(MPA-SECTION 20) Key Concepts - Ethics, Accountability, and Public Service

UNDERSTANDING KEYCONCEPTS:
ETHICS, ACCOUNTABILITY AND

PUBLIC SERVICE
JUSTIN T. BERNARDO
JOHN MARTIN R. DIONISIO
PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ETHICS

ETHICS
WHAT IS ETHICS
Rules that define moral conduct according to the philosophy of

a specific group. It is well-founded standards or principles tells
what humans ought do usually in terms of rights, obligations,
benefits to society, fairness or a specific virtue.

ETHICS
WHAT IS ETHICS
Ethics of any kind concerns right and wrong

behavior as it defined in terms of moral
choice, further, it includes the notion of
pursuing the good life.

ETHICS
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF

ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

ETHICS
HOW TO BE ETHICAL IN DECISION

MAKING?

ETHICS
A FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
1. Identify the Ethical Issues

2. Get the Facts
3. Evaluate Alternative Actions
4.Choose an Option for Action and Test It
5. Implement Your Decision and Reflect on the Outcome

ETHICS
Three (3) Sub-branches of Ethics
ETHICS
Descriptive Metaethics Normative (W

hat do People think is right?) (How should people act?) (What does right even mean?)

ETHICS
THEORIES IN ETHICS
DEONTOLOGICAL, e.i. duty theories locate the basis of morality

on specific, foundational principles of duty and obligation
(Gammel, Ethics and Morality).
KANTIANISM or Kantian Ethical Theory is entirely

revolving around duty, rather than emotional feelings or
end goals. The core concept is "duty" or what one ought to
do in certain situations.

ETHICS
THEORIES IN ETHICS
CONSEQUENTIALIST theories determine the value of an action

on the grounds of a cost-benefit analysis of its
consequences.(Gammel, Ethics and Morality)
UTILITARIANISM is a specific strand of consequentialist

ethics. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of
an action is solely determined by its contribution to
overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or
pleasure as summed up among all persons.

ETHICS
THEORIES OF ETHICS

ETHICS
THEORIES OF ETHICS
VIRTUE theories focus on a given set of rules like “do not steal”
etc. But instead of defining them merely as obligatory
duties, the emphasis lies on the individual to develop good
habits of character based on these rules (and avoid vices). Thus,
virtue theory emphasis moral education.(Gammel, Ethics and
Morality)

ETHICS
GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Is the art of directing and controlling the organization by

balancing the needs of the various stakeholders. This often
involves resolving conflicts of interest between the various
stakeholders and ensuring that the organization is well-
managed, meaning that the processes, procedures and policies
are implemented according to the principles of transparency
and accountability.(www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-good-corporate-governance.htm)

ETHICS:Public Service
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees
Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to

promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public
officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the
people and shall discharge their duties with utmost
responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with
patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public
interest over personal interest.

ETHICS
Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. -

Every public official and employee shall observe the following as
standards of personal conduct in the discharge and execution of
official duties.

ETHICS: Public Service
Section 4. Eight (8) Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees.
(a). Commitment to Public (e). Responsiveness to the

Interest public
(f). Nationalism and

(b). Professionalism
patriotism
(g). Commitment to
(c). Justness and sincerity
democracy
(d). Political Neutrality (h). Simple living

ACCOUNTABILITY: Introduction
ACCOUNTABILITY
Source: Protest march against martial law, extra-judicial killings in the Philippines - IUF. (2022). Retrieved 12 October 2022, from https://www.iuf.org/news/protest-march-against-martial-law-extra-judicial-killings-in-the-philippines/
ACCOUNTABILITY: Definition
ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountability is the acceptance of responsibility for one's own
actions. It implies a willingness to be transparent, allowing others to
observe and evaluate one's performance. (Accountability: Definition,
Types, Benefits, and Example. (2022).

ACCOUNTABILITY: General Concept

Accountability is the acceptance of responsibility for one's own actions. It
implies a willingness to be transparent, allowing others to observe and
evaluate one's performance. (Accountability: Definition, Types, Benefits,
and Example. (2022).
ACCOUNTABILITY: DISTINCTION
RESPONSIBILTY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

RESPONSIBILITY VS ACCOUNTABILITY
Responsibility is the duty to respond to

and complete tasks.

RESPONSIBILITY VS ACCOUNTABILITY
Responsibility is the duty to respond to • It is how a person responds and takes ownership of the
and complete tasks. results of a task.
• Accountability is literally the ability and/or duty to

report (or give account of) on events, tasks, and
experiences.

ACCOUNTABILITY: 4 QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
CENTRAL TO
ACCOUNTABILITY

QUESTIONS
CENTRAL TO
ACCOUNTABILITY
WHO is considered accountable? (SINO?)

QUESTIONS
CENTRAL TO
ACCOUNTABILITY
To WHOM he/she is accountable? (KANINO?)
PUBLIC / PEOPLE

QUESTIONS
CENTRAL TO
ACCOUNTABILITY
To WHAT STANDARD VALUES is he/she accountable? (SAAN?)
1. INTERNAL POLICIES
2. EXTERNAL POLICIES
QUESTIONS
CENTRAL TO
ACCOUNTABILITY
To WHAT STANDARD VALUES is he/she accountable? (SAAN?)
By WHAT MEANS is he made accountable? (PAANO)

ACCOUNTABILITY: Types of Accountability
TYPES OF
ACCOUNTABILITY

PROFESSIONAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
- commonly observed in professional fields like medicine and law
where a doctor or a lawyer would be accountable for their
practice, patients/clients’ well-being and the outcomes of their
actions.

PERSONAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
- being accountable for your decisions and how it affects your
coworkers. When you do something wrong, you could apologize
instead of deflecting blame.

PUBLIC
ACCOUNTABILITY
- This would apply to those in a leadership role, like managers
and team leads. Their actions play a significant role in their
employees and/or people's lives.

FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
- In an organization, financial accountability is concerned with
creating a sound budget and ensuring minimal waste. Allocating
resources efficiently would ensure that there’s no excess
expenditure.

ETHICAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
- Respecting your coworkers and clients, not blaming others for
your mistakes and apologizing when you’re in the wrong is part
of ethical accountability.

ACCOUNTABILITY: PUBLIC SERVICE
ACCOUNTABILITY in PUBLIC SERVICE

Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at
all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and
justice, and lead modest lives. The 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Article XI, Section 1.

ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTABILITY in PUBLIC SERVICE

Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at
all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and
justice, and lead modest lives. The 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Article XI, Section 1.
Administrative Accountability is the accountability of public officials

and of the policies emanating from them – from the stage of
planning, implementation, and evaluation.

ACCOUNTABILITY
According to Legal Adviser, Atty. Fiel Clemencio, in his interview with DZRH News Television "Legal Minds topic", (19 March 2018)
Public Officials can be identified into two: to wit,
1. Public Official handling FUNDS or PROPERTY

Ex. Approving Officer, Finance officer, Budget Officer,
Procurement, Casher, Supply etc.

ACCOUNTABILITY
According to Legal Adviser, Atty. Fiel Clemencio, in his interview with DZRH News Television "Legal Minds topic", (19 March 2018)
Public Officials can be identified into two: to wit,
1. Public Official handling FUNDS or PROPERTY

Ex. Approving Officer, Finance officer, Budget Officer,
Procurement, Casher, Supply etc.
2. Public Offficials / Public Employee
"Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and

employees, permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-
career service, including military and police personnel, whether or
not they receive compensation, regardless of amount. (R.A. 6713
(code and ethical standards, February 18, 1989)
ACCOUNTABILITY
This also abided by Section 27, Article 2 of the Constitution states that the State shall maintain
honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft
and corruption.

ACCOUNTABILITY
and corruption.
Corrupt Practices of public officer are laid out in Section 3 of R.A. 3019 or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act

ACCOUNTABILITY
and corruption.
Corrupt Practices of public officer are laid out in Section 3 of R.A. 3019 or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
Graft and corruption also has the R.A. 9485 or the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 which further
establishes an effective system that will eliminate bureaucratic red tape, avert graft and corruption
practices and improve the efficiency of government services. Which our fellow classmate will
discuss in the following discussions.
ACCOUNTABILITY
OVERSIGHT INSTITUTIONS
ACCOUNTABILITY: OVERSIGHT INSTITUTIONS

ACCOUNTABILITY: ENFORCING ACCOUNTABILITY

THANK YOU!
UNDERSTANDING KEYCONCEPTS: ETHIC, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND PUBLIC SERVICE
REFERENCES
1. Accountability: Definition, Types, Benefits, and Example. (2022). Retrieved 11 October 2022, from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/accountability.asp)
2. Kishore, K. (2020). Different Types Of Accountability. Retrieved 13 October 2022,
from https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/different-types-of-accountability/
3. Accountability vs Responsibility - Difference and Comparison | Diffen. (2022). Retrieved 12 October 2022, from
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Accountability_vs_Responsibility
4. R.A. 3019, Sec.(3) or the Anti-Graft And Corrupt Practices Act
5. The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XI, Section 1.
6. R.A. 6713, Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees
7. R.A. 9485 or the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007
8. Citation 1 (Ethics): guevarra, P.
guevarra, p. (2022). Ethics, Integrity, and Accountability for Good Governance. Retrieved 10 October
2022, from http://www.csc.gov.ph/speech/418-ethics,-integrity,-and-accountability-for-good-governance.html
9. Citation 2 (Ethics): Anon (2022). Retrieved 10 October
2022, from https://www.oas.org/es/sla/dlc/mesicic/docs/mesicic5_tto_annex64.pdf
10. Citation 3 (Ethics): Chapman, R. A. Chapman, R. (2003). Ethics and Accountability in Public Service. Teaching
Public Administration, 23(1), 15- 26.
Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/38944297/ETHICS_AND_ACCOUNTABILITY_IN_THE_PUBLIC_SERVICE

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UNDERSTANDING KEYCONCEPTS:

ETHICS, ACCOUNTABILITY AND

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Rules that define moral conduct according to the philosophy of

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Ethics of any kind concerns right and wrong

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

HOW TO BE ETHICAL IN DECISION

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

1. Identify the Ethical Issues

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Descriptive Metaethics Normative (W

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

DEONTOLOGICAL, e.i. duty theories locate the basis of morality

KANTIANISM or Kantian Ethical Theory is entirely

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

CONSEQUENTIALIST theories determine the value of an action

UTILITARIANISM is a specific strand of consequentialist

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Is the art of directing and controlling the organization by

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. -

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ETHICS: Public Service

Section 4. Eight (8) Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees.

(a). Commitment to Public (e). Responsiveness to the

(f). Nationalism and

(d). Political Neutrality (h). Simple living

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ACCOUNTABILITY: General Concept

RESPONSIBILTY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Responsibility is the duty to respond to

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

• Accountability is literally the ability and/or duty to

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

WHO is considered accountable? (SINO?)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

WHO is considered accountable? (SINO?)

To WHOM he/she is accountable? (KANINO?)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

WHO is considered accountable? (SINO?)

To WHOM he/she is accountable? (KANINO?)

To WHAT STANDARD VALUES is he/she accountable? (SAAN?)

WHO is considered accountable? (SINO?)

To WHOM he/she is accountable? (KANINO?)

To WHAT STANDARD VALUES is he/she accountable? (SAAN?)

By WHAT MEANS is he made accountable? (PAANO)

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ACCOUNTABILITY: Types of Accountability

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ACCOUNTABILITY: Types of Accountability

PLM-SOG (MPA SECTION 20)

ACCOUNTABILITY: Types of Accountability