuclei within the white matte

tem
the central nervous sys

• collections of cell bodies

Ganglia
vous
outside the central ner

system

•Tracts—bundles of nerve
•White matter—collections
fibers in the CNS cts)
of myelinated fibers (tra

•Nerves—bundles of nerve of
•Gray matter—collections

fibers in the PNS rs

mostly unmyelinated fibe

and cell bodies

 Functional
Classification
of Neurons

•Interneurons
-Found in neural pathways
(association
in the central nervous
neurons)

system

- Connect sensory and

motor neurons

Structural
Classification
of Neurons

•Bipolar neurons—one axon and

Multipolar neurons—many
one dendrite
extensions from the cell
•Located in special sense organs
body
such as nose and eye

•Unipolar neurons—have a short

single process leaving the cell body

•Sensory neurons found in PNS

ganglia