Parental rights are not equal for both parents due to various reasons.

For instance, a

father may choose to voluntarily give up custody of a child or may choose never to establish

paternity, in which case he has no parental rights. A significant fraction of children growing

up in the twenty-first century suffer parental separation due to unprecedented shifts in the

time, extent, and ordering of close co-residential relations as fathers have been playing a

bigger part in raising their children (Sassler and Lichter, 2020). For instance, by the time they

attain maturity, roughly 50% of all children in the UK do not live with both biological parents

(Haux and Platt, 2021). The majority of non-resident parents are fathers, and as a result, they

seldom continue to be active in their children's lives or the outcomes that result from that

involvement. This creates parental inequities. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to accurately

capture the scope and character of fathering in post-separation settings. Frequency of contact

is usually the key indicator of father engagement, similar to how the paternal activity is

measured in families that are still together. Higher frequency is almost certainly indicative of

a stronger tendency to continue the relationship and to participate in various activities, even

though the frequency may only partly represent the type of the fathers' engagement
(Baxter,

2012). It is also asserted to represent how parents view their parenting style.