Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol.

26, No 6, Page 877-884 877

Study On Urban Expansion Based On The Combination Of Remote

Sensing And Geographic Information System
Long Yang1, 2*
1 Sanmenxia Polytechnic, Sanmenxia, Henan, 472000 China
2 Collegeof Applied Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, 472000 China
* Corresponding author. E-mail: longyang202112@163.com

Received: May 15, 2022; Accepted: June 20, 2022

With the rapid development of economy and the improvement of urbanization level, the contradiction between
urban spatial expansion and the decrease of cultivated land resources has become a hot spot in the field of
geoscience. Based on satellite remote sensing images, the theory and method of urban spatial expansion and
land scale prediction are studied systematically in this paper. This paper mainly discusses the technology of
urban area boundary extraction based on remote sensing image, the method of area expansion analysis, the
simulation method of cellular automata, the theory and method of urban land scale prediction. Methods of
obtaining population are in urban built-up areas. First, in terms of making up for the inability of CA model to
express spatial data, GIS technology has data preprocessing functions; Second, under environmental conditions,
GIS technology has mature visualization functions, so as to make up for the situation that the CA model
cannot immediately present and reflect the operation results. According to the characteristics of urban spatial
expansion, combined with the research results in the field of urban can at home and abroad, this paper puts
forward the construction scheme of urban spatial expansion can model integrated with gist he results show
that the can model integrated with GIS can visualize the simulation results, and the simulation results can be
analysed by GIS.

Keywords: sensing system; geographic system; urban expansion; method; GIS

© The Author(’s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are cited.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6180/jase.202306_26(6).0013

1. Introduction tion of urban land use structure. The renewal of infras-

Urbanization is the extension of the city development pro-
cess, is the performance of urban development in "quan-
tity", reflected in the land use is the expansion of the scale
of urban land. The relationship between urban land use
and urban development is interactive [1, 2]. On the one
hand, the development of urban land, especially the eco-
nomic activities and investment activities, has led to the
expansion of urban land use scale [3]. The adjustment of
urban industrial structure promotes the adjustment of land
use structure and spatial structure. On the other hand, the
expansion of urban land use scale provides a broader space
for the further development of the city, and the optimiza-
tructure ensures the ability of sustainable development of
the city. With the rapid development of China’s economy,
urban land is increasing at an alarming rate. The applica-
tion of remote sensing imagery and its application in land
use change relies on high-precision classification. Before
the traditional classification method has not been visually
interpreted by humans, the classification accuracy is not
high, and the classification effect is not very satisfactory.
In order to further give full play to the important role
of satellite image law enforcement inspection in the detec-
tion and punishment of land violations and regulations,
The Ministry of Land and Resources carried out a na-
tional project in 2009 to monitor the new construction land
878 Long Yang
throughout the country, and to promote the realization of
"managing land by map. “The "drawing" project, the im-
plementation of the national full coverage monitoring, the
state directly control the situation of new construction land
nationwide, and finally achieve the dynamic state Regula-
tory objectives [3, 4]. The national "one map" is remote sens-
ing, land use status, basic farmland, remote sensing moni-
toring and basic geography. The collection of multi-source
information and land resources planning, approval, supply,
replenishment, development, law enforcement and other
administrative regulatory systems Superposition, jointly
construct the unified comprehensive supervision platform,
realize the development and utilization of land resources
"the sky look at, on the net tube, on the ground “Check",
thus realize the goal of land resources dynamic supervision.
“At present, the national "one map" background engineer-
ing database construction has been Basically completed,
172 key cities in the country’s remote sensing monitoring
work is under way [5].
The traditional scale of urban land use is determined by
forecasting method according to historical statistical data.
Under the new situation, the scale of urban land is affected
by many factors, such as population size, economic level,
capital input, industrial adjustment, geographical location,
ecological environment and policy [6, 7]. The scale of con-
struction land determined by traditional method cannot
meet the real demand of national economy and social devel-
opment. Therefore, how to use satellite remote sensing and
other high and new technologies to accurately obtain urban
expansion information, master urban expansion laws, and
rationally determine the scale of urban land is a subject
worthy of further study, and has important practical value
and application prospects. The ultimate purpose of various
pre-processing of remote sensing images is to classify and
interpret remote sensing images to obtain various land use
change information. Image classification is the process of
grouping pixels into several limited types, classes, or data
sets based on their data values.
To predict the scale of urban land use, it is necessary
to obtain timely and accurate land use data. The tradi-
tional method is to report passively by the user units or
individuals, with long period, high cost, time-consuming
and laborious, a survey data for many years, there is un-
derreporting, underreporting phenomenon, the use of this
outdated, It is difficult to accurately grasp the present sit-
uation of urban land use with low value information. In
particular, some cities, driven by local interests and eco-
nomic hot spots, have a tendency to look for a big solution
to the problem of urban scale. In the course of develop-
ment, the blind pursuit of extension, the development of
development zones and the one-sided pursuit of economic
interests have artificially accelerated the speed and inten-
sity of urban land expansion. The development of remote
sensing technology provides a new technique for the study
of urban land use. Remote sensing information has the
characteristics of objective, macroscopic, rapid, accurate
and dynamic [8]. Using remote sensing technology can pro-
vide multi-phase and large-scale real-time information for
the study of spatial expansion and change in urban built-
up areas. Influence of remote sensing images of different
band combinations on the accuracy of automatic classifi-
cation of urban land is given by computer. The maximum
likelihood classification method is used in the supervised
classification, and the likelihood of a given pixel belong-
ing to a specific category is calculated. After each pixel
reaches a likelihood threshold, the classification is stopped.
Rapid acquisition of urban land use change and the expan-
sion track of the built area, combined with GIs technology,
can be used for spatial analysis, multi-factor comprehen-
sive analysis and dynamic prediction of the expanded area
information based on remote sensing image. It provides
decision-aided information for the evaluation of urban land
use status and the determination of land use scale [9, 10].
Research on China’s growth law of city is accompanied
by the implementation of city land system since the reform
and opening up, the rapid development of real estate indus-
try and the rapid expansion of city land gradually exposed
various problems such as land, environment began to perk
up the current research in this area is still relatively weak
and scattered [11, 12]. Therefore, remote sensing the im-
age and based on GIS technology, the city built-up area
of border extraction, analysis of the expansion of space,
the system dynamic simulation prediction method of CA
City, land use scale, city population estimates and other
aspects of the system research, in order to provide technical
support for the city land use planning, provide technical
support for sustainable use of land resources from Eq. (1)
to Eq. (2).
I ( x, y) = L( x, y) × R( x, y) (1)
lg[ R( x, y)] = lg[ I ( x, y)/L( x, y)] (2)
2. The theory and method of urban area expansion
analysis
The commonly used land use remote sensing dynamic mon-
itoring methods can be divided into two categories. One
is the method of comparing pixels one by one. This kind
of monitoring method is to compare the pixels of different
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, No 6, Page 877-884
phase remote sensing images in order to monitor whether
a pixel changes or not. The other kind of square method
is the comparison method after classification. This kind
of method first classifies the remote sensing images with
different phases separately, and then compares the classifi-
cation results in rows, so as to monitor the type; quantity
and location of land use change [196].These two methods
have their advantages and disadvantages in practical ap-
plication. Some scholars have put forward many practical
methods when using remote sensing image to extract the
boundary of urban built-up area, which greatly improves
the precision of the boundary extraction of the built area.
2.1. A method for analyzing the expansion of urban built-
up areas
The premise of unsupervised classification is to assume
that similar objects in remote sensing images have the same
spectral characteristic reliability under the same conditions.
The unsupervised classification method does not need to
acquire a priori knowledge of the image features, but only
relies on the spectral information (or texture information)
of different types of ground objects in the image to extract
features, and then achieves the purpose of classification
through the difference of statistical features. Finally, the
actual attributes of each category are confirmed. Unsu-
pervised classification is mainly based on cluster analysis.
Clustering is the clustering of a group of pixels into several
categories by similarity, that is, "like a creature." it aims to
make the distance between pixels belonging to the same cat-
egory as small as possible. The distance between pixels on
different classes is as large as possible. The methods of clus-
tering analysis include isolate (iterative see if-organization
data Ana insist technique), K-means algorithm and so on.
If the number of classifications is too small, the phe-
nomenon of confounding of ground objects with similar
spectral characteristics is very prominent, resulting in low
classification accuracy, but the initial classification num-
ber should not be too much, otherwise it will lead to the
workload of the computer If it is too large, the final classi-
fication accuracy will not be improved. According to the
results of repeated operations, the maximum number of
initial classifications is finally selected as 32. The maximum
number of iterations (Maximun Iterations) of unsupervised
classification is defined as 10, the cycle threshold (Change
Threshold) is set to 2.0, the class variance is set to 1, the
distance is set to 2, the synthesis point is 2, and the clas-
sification result can be displayed after confirmation. The
advantage of unsupervised classification is that it does not
require prior knowledge and is classified according to the
similarity of pixel spectrum. Because of the difference of
879
location, size, texture and other factors, the same type of
feature may be classified into different classes because of
the difference in spectral spectrum due to its location, size,
and texture as shown inFig. 1.
Fig. 1. Standardized sharpening diagram.
There are n sample inputs, the first stage of the neural
network calculates the matching degree, and parallel pass
through m output lines to the second stage, in the second
stage, all kinds have one output, and only one output in-
tensity is "high”. The rest are "low”. When the correct
classification results are obtained, the output of the classi-
fier can be fed back to the first level of the classifier, and
a learning algorithm is used to correct the weight. When
subsequent test samples are very similar to those that have
been trained, the classifier will respond correctly. BP neu-
ral network is used more frequently in image classifica-
tion. The classification process can be summarized into
two stages: first, the network studies the sample number to
obtain the optimal connection weight matrix, including the
number of network layers, the network node data, and the
determination of learning function. Control the input of
the parameters and sample data; second, use the learning
results to classify the image, input the image file, and cal-
culate the image according to the connection weight matrix
obtained by the network learning. Each pixel is classified as
a class with less error according to the comparison between
the output results and the expected values of each class.
2.2. Analysis on the expansion of Construction area
based on new buildings
At present, the research on the type and scale of urban
land use is a hot topic in urban planning and other fields.
This paper summarizes and analyses the research status
of urban land scale prediction technology. The common
methods of urban construction land scale prediction are
grey system analysis method, logistic forecasting model
method, regression analysis method and so on. The com-
mon denominator of these methods is the prediction of
880 Long Yang
future land use scale based on historical statistics. With
the acceleration of urbanization in China, land use change
is influenced and restricted by many driving factors. It is
a dynamic and nonlinear compound system. Traditional
methods show its limitations more and more. In recent
years, many scholars have carried on the research around
the determination method of the urban land scale, and
obtained a lot of research results.
Quota index method is commonly used in urban plan-
ning in recent years. The steps are as follows: first, to de-
termine the planning period and development objectives;
second, to forecast the population; third, to select the corre-
sponding per capita land use index, and then to determine
the scale of urban land use near and long-term develop-
ment within the planning period; Finally, the choice of land
use and the layout of urban structural land. The most im-
portant is the population forecast and the determination of
land user. Population forecasting methods such as time se-
ries method regression fitting method and comprehensive
growth method are all based on the speed and law of devel-
opment in the past to speculate on the prospective scale of
the future. This is desirable for cities where development
is already relatively stable. However, most cities in our
country are in the period of rapid development. With the
deepening of the reform of market economy system, the un-
certainty of urban population size prediction is becoming
stronger and stronger.
Fig. 2. Sharpening histogram stretching.
A city has a problem of proper size, beyond a proper
size, and too big a city is also a problem. From the point
of view of resource restriction, many countries use thresh-
old analysis method to analyse and determine the ratio-
nal scale of urban land use. Threshold theory originates
from Poland and has been applied in many countries. The
threshold refers to a certain restriction encountered in the
development of a city, or a turning point from quantitative
to qualitative change. In the process of urban development,
the threshold theory divides the constraints into three cat-
egories: natural geographical constraints, infrastructure
constraints and urban structure constraints. Physical geog-
raphy is limited. A restriction caused by the topography
and natural conditions around a city, such as steep hills,
swamps, and rivers restricting the continuous expansion
of urban land, Or because other resources limit the city
can no longer develop outwards, otherwise will exceed the
urban area environmental capacity. If you want to break
through its limits, you must pay an additional investment
to increase its total investment. Among them, the color
difference of the house is the largest. The main reason is
the interference caused by the house paint, which is un-
avoidable. Remove the influence of clouds and shadows on
the fusion results, the fusion result achieves the expected
effect and has a positive impact on the extraction of remote
sensing information.
Infrastructure system meets the constraints in the ex-
pansion process will also restrict the city space develop-
ment, such as water supply system, transportation system,
drainage system, once the city scale breakthrough in these
systems can withstand the limit, it must be through addi-
tional investment, in order to open up a new area for the
development of the city. Structure is composed of restric-
tions. The status of land use within the city development
restrictions, such as the city population continues to expand
the scale of the city centre land has extended requirements,
in order to rebuild the city centre, we must move out part
of the population, a corresponding increase in the cost of
city construction. City land expansion, population growth
and the investment cost is a step of the relationship. When
there is no threshold limit, the investment cost of city con-
struction along the line showed a slow growth trend, and
in the event of a development threshold, investment cost
increases suddenly to overcome as additional costs. Al-
though the threshold of city land in the expansion process,
many restrictions can be improved by means of additional
investment, but some restrictions is almost impossible to
cross. So, for a given city, in a certain period of time and
technology economy under the condition of the prospect of
city land development scale there is a limit, or at different
stages of development will correspond to different scale.
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, No 6, Page 877-884
3. Cellular automata based simulation of urban
area expansion
The factors that affect the scale of urban rational land use
are summarized into five aspects: population scale, eco-
nomic level, social life, living environment and location
conditions, among which many factors are included in each
aspect. Each factor contains several sub-factors, which are
then investigated and analysed to predict their long-term
objectives during the planning period, based on full input
from relevant experts and departments; then, the possi-
bility degree or satisfaction degree of these sub-factors is
deduced, and the "possibility-satisfaction" method men-
tioned above is adopted. The quantitative indexes of these
sub-factors are reduced to the quantitative description of
each factor’s influence on the scale of land use. Finally,
the influence of these factors on the scale of land use is
combined to the reasonable degree of the scale of urban
land use according to the requirements of multi-project
objectives, and the objective of the scale of urban rational
land use and the necessary conditions for its realization are
obtained. The area transition matrix obtained by multiply-
ing the probability transition matrix by the cell number of
the corresponding land use type in the current state map
of the development zone represents the total number of
cells from different land use types to other land use types
during the running time period.
3.1. Urban CA model and its research progress
The boundary extraction process is essentially the process-
ing process of remote sensing image. Using multi-period
remote sensing image, the edge boundary change infor-
mation can be obtained. According to the current status
and level of remote sensing data processing technology, the
technical process of extracting information from the bound-
ary of the built area includes: collecting remote sensing
images of the study area, urban land use map and admin-
istrative regionalization map; How to correct and register
multi-phase remote sensing images; if the research area is
not on the same image, the image should be mosaic; the
image of the study area should be cut out by superimpos-
ing with the administrative region map; and the image
pre-processing, including image spectral analysis, should
be carried out. Several steps of band combination selection,
image enhancement and image fusion, combined with the
spectral characteristics of ground objects and the analysis
of existing data, are used to classify remote sensing im-
ages, and a clear classification map with clear boundary
contour is obtained. The relevant result efficiency and pa-
rameters are described: First, the remote sensing software
ENVI4.7 is used to perform unsupervised classification of
881
the basic classification of images. The unsupervised classifi-
cation technologies provided by ENVI include Isodata and
K-Means. Isodata unsupervised classification computes
the evenly distributed class means in the data space, then
iteratively clusters the remaining cells with the minimum
distance, recomputing the mean at each iteration, and re-
classifying the cells with this new mean.
According to the definition of the built area and its char-
acteristics in the image, the boundary of the built area is
extracted, the boundary layer of the built area is super-
posed in different periods, the track of urban expansion is
studied, and the law of the expansion of the urban built-up
area is explored. Geometric correction is the process of pro-
jecting the image data onto the plane to make it conform to
the map projection system, and the process of giving the
image data to the map siting system is called geographi-
cal reference. Because all map projection systems follow
a certain map coordinate system, geometric correction in-
cludes geographical reference [199].Geometric correction is
divided into geometric coarse correction and geometric fine
correction. In general, the satellite remote sensing data pro-
vided by earth stations are processed by geometric rough
correction. To recover the original shape characteristics of
the image, it is necessary to undergo geometric correction.
Geometric precision correction is based on ground control
point (gap).Based on the gap data, the geometric distortion
process of the original satellite image is simulated, and the
corresponding relationship between the original distorted
image space and the standard space (that is, correction
space) for geographical mapping is established. Then, all
the pixels in the distorted image space are transformed into
the corrected image space by using this correspondence,
and the geometric precision correction is realized.
Remote sensing image is based on the difference of lu-
minance value or pixel value and spatial variation, which is
the physical basis of different images. The similar features
in remote sensing images should have the same or similar
spectral and spatial information characteristics under the
same conditions (texture, topography, illumination), thus
showing some inherent similarity of the similar features.
That is to say, the feature vectors of similar objects will be
clustered in the same feature space region, and different
features of spectral information or spatial information of
different ground objects will be clustered in different fea-
ture space regions. Remote sensing image classification
is to use the computer to analyse the spectral and spatial
information of the image, select the features of the feature,
and divide the feature space into non-overlapping sub-
space by certain means. Then each pixel in the image is
classified into each subspace, that is, all the pixels of the
882 Long Yang
image are divided into several categories according to their
properties as shown in Fig. 3. In contrast to the constraints,
the influencing factors do not use binary suitability or un-
suitability, but a continuous stretch map with gradually
decreasing suitability. Use the fuzzy function FUZZY mod-
ule to standardize the influencing factors, and the value
range is between 0-255. Integrating multiple factors such as
economic development scale, natural factors, and zoning
strategies within the simulation range, different land types
have different levels of suitability for urban construction
land. Therefore, the suitability of each urban land type
to the construction area is different, and the value limit is
within 0-255.
Fig. 3. Color transformation map.
The concept of neighbourhood in cellular automata is
expressed as the interrelation of urban geographical ele-
ments in the urban model. Different neighbourhood forms
or neighbourhood radii can be defined according to dif-
ferent urban elements. For example, in simulating the
evolution of land types, in order to better simulate com-
plex geographical phenomena, for industry and commerce,
Different types of cells, such as residential land, should
define different neighbourhood radii. The design of Cel-
lular, cellular state and cellular space of standard cellular
automata is very simple, and its transformation rules are
relatively simple. However, the evolution of urban spatial
structure is a dynamic and complex process, which is not
only restricted by the elements of urban spatial structure,
but also by external factors such as society, economy, and
politics and so on. The formation and change of urban
spatial structure is the material space reflection of the in-
teraction of various social forces inside and outside the
city. Therefore, in the urban can model, the transformation
rules must take into account the micro, regional and macro
aspects? Only by establishing comprehensive multi-level
rules, can the evolution process of the urban system be
effectively simulated.
3.2. Establishment of urban spatial expansion CA model
From the point of view of data model, two-dimensional
cellular space can be represented by GIs data model based
on spatial field, which brings convenience to the integra-
tion of can and GIs. The integration of GIs and .can makes
them complement each other in space-time. It is pointed
out that compared with can, GIs has three powerful func-
tions: first, it can fully meet the requirements of can for
spatial data because of its strong pre-processing function;
The second is the perfect visualization function, which can
show and feedback the real-time simulation effect of can in
all kinds of scenarios in time; the third is the increasingly
powerful spatial analysis function, which can complement
can well. On the other hand, it can enhance the function
of GIs space dynamic modelling, and can be used as the
engine of GIs space analysis. Traditional GIs has some limi-
tations in dealing with geographical phenomena, and can
can simulate the dynamics of various phenomena at any
time Therefore, in order to better simulate the development
of real cities, improve the accuracy of can simulation, and
effectively combine with GIs, it is an effective way for city
can to be applied. An iterative self-organizing taxonomy
(Isodata) based on minimum spectral distance was used.
Open the Unsupervised option under Classification in the
main menu of ENVI4.7, select the IS0DATA method, input
the image of which the file has undergone color synthesis,
and select the number of free clustering results generated
by the overall statistical value of the image file when se-
lecting the number of clusters dialog box. According to
previous experience, in the actual classification process, the
initial classification number is generally taken to be more
than 2 times the final classification number.
Cellular attributes come from remote sensing images
in different periods. First of all, the remote sensing im-
ages are classified in detail according to the type of land
use with reference to the land-use map, and then classi-
fied and recoded into four types: urban land, agricultural
land, and road and non-construction land. The polygon is
transformed into polygon vector layer by using eras and
other software. Each polygon contains the attributes of
land type, surface product and circumference. The vector
graph layer is imported into the map info software, and the
square grid layer can be generated within the scope of the
vector drawing layer by using the grid making tool. Each
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, No 6, Page 877-884
grid is a cell, and the mesh size is defined according to the
need. The grid layer automatically generates the grid name
and column number of each grid. The line number is repre-
sented by a, b, c, and the column number by 1, 2, 3.Three
fields, time, state and height, are added to the grid layer
attribute database, and the structure of the cellular attribute
database is constructed. An important part of setting the
conversion rules is the land use transfer area matrix, which
can feed back the initial and final urban composition of the
study, and can show the conversion rules of each land use
type during the simulation period.
The scale of urban land use is an important index to
measure urban scale from the angle of land use. It includes
the scale of total urban land use and the scale of urban
land use composition. The former is the total amount of
land, which depends on the nature of the city, the type
of economy, the status of population development and
the natural condition of the land, while the latter is the
proportion of the land, which depends on the function and
industrial composition of the city. The construction and
development of cities should be based on a certain scale of
land use. The insufficient amount of land use will restrict
the development of urban economy and directly affect the
regular exertion of urban functions. The excessive scale of
land will lead to waste of land resources and too much loss
of agricultural land as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Results of unsupervised classification of remote
sensing images.
In order to control the scale of urban land use, it is neces-
sary to determine the scale of urban land use scientifically
and reasonably. If the scale of urban land is too large or
too small, it will bring a series of squeal, which will se-
riously affect the rational development and layout of the
883
city, that is, it is not conducive to production, but also to
life. Because when the scale of urban land is determined,
the current scale of urban land use has not yet reached the
planned scale, but some basic public facilities and develop-
ment space should be designed and distributed according
to the expected scale. In the case of conditions, some public
facilities will be put into place once, the first investment
will benefit for a long time, but usually under the guidance
of urban planning, the construction will be carried out in
batches, and the connection between the construction peri-
ods will be done well. If the scale of urban land is too large,
it may lead to waste of investment and low utilization of
infrastructure, while too small, once the demand for real
construction land exceeds the planned, It will result in the
reconstruction and expansion of the planned infrastructure
which cannot meet the needs of urban development, and
its difficulty and loss are very great as shown in Fig. 5. Due
to the agglomeration effect, urban expansion will expand
from the city center as the center point to the surrounding
areas, and the newly formed areas will be distributed near
the central city; in the area of major traffic roads, logistics
transportation is more convenient, and it is easier to gener-
ate new land; the distance from the existing built-up area,
because of the agglomeration effect, the existing built-up
area has a positive role in promoting the new construction
land; the distance from the water area, due to the need to
ensure that water resources are not polluted, built-up areas
need to be isolated from waters far away.
Fig. 5. Two-mode analysis results.
4. Conclusion
Based on satellite remote sensing images, this paper system-
atically studies the theories and methods of urban spatial
expansion and land scale prediction, and make a series of
exploration in theory, method and application. This paper
mainly discusses the technology of urban area boundary
extraction based on remote sensing image, the method of
884 Long Yang
area expansion analysis, the simulation method of cellu-
lar automata, the theory and method of urban land scale
prediction. The method is obtaining and forecasting the
population of urban built-up areas. This paper analyses
the rationality, feasibility and unique advantages of cel-
lular automata in urban expansion simulation, and sum-
marizes the current research progress and existing prob-
lems of can model of urban expansion According to the
characteristics of urban spatial expansion, combined with
the research results in the field of urban can at home and
abroad, this paper puts forward the construction scheme of
urban spatial expansion can model integrated with gist he
emphasis includes the definition of CA elements, the con-
struction of cellular spatiotemporal database, the system
framework and the development model. It is concluded
that in the prediction of the area of the built-up area, the
near term prediction is suitable for the application of a rela-
tively small standard deviation (gm-1) model, the medium
term is suitable for the isokinetic growth model, and the
logistic model is suitable for the distant period. Important
influencing factors are helpful to grasp the internal driving
force mechanism of urban land scale and spatial expansion,
and provide scientific reference and reference for urban
development.
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