VIRKY UMMAH 4a EKSTENSI A THESIS

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS AND SPEECH ACTS
FEATURES OF SELF IMPROVEMENT BOOK “DEAR

TOMORROW” BY MAUDY AYUNDA
THESIS
submitted to complete the requirements
attained a master's degree
NAME : VIRKY UMMAH

NPM : 20197470047
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

PASCASARJANA FACULTY
INDRAPRASTA PGRI UNIVERSITY
2021
APPROVAL SHEET
Name : Virky Ummah

NPM : 20197470047
Faculty : Postgraduate Faculty
Study Program : English Education
Thesis Title : Content Analysis of Deixis and Speech Acts
Features of Self Improvement Book “Dear
Tomorrow” by Maudy Ayunda
Has been checked and approved for testing

on the date of ……………………..
Material Advisor Technical Advisor
Prof. Dr. Soenarjati Djajanegara Dr. Anung Haryono, M.Sc
i
FORM OF STATEMENT
With this letter of my signature below,

Name : Virky Ummah
NPM : 20197470047
Study Program : English Education
States that the thesis written entitled “Content Analysis in Deixis and Speech Acts
Features of Self Improvement Book Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda” was
written and finished by myself, and was not duplicate any paper written by
someone else nor copy from someone else writings and not a translation of paper
by someone else. I make this statement that as true as it can be. I am willing to
bear the consequences of any of the statement is false.
Karawang, June 2021

The author,
Virky Ummah
ii
ABSTRACT
A. VIRKY UMMAH; 20197470047
B. Content Analysis in Deixis and Speech Acts Features of Self
Improvement Book Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda
C. x + five chapters + 85 pages
D. Keyword: analysis, deixis, speech acts, and Dear Tomorrow
E. The aim of this research is to analyze how notes to my future self is

applied and application to our daily life in Dear Tomorrow book. Using
descriptive qualitative as a method. This research attempted to reveal
the notes to future self. In identifying the data, deixis and speech acts
are used. The data were mainly collected from the script of author as the
speaker of Dear Tomorrow. From the analysis, 205 data were collected
to the use of person deixis. 126 data were collected to the use of place
deixis. 54 data were collected to the use of time deixis. 37 data were
collected to the use locutionary act. 36 data were collected to the use
illocutionary act. 35 data were collected to the use perlocutionary act.
Moreover, Person deixis and locutionary act are the most common data.
F. References : Book 14 (1962-2018)
G. Advisors :
1. Prof. Soenarjati Djajanegara
2. Dr. Anung Haryanto, M.Sc.
iii
“Please try to think repeatedly before making a decision”
“This thesis
The author presents to her
Dear Father and Mother
Your sacrifice will be remembered for all time”
iv
PREFACE
First of all, the author would like to express gratitude and praise to Allah SWT for
the health, energy, guidance, affection which are given so that, the author can
finish this study entitled “Content Analysis in Deixis and Speech Acts Features of
Self Improvement Book Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda” which is submitted
in partial fulfillment due to requirement of the master degree in English Education
Indraprasta PGRI University.
Furthermore, the author also would like to give gratitude to the wonderful people,
as follows:
1. Prof. Dr. Soenarjati Djajanegara as material thesis advisor Indraprasta PGRI
University
2. Dr. Anung Haryono, M.Sc. as technical thesis advisor Indraprasta PGRI
University.
3. Prof. Dr. H. Sumaryoto as Rector of Indraprasta PGRI University.
4. Dr. Mamik Suendarti as a Dean in Indraprasta PGRI University.
5. Lectures of English Education of Indraprasta PGRI University.
6. The author’s beloved parents; Mr. H. Fauzi Bachtiar, Mrs. H. Eti Fatmawati,
S.Pd, Yanizrah Fauzi, S.Farm, Meuthia Zahara Fauzi, SE and my one brother is
Azhar Faisal Bachtiar, SM who always give the endless support, care and all
the love.
7. My beloved friends in a Extension A class always give the endless support,
care, keep together and all the love.
The author discerns the imperfection of this thesis; accordingly, constructive
suggestion, and correction will be delightfully accepted to make it better.
Karawang, June 2021

The author,
Virky Ummah
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
APPROVAL SHEET................................................................................................i
FORM OF STATEMENT.......................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................iii
MOTTO..................................................................................................................iv
PREFACE................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FEATURES..............................................................................................x
BAB I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1
A. Background..............................................................................................1
B. Identification of Problems.......................................................................2
C. Scope of the Problems.............................................................................3
D. Formulation of Problems.........................................................................3
E. Objectives of the Research......................................................................4
F. Significance of the Research...................................................................4
G. Research Structure...................................................................................5
BAB II LITERATURE REVIEW

H. .................................................................................................................7
A. Theory Basic............................................................................................7
1. Types of Deixis........................................................................................7
2. Types of Speech Acts..............................................................................9
B. Previous Research..................................................................................10
C. Framework of Thinking.........................................................................11
vi
BAB III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................14
A. Time and Research Location.................................................................14
B. Method of the Research.........................................................................14
C. Population and Sample..........................................................................15
D. Technique of Data Collection................................................................16
E. Research Instruments.............................................................................16
F. Technique of Data Analysis..................................................................22
BAB IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................24

A. Data Information....................................................................................24
B. Data Description....................................................................................29
C. Data Interpretation................................................................................45
BAB V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS...............................................46

A. Conclussion...........................................................................................46
B. Suggestions
47
FEATURES
REFERENCES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3.1 First Person Deixis.............................................................................19

TABLE 3.2 Second Person Deixis.........................................................................19
TABLE 3.3 Third Person Deixis............................................................................20
TABLE 3.4 Total of First Person Deixis...............................................................20
TABLE 3.5 Total of Second Person Deixis...........................................................21
TABLE 3.6 Total of Third Person Deixis..............................................................21
TABLE 3.7 Place Deixis........................................................................................22
TABLE 3.8 Total of Place Deixis..........................................................................22
TABLE 3.9 Time Deixis........................................................................................23
TABLE 3.10 Total of Time Deixis........................................................................23
TABLE 3.11 Locutionary acts...............................................................................24
TABLE 3.12 Illocutionary acts..............................................................................24
TABLE 3.13 Perlocutionary acts...........................................................................24
TABLE 4.1 First Person Deixis.............................................................................27
TABLE 4.2 The Total of Deictic Words in First Person Deixis............................30
TABLE 4.3 Second Person Deixis.........................................................................30
TABLE 4.4 The Total of Deictic Words in Second Person Deixis.......................32
TABLE 4.5 Third Person Deixis............................................................................32
TABLE 4.6 The Total of Deictic Words in Third Person Deixis..........................34
TABLE 4.7 Place Deixis........................................................................................35
TABLE 4.8 The Total of Deictic Words in Place Deixis......................................37
TABLE 4.9 Time Deixis........................................................................................38
TABLE 4.10 The Total of Deictic Words in Time Deixis.....................................40
TABLE 4.11 Locutionary acts...............................................................................41
TABLE 4.12 Illocutionary acts..............................................................................42
TABLE 4.13 Perlocutionary acts...........................................................................43
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1...........................................................................................................12
FIGURE 2.2...........................................................................................................13
ix
LIST OF FEATURES
FEATURE 1 DEIXIS TYPES ANALYSIS...........................................................50

FEATURE 2 SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS...........................................................76
FEATURE 3 BOOK COVER................................................................................84
x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Pragmatic theory explains the reasoning or thinking of speakers and
listeners in constructing correlations in the context of a sentence with a
proposition (plan or problem). In this case, pragmatic theory is part of
performance. The study of how we bend something by using sentences are some
reviews of deixis and speech acts.
Yule (2014: 3) argued that "pragmatic is the meaning conveyed by the
speaker (or author) and interpreted by the listener (or reader).
That was, pragmatic view languages based on speakers and speech
partners. This is because pragmatic views are based on external factors such as,
speaker, speech partner, speaker time, place of speech, situation of speech,
purpose of speech, situation and event of speech. Social relationships between
speakers and listeners are established through communication. In this case,
language as a communication tool has a very important role in social interaction.
This is found in the choice of words in the form of deixis which is always
changing and depending on the context. Words such as me, he, we, now,
yesterday, here, there, this, that, are deictic words. The word has a meaning that
moves depending on who the speaker is, who is the opponent, what is the
situation, and so on. Absolutely, Each sentence has a category of types of speech
acts.
Human language is used to convey a variety of information in various
forms of writing, such as poetry, novels, textbooks and so on.
1
Accordingly, the use of existing can be found in oral and written conversations.
Here, the author used self improvement book presenting various types and forms
of use of deixis and speech acts can be found. These make the author interested in
analyzing the use of deixis and speech acts in the self improvement book title
"Dear Tomorrow".
The author used a random system in the selection of books for analysis, so
that the theme of the self improvement book content analysis was chosen. With
pragmatics analysis in the book Dear Tomorrow, it is hoped that this research can
be applied in learning English especially for teenagers.
Based on the background on the top, it related with the research, the title in the
research is “content analysis of deixis and speech acts in the self improvement
book title Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda”.
B. Identification of Issues
In the background section, it has been explained that, there are several
forms, in making it easier for the author to explain the problems contained in the
background of this study, the author identify the problem. Problem identification
in the form of:
1. In terms of pragmatic, words that contain deixis we often encounter in
everyday life, as I said, you, this, there. The word is deixis because the referent
moves depending on the speaker and speech partner.
2. A word is said deixis if the referent moves. This is due to several external
factors such as who is speaking, who the opposite person is, what the purpose
2
of the speaker is, when and where a conversation is held, and what are the
conditions and events that occur in the textbooks.
3. The use of deixis which occurs in writing is not only found in poetry and
novels but also can be found in self improvement book, for example, Dear
Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda.
4. From the pragmatic theory, it needs to increase teenagers knowledge of speech
acts of each writing or each sentence in the self improvement book by paying
attention to language rules as the implications of English.
C. Scope of Problem
Based on background of the study had explained, Limitation of the problem
means the range of focus covered by this research in the book of Dear Tomorrow
on April until May 2021.
D. Formulation Research Questions
Based on limitation of the problem on the top, to get research results, it is
needed the formulation of the problem. Based on the limitation of the problems,
they are described in this research can be formulated. The research questions are:
1. What are the purpose and context of the use of deixis and speech acts analysis
from this self improvement book?
2. What are the implications of the results of this study?
3
E. Objective of the Research
Based on the problem on the top, the objective of the research as follows:
1. To describe deixis and speech acts in the book title “Dear Tomorrow” on
April 2021.
2. To describe research implication in learning English.
F. Significance of the Research
The research is expected to give benefits in terms of the theory and
practice as follows:
1. Theoretically, the findings of the study may contribute to more additional
information and explanation on the pragmatics and semantics way to analyze
the dialogues or conversational texts in the self improvement book based on the
deixis and speech acts features especially on the speech act theory and
components of context of the target language. The research is also expected to
add more references to the issue of the research on the self improvement books
analysis in Indonesia in terms of deixis and speech acts features.
2. Practicality the findings of the study is expected to help people in examining
the dialogues objectively based on the deixis and speech acts features or
knowledge. Moreover, it can help people to choose, select, and provide
additional authentic pragmatic and semantic inputs and information from other
supporting learning sources related to the dialogues performed in the self
improvement book to the teenagers so that people will prevent
miscommunication in using the language caused by the different cultures and
4
even give the teachers a suggestion to provide the supplementary materials and
spoken language activities to raise students deixis and speech acts competence
in the target language. The research is also expected to give more information
and references to those who are interested in analyzing the dialogue presented
in the textbook from pragmatics point of view. Furthermore, the results of
the research will give some information of pragmatic features or
knowledge typically contained in dialogues within the textbook or even
suggestions in promoting learners’ deixis and speech acts in self improvement
book through the pragmatic information in order to not only present the
“naturalness‟ of the dialogues carried by the characters in the self
improvement book, but also to successfully reach the goal of deixis and
speech acts competence.
G. Research Structure
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
B. Identification of Problems
C. Scope of Problems
D. Formulation of the Problems
E. Objective of the Research
F. Significance of the Research
G. Research Structure
5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND
FRAMEWORK OF THINKING
A. Literature Review
B. Previous Research
C. Framework of Thinking
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Research Location
B. Method of the Research
C. Population and Sample
D. Research Instrument
E. Technique of Data Collection
F. Research Instrument
G. Techniques of Data Analysis
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Data Information
B. Data Description
C. Data Interpretation
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
B. Suggestions
REFERENCES
FEATURES
6
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review
In this chapter proposed theories that are relevant to the variables involved in
this study. The things presented include types of deixis and kinds of speech acts.
1. Types of deixis
In this study, the author discussed the deixis part according to Alan Cruse,
namely outer-speech deixis consisting of: persona deixis, spatial deixis, and
temporal deixis.
According to Yule (1996) deixis is a way of pointing by using
language. Deixis is manifested by deictic expressions, that is, the words
which perform the pointing (p. 9). Purwo (1984) stated that deictic words do
not have an exact referent because it depends on who the speaker is, when the
utterance is produced, and where the utterance is taken place (p. 1). Some
examples of deixis expressions are words such as you, here, and now in
English.
According to Yule (1996), there are three kinds of deixis (p. 9). There
are as follows:
a. Person Deixis
Person deixis was the use of deixis to point to people (Yule, 1996,
p. 9). Levinson (1983) explained that the three basic grammatical
distinctions, that are the first person, second person, and third person, may
7
function to conduct the pointing (p. 69). However, it was important to be
noted that deixis is egocentric in which the speaker becomes the centre
point and relates everything from his point of view (Lyon, 1977, p. 638).
In other words, a speaker operates the three basic grammatical distinctions
used as person deictic expressions based on his own view.
Person deixis in Indonesian language may reflect the relation
between the participants as well as the way the speaker views the
addressee. Therefore, the person deictic expression in Bahasa Indonesia is
distinguished between the familiar form and the non familiar or polite
form. Some most well-known examples are the use of ‘Aku’ and ‘Saya’
as well as ‘Kamu’ and ‘Anda’. Purwo (1984) stated that in Bahasa
Indonesia, leksem kekerabatan (kinship lexemes) such as ‘Bapak’, ‘Ibu’,
etc. may also conduct the pointing (p. 23).
b. Spatial Deixis
According to Levinson (1983), spatial deixis concerned with the
location of people or things which is indicated in the speech event. In
English, it is manifested by the adverbs “here” and “there” as well as the
demonstrative pronouns “this” and “that” (p. 79). Yule (1996), however,
added that the location from the speaker’s perspective may also be shown
by some verb of motion, such as “come” and “go” in which “come”
indicates approaching the center, while “go” indicates moving away from
center (p. 12).
8
c. Temporal Deixis
Yule (1996) explained that temporal deixis is concerned with the
use of deictic expressions to indicate time (p. 9). According to Levinson,
this deixis can be manifested by adverbial time such as “now”, “then”,
“soon”, “recently”, etc. (p. 74).
2. Types of Speech Acts
Every action performed by producing an utterance would consist of
three related acts (Yule, 1996:48). These three acts are locutionary act,
illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act, it discussed as follow:
a. Locutionary Act
A locutionary act is the performance of an utterance: the actual utterance
and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts
corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspect of any
meaningful utterance. It is description of what speaker says. It is the act
of using a referring expression and predicting expression.
b. Illocutionary Act
The utterance of the sentence with determinate sense and reference (as
called utterance act). It is description of what speaker says. It is the act of
using a referring expressing and predicting expression. For instance
“Mom, I am hungry”. The referring expression is „I‟.
c. Perlocutionary Act
Perlocutionary its actual effect on the hearer, it means of uttering the
sentence that through locutionary acts illocutionary acts, such as
9
persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise
getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not.
B. Previous Research
These research are relevant to the researcher's thesis. It was successfully
summarized in the study conducted by the following two people.
1. NURHALIMATUSA’DIAH (2018) was student of the English Literature
Department, Cultural Studies Faculty, North Sumatera University. In her
research entitled "AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS FOUND IN SCRIPT OF ONE-
ACT PLAY RIDERS TO THE SEA BY JOHN MILLINGTON SYNGE ". This
study discussed the meaning, the hidden message, the form of using deixis and
the deixis distribution in the contextual meaning analysis of the story. This
research concluded that in the context of a discourse both in the context of
Indonesian discourse and discourse in foreign languages (English) there will
be hidden meanings and messages. To get the hidden meaning, the reader,
especially students, should read the entire sentence first without interpreting
the word. In addition, it is necessary to provide facilities and infrastructure for
reading for readers of students age should be renewed, both at the school level
or at a higher level of education, so that they are interested in reading.
2. Wiji Astuti (2012) was student of Javanese Language and Literature
Education, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Muhammadiyah
University Purworejo. In her research entitled "ANALISIS PRAGMATIK
DALAM NOVEL TRAH KARYA ATAS S DANUSUBROTO".
10
Researcher discussed the use of pragmatics contained in speech in the novel
Trah Karya Atas S. Danusubroto includes three types. Based on speech, the
method of speech includes acts of locution, illocution, and perlocution. Based
on the speech mode, the speech acts of the method include representative,
directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration speech acts. The principle
of cooperation and the principle of courtesy. The principle of cooperation is
the maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of
implementation. The principles of courtesy are maxim of wisdom, maxim of
generosity, maxim of appreciation, maxim of simplicity, maxim of consensus,
and maxim of sympathy. The function of the use of Javanese speech acts
pragmatic contained in the conversation Trah Novel by Atas S. Danusubroto
there is a pragmatic analysis that is useful and provides reading resources and
adds insight to the reader.
C. Framework of Thinking
This study describes the content analysis in deixis and speech acts features
in the title self improvement book "Dear Tomorrow". This refers to the context in
the use of deixis and speech acts of the writing contained in the book. To analyze
pragmatics features in the self improvement book title "Dear Tomorrow" is used
in a descriptive qualitative manner. From the results of the analysis are the
findings in this study, so these findings become the results of research based on
the analysis of the data found. As for the description of the framework of thinking
to facilitate the compilation in a chart as described below.
11
Structure 2.1 Framework of Thinking
CONTENT ANALYSIS IN DEIXIS AND

SPEECH ACTS FEATURES OF SELF
IMROVEMENT BOOK “DEAR
TOMORROW” BY MAUDY AYUNDA
Deixis
Person Deixis Spatial Deixis Temporal Deixis
12
Structure 2.2 Framework of Thinking
CONTENT ANALYSIS IN DEIXIS AND

SPEECH ACTS FEATURES OF SELF
IMPROVEMENT BOOK “DEAR TOMORROW”
BY MAUDY AYUNDA
Speech acts
Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary
13
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Research Location
This study was written in Karawang from April until May 2021.
B. Method of the Research
The research approach of this research is to use a qualitative approach.
“What was meant by a qualitative research approach was research that wanted to
look for contextual meaning as a whole based on the facts used by research
subjects "(Arikunto, 2010: 21-22).
The research design used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method.
Qualitative method was a research method based on the philosophy of post
positivism, used to examine the natural conditions of objects, (as opposed to being
an experiment) where the researcher is a key instrument, data source sampling is
carried out in a proposive and snowball way, collecting techniques with
triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive/qualitative, and the results of
qualitative research and qualitative research results emphasize more on the
meaning of generalization (Sugiyono, 2015: 15).
In this method, the interpretation of qualitative analysis. Data analysis
conducted was inductive based on facts found in the field and then constructed
into a hypothesis or theory (Sugiyono, 2013: 15). Qualitative research methods
were used to obtain in-depth data, a data that contains meaning (Sugiyono, 2012:
15).
14
The choice of descriptive qualitative research method because this
research is examining the use of deixis and speech acts of some expressions
contained in the self improvement book tile "Dear Tomorrow" on April 2021. The
data collected is not numeric, but in the form of qualitative data expressed in the
form of words-word. As a certainty for a situation the results of this study will
contain a variety of data expressions, namely expressions to be described in terms
of a comprehensive and interconnected study. Description of the analyzed data
will be reviewed one by one.
The type of research approach is descriptive. Descriptive research is
research that seeks to tell the solution of existing problems based on data. This
type of descriptive qualitative research used in this study is intended to obtain
information about content analysis in deixis and speech acts features in the self
improvement book title "Dear Tomorrow" in depth and comprehensively. In
addition, the qualitative approach is expected to reveal the use of deixis and
speech acts of each phrase in the self improvement book title "Dear Tomorrow".
C. Population and Sample
The data were gained on the paragraphs in every chapter of Dear
Tomorrow self improvement book. The primary data are some paragraphs from
Dear Tomorrow book. Meanwhile, the sample was collected using non-random or
purposive sampling method from each paragraphs and each quotations found in
the book.
15
D. Technique of Data Collection
"Data collection techniques were the most important step in research
because the main purpose of research was to get data. Without knowing the data
collection techniques, the researcher would not get data that meets the applied
data standards "(Sugiyono 2013: 308). In this study, using secondary data sources,
where the data sources obtained were not directly given to the researcher, but
through several methods or techniques.
There are several kinds of methods or techniques used in qualitative
research with secondary data sources. The data collection techniques used by the
author in this study were observation and documentation techniques. Observations
are made, when the authors pay attention to the teaching material book and then
make a consideration. (Arikunto 2010: 272) said that "recording observational
data is not just recording, but also assessing the object is very, less, or not in
accordance with what we want".
Documentation techniques try to find data in the form of things about
notes, books, and so on. The type of document used by the author in this research
was the observation result of the self improvement book entitled "Dear
Tomorrow".
E. Research Instruments
The instrument of this research is the author himself, because in this study,
the author who searches, finds and analyzes the purpose and context of the usage
of the types of deixis into three types, including: charm deixis, time deixis, and
16
place deixis. In speech acts, there are three types such as: locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary act. They are contained in the self improvement
book title "Dear Tomorrow". This research used documentation techniques, which
are assisted by the working table as follows.
1. Person deixis
Table 3.1 first person deixis
No. Utterances Deictic Words

Table 3.2 second person deixis

Table 3.3 third person deixis
17

Table 3.4 total of first person deixis
Deictic Words Number of Deictic Words
Total
Table 3.5 total of second person deixis
18
Total
Table 3.6 total of third person deixis
Total
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………..
2. Spatial deixis
Table 3.7 spatial deixis

19

Table 3.8 total of spatial deixis

Total
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………..
3. Temporal deixis
Table 3.9 Temporal Deixis

Table 3.10 Total of Temporal Deixis

20
Total
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………..
4. Locutionary acts
Table 3.11 locutionary acts
No Utterances/quotes Meaning
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………..
5. Illocutionary acts
21
Table 3.12 illocutionary acts
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………..
6. Perlocutionary acts
Table 3.13 perlocutionary acts
Data Analysis:
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
F. Technique of Data Analysis
"Data analysis was the process of systematically searching for and
compiling data obtained from interviews, field notes and documentation, by
organizing data into categories, and making conclusions so that they are easily
understood by themselves and others" (Arikunto 2010: 335) . The stages will be
carried out by the author, as follows:
1. Collect and provide data
22
At this stage, the authors collected data in the form of readings,
sentences and expressions in the self improvement book title "Dear
Tomorrow".
2. Provide data
"At the stage of selecting data, it was closely related to selecting,
focusing, summarizing, selecting the main things and transforming the raw
data obtained from the research results" (Arikunto 2010: 247). In this
study, the conversations that occur in the self improvement book, the
authors note that must be researched, then selected to get conversations in
which there are charm deixis, time deixis, place deixis, and kind of speech
acts. Furthermore, it is grouped by deixis types and kind of speech acts.
3. Presentation of data
"In the next stage, namely the stage of presenting data, the author
presented data in the form of tables that have been grouped by type"
(Arikunto, 2010: 305). After all data were grouped in a table, each data
finding was analyzed one by one based on the type, the application of the
deixis and speech acts.
23
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter describes the finding and discussion of data to answer two
problems proposed in Chapter I. They are to find out the kinds of deixis and the
kinds of speech act used in the script of Dear Tomorrow. The author used deixis
theory and speech act proposed by Austin, Levinson, Kreidler and Yule for
supporting these analysis. The author chose some utterances only as the sample to
be described more clearly in this chapter. The whole analysis is enclosed in the
appendices.
A. Data Information
1. Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns with the encoding of the participants role in the
speech event such as speaker, addressee, and others, in which the utterance in
question is delivered. Person deixis can be functioned well if the participants
know the role of the speakers, the situation, and the target of the utterance. In
other words, person deixis is described as expression in which to refer to
person who the speakers intend to refer. For example, the deictic word “it” can
refer to person in utterance it's me and it can refer to something in utterance I
have a cat and I love it very much. So, by using person deixis the speaker can
refer to anything both someone and something. According to Levinson (1983),
person deixis was divided into three-part division they are first person, second
person, and third person.
24
a. First Person Deixis
The first person deixis is the grammatically of the speaker's
referent himself, or both speaker and referent grouped with the
speaker which is expressed in subject pronoun (I, we), object
pronoun (me, us), possessive adjective (my, our), possessive
pronoun (mine, ours) and reflexive pronoun (myself, ourselves). In
the data, the author found the deictic words of first person deixis
used in the play namely me, I, my, myself, we, us. The table below
shows some utterances contain first person deixis found in the data
description.
b. Second Person Deixis
The second person deixis is a deictic referent to a person or
persons identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves,
your, and yours. In the data, the second person deixis is encoded by
the use of word “you”, “your”, and “yourself’. The table below
shows some utterances contain second person deixis found in the
data description.
c. Third Person Deixis
Third person deixis encodes of referent to person and
entities that are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance in
question. According to Levinson (1986), third person deixis could
be identified by the use of word he/him/his/himself,
she/her/herself, and they/them/their/theirs/themselves and it/its. In
25
the data, the third person deixis is found by the use of word him,
he, they, them, his, she, it, himself, her, itself, herself, and
themselves. The table below shows some utterances contain third
person deixis found in the data.
2. Place Deixis
Place deixis is also described as spatial deixis. According to Levinson
(1983), “Place deixis concerned the encoding of spatial locations relative
to the location of the participants in the speech event.” It depends on
where the words uttered. Place deixis can be seen from using of
demonstrative pronoun "this" (plural: these) and "that" (plural: those),
and also demonstrative adverbs "here" and "there".
In the utterances of the play as the research data, the author found 4
deictic words that show place deixis, they are “this”, “that”, “here”, and
“there”. The deictic words “this” and '“here” refer to the location near or
close to the speaker (proximal). The deictic words “that” and “there”
refer to the location away from the speaker or sometime close to the
addressee (distal). The table below shows some utterances contain place
deixis found in the data description.
3. Time Deixis
Time deixis is also called as Temporal Deixis. Time deixis deals
with the encoding at temporal points of the spoken or written message.
Time deixis is referent to time relative to a temporal point of speech event.
Levinson (1983) said that the basis for systems of reckoning and
measuring time in most languages seemed to be the natural and prominent
26
cycles of day and night, lunar months, season and years. Time deixis is
usually grammatical in deictic adverbs of time, such as now, then, soon,
this week, this afternoon, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, next week, last
week, today, and many more.
In the data, the author found the deictic words of time deixis they are
a couple years ago, all this time, sometimes, now, a time, the most of time,
a day, each day, at different times, the first few months, the first time, all
the time, some years ago, soon, at the time, gap year, a year off, in that
year, the first year, days, hours, the next day, two minutes, tomorrow, most
of the time, in the future, last time, many days, every day, in the past, and
these days. The table below shows some utterances contain time deixis
found in the data description.
4. Locutionary act
Austin (1962: 108) stated that locutionary act was roughly equivalent to
uttering a certain sentence with certain sense and reference, which again is
roughly equivalent to meaning in the traditional sense. The locutionary acts
are acts of speaking in the construction of speech, such as uttering certain
sounds or making certain marks, using particular words and using them in
conformity with the grammatical rules of a particular language and with
certain senses and certain references as determined by the rules of the
language from which they are drawn. This is in line with Levinson’s
statement (1983: 236) that the locutionary act was the utterance of a sentence
with determinate sense and reference. Meanwhile, Leech (1983: 199)
27
formulated the locutionary act as s says to h that X, in which s refers to the
speaker, h refers to the hearer, and X refers to the certain word spoken with a
certain sense and reference. Moreover, What is said, the utterance, can be
called the locution. The table below shows some utterances/quotes contain
locutionary act found in the data description.
5. Illocutionary act
Austin (1962: 108) said that illocutionary act was an utterance
which has a certain force. It is an act performed in saying something. It is
the intention behind the words. It is the act of using utterance to perform a
function. When saying something, a speaker does not only produce
utterance with no purpose. S/he forms an utterance with some kind of
function in mind. In Yule’s example “I’ve just made some coffee”, the
speaker makes an offer or statement (Yule, 1996: 48). Closely associated
with the notion of illocutionary acts was the concept of illocutionary force,
the communicative plan, or design behind a speaker’s remark (Leech,
1983: 200). Examples of illocutionary acts include accusing, apologizing,
blaming, congratulating, declaring war, giving permission, joking,
marrying, nagging, naming, promising, ordering, refusing, swearing, and
thanking. The functions or actions just mentioned are also commonly
referred to as the illocutionary force (point) of the utterance. Moreover,
What the speaker intends to communicate to the addressee is the
illocution. The table below shows some utterances/quotes contain
illocutionary act found in the data description.
28
6. Perlocutionary act
According to Austin (1962: 108), perlocutionary act was the
achieving of certain effects by saying something. It concerns the effect an
utterance may have on the hearer. Put slightly more technically, a
perlocution is the act by which the locution and illocution produce a
certain effect in or exert a certain influence on the hearer. Still another way
to put it is that a perlocutionary act represents a consequence or by-product
of speaking, whether intentional or not. Moreover, The message that the
addressee gets, his/her interpretation of what the speaker says, is the
perlocution. The table below shows some utterances/quotes contain
perlocutionary act found in the data description.
B. Data Description
Table 4.1 First Person Deixis

Deictic
No. Utterances words
Sometimes the phrase “be
yourself” confuses me.
Me
So I am most likely a
combination of the many
different people that have
1 surrounded me or inspired me.
I
I so badly wanted to know
who I was. I knew I was lucky
to be able to try so many life
path options--but I still
couldn’t decide. I was
convinced that I had to “find
myself” soon, that all I had to
do was to look inside and find I
29
this inherent self that has been
hiding all this time. I wanted
to know if I was meant to be a
singer, meant to be an
economist, meant to be an
educator, meant to be an
actress.
The many challenges we had

2
to face.
We
Finding myself may be a never I
ending progress and I choose
3 to be excited about the
prospect of being able to
customize myself. Myself
4 The obvious path to take is
laid right in front of my eyes. My
I think the answer depends on
what exactly brings us I
5 happiness
Us
The deictic words of first person deixis “me” and “I” are used in
utterance number 1 in the table. The word “me” functions an object
pronoun of first-person singular. The object pronoun is usually placed
after verb or preposition. Then, the word “I” functions as a subject
pronoun of first-person singular. Based on that reason, the deictic words
“me” and “I” include into the first person deixis because they refer to the
speaker in the speech event. The words “me” and “I” refers to Maudy.
We can see that the words “me” and “I” is spoken by Maudy. Maudy is
the speaker in that utterance. The point of this second statement is that
Maudy confuses herself with the quote 'be yourself' and feels a
combination of everyone who inspired her.
30
The deictic word “we” in utterance number 2 in the table above
includes in first person deixis. The word “we” in the utterance functions as
subject pronoun of first-person plural. The deictic word “we” is first-
person deixis plural because it refers to not only the speaker but also the
addressee as well. The word “we” in the utterance refers to Maudy and
readers. The point of this statement is that there will be many obstacles to
overcome.
In the utterance number 4 deictic word “my” is used. The word
“my” in the utterance includes in first person deixis. The word “my” in the
utterance functions as possessive adjective of first-person singular. In the
utterance above the word “my” refers to Maudy as the speaker. The point
of this statement is that Maudy has found a path in the right direction.
The deictic words “I”, “myself’, and “us” are used in the
utterance number 3 and 5. Those words include in first person deixis. The
word “I” in the utterance functions as subject pronoun of first-person
singular. The word “I” refers to Maurya as the speaker of the utterance.
The word “myself’ in the utterance functions as reflexive pronoun of first
person singular that refers to Maudy’ self as the speaker of the utterance.
The words “I” and “myself” are singular first-person deixis because they
just refer to one person. The last the word “us” refers to Maudy as the
speaker also includes readers as the addressee of her utterance and “us” is
first-person deixis plural because it refers to more than one person. The
point of both statements is that finding yourself is a never-ending progress
31
and Maudy chooses to be excited about the prospect of being able to fit in
and thinks the answer depends on what really makes us happy.
Table 4.2 The Total of Deictic Words in First Person Deixis

I 128
Me 25
My 24
Myself 8
We 15
Us 4
Mine 1
Total 205
The table above shows that there are 6 deictic words of first
person deixis found in Dear Tomorrow, they are I, me, my, myself, we,
and us. Those deictic words belong to first person deixis because first
person deixis is the grammatically of the speaker's referent herself, or
both speaker and referent grouped with the speaker.
Table 4.3 Second Person Deixis

1. With this new understanding of what Yourself
happened and of yourself—look You
beyond, and decide on the new
32
mindsets of changes that you have to
adopt to leave the vicious circle.
Breath, open your eyes, and live your Your

2. days consciously. You
The deictic words of second person deixis “yourself” and “you” are
used in utterance number 1 in the table. The word “yourself” functions an
object pronoun of second-person singular. The object pronoun is usually
placed after verb or preposition. Then, the word “you” functions as a
subject pronoun of second-person singular. Based on that reason, the
deictic words “yourself” and “you” include into the second-person deixis
because they refer to the readers in the speech event. The words “yourself”
and “you” refers to Readers. We can see that the words yourself” and
“you” is spoken by Maudy. Maudy is the speaker in that utterance. The
point of these two statements is to take a new understanding of what is
happening and about ourselves and to decide on a new mindset about the
changes we must implement to leave a vicious cycle.
The deictic word “your” and “you” in utterance number 2 in the
table above include in second-person deixis. The word “your” and “you”
in the utterance functions as object pronoun of first-person plural. The
deictic word “your” and “you” are second-person deixis plural because it
refers to not only the speaker but also the addressee as well. The word
“your” and “you” in the utterance refers to readers. The point of this
statement is to breathe, open your eyes, and live your day with common
sense.
33
Table 4.4 The Total of Deictic Words in Second Person Deixis
You 41
Your 17
Yourself 4
Total 25
The table above shows that that there are 3 deictic words of second
person deixis found in script of Dear Tomorrow, they are you, your, and
yourself. Those deictic words belong to second person deixis because they
refer to addressee of the utterance.
Table 4.5 Third Person Deixis
Deictic
No. Utterances
Words
It is near impossible to know a person’s whole life story—let It
alone be in their shoes completely.
1. Their
Last time I checked, opinions are opinion because they are They
2. subjective and not facts.
You know nothing of how another person got to where he/she. He
3. She
4. It’s difficult to look at the ever so colorful world: with all its It
interconnectedness, its new culture of sharing, without
comparing oneself to others. Its
Its
The deictic words of third person deixis “it” and “their” are used in
utterance number 1 in the table. The word “it” and “their” functions an
object pronoun of third-person singular and plural. The word “it” is
34
categorized as third person deixis because it refers to person that is neither
speaker nor addressee of the utterance. The word “their” functions as
object pronoun of third-person plural. Based on that reason, the deictic
words “it” and “their” include into the third-person deixis because they
refer to the speaker in the speech event. The word “it” refers to nobody.
The word “their” refers to other people's lives. We can see that the words
“it” and “their” is spoken by Maudy. Maudy is the speaker in that
utterance. The point of this statement is that it is impossible for us to know
the full story of a person's life.
The deictic word “they” in utterance number 2 in the table above
includes in third person deixis. The word “they” in the utterance functions
as subject pronoun of third-person plural. The deictic word “they” is third-
person deixis plural because it refers to peoples’ mindset. The word “they”
in the utterance refers to their mindset. The purpose of this statement is
that their opinion is still subjective and not necessarily a fact and truth.
In the utterance number 3 deictic word “he” and “she” is used. The
word “he” and “she” in the utterance includes in third person deixis. The
word “he” and “she” in the utterance functions as subject of third-person
singular. In the utterance above the word “he” and “she” refers to people.
The point of this statement is that we know nothing about how the other
person gets to where he/she is.
The deictic words “it” and “its” are used in the utterance number 4.
Those words include in third-person deixis. The word “it” in the utterance
35
functions as subject pronoun of third-person singular. The word “its’ in the
utterance functions as object pronoun of third-person singular. The word
“it” and “its” refers to nobody. The word “it” and “its” in the utterance
functions as subject and possessive pronoun of third person singular. The
point of this statement is that it is difficult to see a world that is always full
of color: with all its interconnectedness, a new culture of sharing, without
comparing oneself with others.
Table 4.6 The Total of Deictic Words in Third Person Deixis

He 1
She 1
It 20
Itself 1
They 16
Them 1
Their 4
Total 44
The table above shows that there are 7 deictic words of third person
deixis found in Dear Tomorrow, they are he, they, them, she, it, itself, and
their. Those words belong to third person deixis because they encodes of
referent to person and entities that are neither speakers nor addressees of
the utterance in question.
Table 4.7 Place Deixis Utterances

In that case, there are multiple ways to That
achieve that.
1. There
36
2. I definitely learned this the hard way. This
3. Here is the main issue in judging others. Here
I love that girls these days are embracing That
their individuality: designing their own These
lives.
4.
5. But sometimes living alongside others can Those
blur the lines between my own desires and
those others have of me.
The number 1 place deixis as in the table above shows that the
place deixis "that" and "there" are used in the expression. The deictic word
"that" in the sentence refers to the thing / case / event that Maudy said. The
deicitic word "there" in the sample pronunciations in the table indicates
that there are many ways to achieve something.
The number 2 place deixis in the number 2 sentence as in the table
above shows that the word "this" place deixis is used in the expression.
The deictic word "this" in the utterance refers to the place where Maudy
wrote the utterance. It is such a strict path. The deicitic word "this" in
pronunciation indicates that the way of life is being traversed so hard.
Deixis place number 3 sentence number 3 as in the table above
shows that the word place deixis "here" is used in the expression. The
deictic word "here" in the utterance refers to the main issue. Maudy wrote
these words when he thought about the problems in assessing someone's
life.
Deixis place number 4 sentence number 4 as in the table above
shows that the place deixis word "that" and "these" is used in the
37
expression. The deictic words “that” and “these” in the utterance refer to
girls and their current situation. Maudy wrote these words when she
thought that girls these days improve the quality of their own lives.
The deixis in place of number 5, sentence number 5 as in the table
above shows the deixis where "those" is used in the expression. The word
refers to several desires. Maudy wrote these words when he thought that
life was indeed side by side with other people, there was a gap between
Maudy's desires and other people's wishes for Maudy.
Table 4.8 The Total of Deictic Words in Place Deixis

This
13
That 93
Here 3
There 12
These 4
Those 1
Total 126
The table above shows that there are 6 deictic words of place deixis
found in the Dear Tomorrow, they are this, that, here, those, these and
there. The words belong to place deixis because they concern the encoding
of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech
event.
38
Table 4.9 Time Deixis

A couple of years ago, I so badly wanted A couple years ago
1. to know who I was.
I was convinced that I had to “find All this time
myself” soon, that all I had to do was to
look inside and find this inherent self that
2. has been hiding all this time.
Because now I believe that my “self” is Now
not necessarily something to be found
3. inside me.
Sometimes I even felt drowned by Sometimes
expectations.
4.
5. There was a time when I felt a time
overwhelmed with trying to please
everyone else.
The utterance number 1 of time deixis as in the table above
shows that deictic word of time deixis “a couple years ago” is used in the
utterance. The phrase “a couple years ago” in the utterance refers to the
time of speech event when the speaker utters the utterance specially the
time when she wants to know who I am.
shows that deictic words of time deixis “all this time” is used in the
utterance. The phrase “all this time” refers to the time when Maudy felt
sure that she had to find the identity hidden within herself.
shows that deictic word of time deixis “now” is used in the utterance. The
39
deictic word “now” categorized into time deixis because it refers to time
when the speaker did one action. The word “now” refers to the time when
Maudy in that situation believes that he still hasn't found his identity.
shows that deictic word of time deixis “sometimes” is used in the
utterance. The deictic word “sometimes” refers to the time when Maudy
felt too hopeful with expectations.
shows that the phrase of time deixis “a time” is used in the utterance. The
phrase “a time” refers to the time when Maudy felt tired and then tried to
make other people happy.
Table 4.10 Time Deixis in Script of Dear Tomorrow
Deictic words Total of deictic words

A couple years ago 1
All this time 3
Sometimes 5
Now 10
A time 1
The most of time 2
A day 1
Each day 1
At different times 1
The first few months 1
The first time 1
All the time 3
Some years ago 1
Soon 1
40
At the time 2
Gap year 3
A year off 1
In that year 1
The first year 1
Days 1
Hours 1
The next day 1
Two minutes 1
Tomorrow 2
Most of the time 2
In the future 1
Last time 1
Many days 1
Every day 1
In the past 1
These days 1
Total 54
The table above shows that there are 31 deictic words of time
deixis found in the Dear Tomorrow. They are a couple years ago, all this
time, sometimes, now, a time, the most of time, a day, each day, at
different times, the first few months, the first time, all the time, some years
ago, soon, at the time, gap year, a year off, in that year, the first year, days,
hours, the next day, two minutes, tomorrow, most of the time, in the
future, last time, many days, every day, in the past, and these days. Those
41
words belong to time deixis because they deal with the encoding at
temporal points of the spoken or written message.
Table 4.11 Locutionary acts
No. Locutionary
Utterances/Quotes Meaning
Who are you going to be today? What are your mission
1.
(page 3) going to be?
She remembered who she was and
She remembers who she is
2. the world started to listen. (page
and start listening
4)
“Be yourself—not your idea of
what you think somebody’s else Be yourself who different is
3.
idea of yourself should be.” – from the others!
Henry David Thoreau (page 19)
Time does not wait, but it does
4. Time keeps running.
not chase either. (page 13)
“You don’t have to have it all Do not think too much
5. figured out to move forward.” – about the things who hinder
ROY T. BENNET (page 14) our progress!
First, the meaning of speech number one above is what you will
become. Maudy asked readers whether or not it will meet your
expectations. We as readers must reflect on what we will become as long
as it is in accordance with the abilities we have. Second, there is the
second sentence. The meaning of this speech is that she begins to
remember who she is and her life begins with listening. Next, there is the
speech of the third sentence. This sentence means be ourselves without
having to listen to other people's scorn. Then, there is the speech of the
fourth sentence. The point of the fourth sentence is that time will go on.
We as readers are required to make the best use of our time because time
42
is so valuable even if it is only five minutes. Finally, there is an example
of the fifth sentence. The purpose of the sentence is not to think too much
about things that slow down our progress.
Table 4.12 Illocutionary acts
No. Locutionary
Maudy asks what will you
Who are you going to be today?
1. do today
(page 3)
Maudy also remembered
She remembered who she was and
who she was and where to
2. the world started to listen. (page
4) start
Maudy gives a message to

“Be yourself—not your idea of us that be yourself without
what you think somebody’s else having to listen to other
3.
idea of yourself should be.” – people who are far from
Henry David Thoreau (page 19) common sense
Maudy informs that time is

4. running out
not chase either. (page 13)
Maudy quoted what
Bennet said that we have to
“You don’t have to have it all
move forward by adjusting
5. figured out to move forward.” –
ROY T. BENNET (page 14) our abilities without
thinking hard at all.
First, the meaning of speech number one above is Maudy asked
to readers that what you will become. Second, there is the second
speech. The meaning of this speech is that Maudy as speaker begins to
remember who she is and her life begins with listening. Next, there is
43
the speech of the third sentence. This sentence means Maudy gives a
message to readers that being ourselves without having to listen to
other people's scorn. Then, there is the speech of the fourth sentence.
The point of the fourth sentence is Maudy tells us that time will go on.
Finally, there is an example of the fifth speech. The purpose of the
speech is Maudy tells us that not to think too much about things that
slow down our progress.
Table 4.13 Perlocutionary acts
No Locutionary
Who are you going to be today?
1. Who your mission will be
(page 3)
She remembered who she was and Maudy remembered what she had to
2.
the world started to listen. (page 4) do first.
what you think somebody’s else Do not listen to what other people say
3.
idea of yourself should be.” –Henry if it doesn't make sense!
David Thoreau (page 19)
Time does not wait, but it does not
4. Take the best possible time!
chase either. (page 13)
5. figured out to move forward.” – Go forward despite the storm!
ROY T. BENNET (page 14)
First, the meaning of speech number one above is what your
mission will be. Second, there is the second speech. The meaning of
this speech is that she began to remember what the first she did. Next,
there is the third speech. This speech means that do not too much think
what the others say to you if their statements do not make sense. Then,
44
there is the fourth speech. The point of the fourth speech is take the
best possible time because the time is so worth it. Finally, there is an
example of the fifth speech. The purpose of the speech is to step
forward.
C. Data Interpretation
From the above, it was known that person deixis “I” was often found in
this script because the deictic word “I” could be used to refer to either person or
entities of the utterances. Place deixis mostly found in the script was “that”,
because in the script the characters of the play referred to the location far to the
speaker. Time deixis mostly found in the script was “now”, because in the script
the characters of the play referred to the present time of the speech event.
In the other analysis, it was known that locutionary act was often found in
the quotes script because this act is the most easiest to find the meaning than other
acts such as illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
45
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After the author described and analyzed the kinds of deixis and
speech acts in script of Dear Tomorrow, the author made conclusions. The
author concluded that the three kinds of deixis based on Yule’s theory are
used in the Dear Tomorrow, they are person deixis, place deixis, and time
deixis. In the other side, based on Levinson’s theory, there are three kinds
of speech acts such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary
act.
Each deictic word has referent. The referent can be different
because the speaker is different as well, but the different deictic words can
have the same referent. The referents in this play are mostly first persons
because the speakers of the utterances mostly use deictic words that refer
to herself and us as readers entities that are neither speakers nor addressees
of the utterances and because this play tells about all of self improvement
to be better in the tomorrow or future life.
The use of pragmatics in the speech in Maudy Ayunda's book Dear
Tomorrow includes three types of speech acts such as locutionary,
illocutionary, and perlocutionary. The three types of speech acts have
different types of paraphrase but have the same meaning.
46
47
The function of using speech act pragmatics contained in several
excerpts from the self-motivated book Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda,
contains pragmatic analysis which is useful and provides reading sources
as well as adding insight and self-motivation for readers.
B. Suggestions
After completed this thesis, the author presents some suggestions
such as: For other researchers who want to conduct research about deixis,
the author hopes they are able to describe in more detail about deixis and
they can conduct the research about kinds of deixis and the referents in
different objects, for example: magazines, newspapers, or another written
text. The other researchers can also conduct a research about the use of
anaphora and cataphora in deixis.
The author suggests to the readers and English learners who
analyze deixis should understand and have knowledge about the theory of
deixis because deixis is an important study to know the purpose and the
meaning of referent in the utterances. By knowing the kinds of deixis
which are person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis as well as with the
referent it can help the readers to comprehend text and also to understand
the contents, the context, and what the speaker means by the utterance.
Readers are advised to listen more intensively because it is very
beneficial for life. The researcher hopes that the next researchers regarding
pragmatic analysis need to be studied more deeply and broadly because

48
there are still many other things that have not been revealed. This study
can be used as a reference for language researchers to examine several
self-motivational quotes with different studies.

49
The last, the author will close this thesis with a quotation:
“Many actions can be justified; but it does not mean that they are right,” – Maudy
Ayunda
FEATURE 1
DEIXIS TYPES ANALYSIS
A. PERSON DEIXIS
Chapter 1 notes on being your self
No Utterances First person

.
1. So I am most likely a combination of the many different I, me, and me
people that have surrounded me or inspired me.
2. Secondly, the integrated nature of the digital world today We
basically means that we are exposed to so many versions
of selves
3. Sometimes the phrase “be yourself” confuses me. Me
4. I so badly wanted to know who I was. I knew I was I, I, I, I, I, I, I,
lucky to be able to try so many life path options--but I and I
still couldn’t decide. I was convinced that I had to “find

myself” soon, that all I had to do was to look inside and
find this inherent self that has been hiding all this time.
5. I wanted to know if I was meant to be a singer, meant to I and I
be an economist, meant to be an educator, meant to be an
actress.
6. So I looked and looked inside me, evaluated my past I, me, me and
actions, but couldn’t really pinpoint any one thing that my
defined me.
7. So I started to look outside instead. I
8. My “self” will grow as I change and interact with my I and my, my,
community, my work, and my world. my, my
9. I looked at the people around me, the people who I, me and me

inspired me.
10. I looked at meaningful and inspiring work that others I
.
had done.
11. I looked at the world, humanity, and the many challenges I and we
we had to face.
12. And I think from it, I learned more about my “self” than I, I, I, I and
I thought I ever could. my
13. I learned that I looked up the people who, through their I and I
art, could move hearts and minds.
14. I learned that I got excited when talking to people about I and I
education reform.
15. I learned, that I looked up to strong independent women I and I
who lived by principles of morality and equality.
16. I don’t know if I have found my true self, but I now have I, I, I, I and
a better idea of who I want to be. my
17. I am also much more content with me as I am. I, I, I, me and

Because now I believe that my “self” is not necessarily me
something to be found inside me.

18. Finding myself may be a never ending progress and I Myself,
choose to be excited about the prospect of being able to myself and I
customize myself.
19. I have other individuals to learn from, and a place to I
always belong to.
20. But sometimes living alongside others can blur the lines My and me
between my own desires and those others have of me.
21. Others have their own ideas on when I should pursue a I
Masters degree (if at all), get married, etc.
22. Sometimes I find myself questioning which beliefs are I and mine
truly mine and which are societal norms.
23. I can’t deny that there has been times when I needed to I, I and my
put my own interests first.
.
24. Because at some point, my unhappiness made it more My and me
difficult to make others around me happy.
25. There was a time when I felt overwhelmed with trying to I
please everyone else.
26. I started to stress myself out, trying to achieve everything I and myself
yet achieving nothing at all.
27. I became entangled in a mess of effort and potential— I
instead of fruition.
28. I didn’t make anyone else happy, and worse, I was I and I
unhappy too.
29. I eventually decided to stop looking to please others, and I and me
started to do what felt right for me.
30. Strangely enough, by doing this, I was then able to make I and me
myself and the people around me smile.
No Utterances Second
. person
1. Sometimes the phrase “be yourself” confuses me. Yourself
2. that it can be so intuitive to find yourself in others Yourself
3. It is ridiculously crucial to filter the expectations that you You, yourself,
put on yourself, because it will affect the energy in your and your
very own universe.

4. They affect your mindset and therefore, the decisions and Your and you
actions that you take.
No Utterances Third person

.
1. I learned that I looked up the people who, through their Their
2. They affect your mindset and therefore. They
Chapter 2 notes on dreams

.
1. Recently I’ve realized that just staying where I am and I and I
being content, can dangerously turn into complacency.
2. In other words, choosing to stay in my comfort zone can My, myself,
be a risk in itself—a risk where I rid myself of my my, and
myself
potential, strip myself from new experiences and new
opportunities to grow.
3. A person once asked me, “Does it matter that you love Me
what you do? Or do you just have to do it well?”
4. I think the answer depends on what exactly brings us I
happiness.
5. if I find happiness in the act of writing a song, then I, I, and I
regardless on whether songwriting is something I am
good at, I should still do it.
6. But for others (and I think this might include me), the I and me
source of happiness is the end, not the means.
7. For me, what motivates me is the conviction and desire Me and me
to be impactful.
8. I quickly became more comfortable in my learning I and my
environment, and started enjoying the process.
9. I decided to see new standards as challenges, as I, I, and I
reminders that I was in a place where I would
continuously grow, improve, and learn.
10. At my lowest, I decided to change my perspective. I and my
11. I started overplaying my weakness, convinced that others I, I, I, I, and
were more capable than I was, and before I knew it, I my
.
started to disagreed my goals and label them as too
ambitious.
12. It took even heavier toll on me when I looked around and Me, I, and my
compared my process with others.
13. I made myself feel like I always had a deadline looming, Myself, I, I,
because I believed that I had to feel stressed all the time and I
in order to do well.
14. I like some of the others did. I
15. I was hard on myself if I didn’t understand something the I and I
first time around.
16. Instead of believing in myself, I let that fear steer the first I and I
few months that I was there.
17. I was so scared and intimidated by the idea of studying in I
a place where everyone else had also beaten the odds of
being accepted in the first place.
18. One of the hardest things that I had to go through in I and I
college was having to adapt to new standards—much
higher ones than I have ever encountered before.
19. I realize that the key to achieving thins is to prioritize and I and we
minimize the distractions that may get in the way of
achieving the single most important thing we choose to
do.
20. In task alternating, we do get a lot of things done: but not We
by trying to do them all at once, instead by choosing to
work in phases, focusing on different things at different
things at different times.
21. I used to take pride in the act of “multitasking” but the I, me, and I
author made me realize that what I should do is not
multitasking but task alternating.
.
22. This view completely shook my world. My
23. I read a book called THE ONE Thing by Gary Keller, I
that really changed the way I looked at time.
24. Time moves along, and it is our responsibility to make Our and us
the most of the time that has been given to us.
25. I wrote this partly as a reminder to myself. I and myself
26. I once wrote on a song, “time doesn’t wait for anyone”. I
27. My happiness is knowing that I can inspire people, I can My, I, and I
bring change people’s lives, and bring positivity in the
world.
28. When feeling under pressure, I try not to bet on the idea I and I
that what I’m working for will be achieved no matter
what.
29. I think finding motivation in a guaranteed result can be I, I, I, and I
scary—if there is any point along the way where I feel
like I will not achieve the goal—I will most likely
become demotivated and stop the process.
30. Instead, I seek to find motivation from the conviction I and I
that “at least I’ve tried’, regardless of whether or not the
dream will be achieved.
31. Regret is my greatest disincentive. My
32. Change is super scary for most people—myself included. Myself
33. Looking back, I realized however, that many of the I and my
milestones and important steps in my life have been
brought about by change.
34. In 5th grade, that change came when a group of casting My
directors went to my school to scout a talent for a movie.
35. I was randomly picked, went through an audition, got a I, my and I
callback, and my entire life changed when I decided to
.
take the project.
36. I always go back to some years ago, when I have only I and I
graduated high school.
37. I had applied for several universities abroad and had I
received offers from them.
38. However, my parents—understandably—were hesitant My
about sanding me so far, so soon.
39. I was only seventeen years old at the time. I
40. Thus, I had to take a gap year—a year off between high I, my and I
school and university where my family and I could have
a think.
41. At the time, I was devastated. I
42. I loved the idea of going to college—I couldn’t imagine a I and I
whole year off.
43. Mainly I was afraid of being left behind—that my peers I, my, me and
would graduate before me and that my world will burn my
and crash.
44. It is amazing to see now that taking a gap year, which I I, I and my
saw as a door closed on my face, in fact opened many
more doors than I could ever imagine.
45. In that year, I ended up focusing on my singing career: I and I
which was detrimental to the platform that I currently
have.
46. Even more importantly, because of the extra year, I was I, I, and my
able to apply to my dream university: oxford—where I
eventually went to study.
47. I suddenly realized that the closed door that I was crying I, I, and I
over—was never the one I wanted away.
48. The universe has secrets—ways of letting us know which Us and us
.
path is truly for us.
49. I definitely learned this the hard way. I
50. The only reason I didn’t apply to my dream university I, my, and I
the first year, was because I was drowned in doubt.
51. I had people tell me that I couldn’t possibly reach good I, I, and I
enough grades for oxford if I still did movie shoots or
vocal recordings while going to school.
52. I was so engulfed in my own self-doubt that a possible I and my
outcome suddenly became the only outcome.
53. And my self-doubt prevented me from chasing my My, me, and
number one dream. my
54. I was lucky that because of my gap year, I was given a I and I
second opportunity.
55. But I can only imagine the regret that I would have to I, I, me, and
live with—if self-doubt was the only thing standing my
between me and my dreams.
No Utterances Second person

.
1. Does it matter that you love what you do? Or do you just You, you, and
have to do it well? you
2. Doing something that you love, inspires you to do that You, you, and
thing often, and so you will naturally get better at it you
3. Let it fuel your desire to prove them wrong Your

4. Remember the times that people have said, “you can’t do You and you
that” or “that’s really difficult”, and yet you achieved it
anyway.
.
1. In other words, choosing to stay in my comfort zone can Itself
be a risk in itself—a risk where I rid myself of my
potential, strip myself from new experiences and new
opportunities to grow.
2. Among the other perspectives that he shared, he spoke He and he
about people’s tendency in wanting to get everything
done in a day.
3. He warned that this can be counterproductive: instead, he He and he
reminded me that not everything matters equality.
4. It is uncomfortable, and is sometimes followed with a It
phase of second-guessing oneself.
Chapter 3 notes on love

.
1. Someone does something hurtful towards me, Me
forgiveness is probably the best response.
2. If not for the inflictor, but for me. Me
3. Forgiving someone, gives a sense of peace and Me
understanding that brings me closer towards
contentment.
4. I would argue that sometimes the best combination is to I, me and my
forgive and then cut the string between me and the cause
for my pain.

.
1. Hall-hearted love leaves the deepest scars, tint the most You
regret, and haunt you with “what ifs”.
2. Loving without limits in a relationship makes you feel You, your,
.
like you’re given your all, tried your best. and your
3. If it works out well, perfect, if it doesn’t, you will have You, you, and
no regrets because you did all you could. you
4. Sometimes the people closest to you can be the most You

toxic.
5. Because even the most caring people can lead you astray. You
6. They either instill self-doubt in you, or they lead you to You, you,
perceive yourself negatively i.e that you cannot achieve you, and your
things on your own.

7. where you only see a tiny speck of color and miss out on You and you
the whole image. When you spend days and hours in
close proximity with a person

.
1. If it works out well, perfect, if it doesn’t, you will have It and it
no regrets because you did all you could.
2. but it intrigues me that the two choices of actions given It and they
by the question above are paired as they are.
3. And it is often difficult to weed them out, because It, them, it and
simply, it can be difficult to tell that they are indeed they
giving you negative influence.

4. Notice that the motive behind these words are positive They
(be it love, affection), but in essence, they are
discouraging.
5. They either instill self-doubt in you, or they lead you to They and they
perceive yourself negatively i.e that you cannot achieve
things on your own.
6. It is like getting so close to a painting It
7. it can be near impossible to look at the person in a It
subjective way.
Chapter 4 notes on mindsets

.
1. Oh I just love questions on subjectivity. I
2. We can go into the gory philosophical details, but let’s We
not.
3. I don’t think that’s healthy. I
4. Past mistakes are there to remind us where we’ve been, We, we, and
they become constant reminders that we should always ourselves
strive to improve ourselves, and they pave the way for

better actions in the future.
5. Looking in the mirror, we don’t always like what we see. We and we
6. The only things we see are the lack of symmetry, that We and we
little mark that never fades, and all other things we lack.
7. Without realizing that we are being spoon-fed a We
misleading currency of worth.
8. I am prone to the alluring call of procrastination and I
delay.
9. If the dream is big enough, I’m sure that it will feel like I
you have ages to go.
10. At that point, we’re not really letting our mind decide, We, we and
we’re letting stress and exhaustion decide for us. us

.
1. Realize that you are basically an accumulation of the You and you
experiences and people around you.
2. You know nothing of how another person got to where You
.
he/she.
3. Realize that you could be wrong. You
4. Instead remember that the search for moral truth will be a Your
constant battle between the general truth (those adopted
by others and the world), and your own.
5. Evaluate the past and understand why you did what you You and you
did.
6. Be curious of your own storyline: the people who lead Your and you
you astray, what actions were crucially damaging, and
what things led to that crucial point in the first place.
7. With this new understanding of what happened and of Yourself and
yourself—look beyond, and decide on the new mindsets you
of changes that you have to adopt to leave the vicious

circle.
8. Breath, open your eyes, and live your days consciously. Your and your
9. Develop strong self-conviction so that you are not You
vulnerable.
10. Think about whether these people who cause your Your and your
insecurity really add value to your life.
11. Some people say that your worth is something to be Your
found.
12. But don’t just look for your worth within, but create it. Your
13. Define what you think is worth it. You
14. Define your sense of worth and develop it. Your
15. Like all things valuable, your own worth needs building Your
and nurturing.
16. It is very natural to gravitate towards the things you want You and you
to do as opposed to the things you have to do.
17. Especially when you feel like you have all the time in the You
.
world to achieve whatever it is.
18. Imagine the one thing that you want to achieve right You
now.
19. Now think of the time range that you think it will take. You
20. Don’t rely on tomorrow to get things done: there will be You
brand new distractions, and you might never get around
to it.
21. You never know what drives them, whether they’ve been You
through a traumatic life experience, or why they have
grown into the individuals that they are.
22. Criticism should excite you: it means people care enough You and you
to evaluate you.
23. But it is on us to know when criticism stops being Your
constructive and starts feeding in to your insecurities.

.
1. You know nothing of how another person got to where He and she
he/she.
2. Everyone in this world will eventually have to draw their Their
own line.
3. Past mistakes are there to remind us where we’ve been, They and they
they become constant reminders that we should always
4. They are just opinions. They
5. Last time I checked, opinions are opinion because they They
are subjective and not facts.
6. They only affect you because they matter. They and they
.
7. It’s difficult to look at the ever so colorful world: with all It, its and its
its interconnectedness, its new culture of sharing, without
comparing oneself to others.
8. They say “look within”. They
9. Is it a sense of compassion, purpose? It
10 Is it energy from helping others? It
11. Is it power and desire to change the world for the better? It
12. Is it intelligence? It
13. Is it kindness? It
14. Now think of the time range that you think it will take. It
15. Don’t rely on tomorrow to get things done: there will be It
to it.
16. It is near impossible to know a person’s whole life story It and their
—let alone be in their shoes completely.
17. You never know what drives them, whether they’ve been Them, they,
through a traumatic life experience, or why they have they and they

18. Criticism should excite you: it means people care enough It
to evaluate you.
19. But it is on us to know when criticism stops being It
constructive and starts feeding in to your insecurities.
20. It is near impossible to know a person’s whole life story It and their
—let alone be in their shoes completely.
B. PLACE DEIXIS
Chapter 1 notes on being yourself

No Utterances Place deixis
.
1. So I am most likely a combination of the many different That
people that have surrounded me or inspired me.
2. Secondly, the integrated nature of the digital world today That and that
basically means that we are exposed to so many versions
of selves, that it can be so intuitive to find yourself in
others.
3. I was convinced that I had to “find myself” soon, that all That, that, that
I had to do was to look inside and find this inherent self and this
that has been hiding all this time.

4. So I looked and looked inside me, evaluated my past That
actions, but couldn’t really pinpoint any one thing that
defined me.
5. I looked at meaningful and inspiring work that others had That
done.
6. I learned that I looked up the people who, through their That
7. I learned that I got excited when talking to people about That
education reform.
8. I learned, that I looked up to strong independent women That
who lived by principles of morality and equality.
9. Because now I believe that my “self” is not necessarily That
10. Suddenly, I had to figure out of career, a relationship, This
adulthood—all the while trying to understand this whole
thing called independence.
11. The warmth and support that is reciprocated in That
communities and families are truly special.
12. But sometimes living alongside others can blur the lines Those
.
13. It is ridiculously crucial to filter the expectations that you That
put on yourself, because it will affect the energy in your
very own universe.
14. They affect your mindset and therefore, the decisions and That
actions that you take.
15. The key word here is “sometimes”. I can’t deny that Here, that, and
there has been times when I needed to put my own there
interests first.
16. There was a time when I felt overwhelmed with trying to There
17. Strangely enough, by doing this, I was then able to make This
myself and the people around me smile.
No. Utterances Place deixis

1. In that case, there are multiple ways to achieve that. That and there
2. Recently I’ve realized that just staying where I am and That
being content, can dangerously turn into complacency.
3. A person once asked me, “Does it matter that you love That
what you do? Or do you just have to do it well?”
4. The challenge with this question is the fact that the two That
things above often go hand.
5. Doing something that you love, inspires you to do that That and that
thing often, and so you will naturally get better at it, and
will eventually do it exceptionally well.
6. On the other hand, if a person does something well, it is That
also likely that they will grow to enjoy it—perhaps
because of the appreciation and recognition that the skill
may bring.
7. My happiness is knowing that I can inspire people, I can That
bring change people’s lives, and bring positivity in the
world.
8. In that case, there are multiple ways to achieve that. That and there
9. Time moves along, and it is our responsibility to make That
the most of the time that has been given to us.
10. I read a book called THE ONE Thing by Gary Keller, That
that really changed the way I looked at time.
11. Among the other perspectives that he shared, he spoke That
done in a day.
12. He warned that this can be counterproductive: instead, That and this
he reminded me that not everything matters equality.
13. This view completely shook my world. I used to take This and that
pride in the act of “multitasking” but the author made me
realize that what I should do is not multitasking but task
alternating.
14. I realize that the key to achieving thins is to prioritize That and that
and minimize the distractions that may get in the way of
achieving the single most important thing we choose to
do.
15. One of the hardest things that I had to go through in That
college was having to adapt to new standards—much
higher ones than I have ever encountered before.
16. Instead of believing in myself, I let that fear steer the That and that
first few months that I was there.
17. I started overplaying my weakness, convinced that others That
were more capable than I was, and before I knew it, I
started to disagreed my goals and label them as too
ambitious.
18. When feeling under pressure, I try not to bet on the idea That
that what I’m working for will be achieved no matter
what.
19. I think finding motivation in a guaranteed result can be There
scary—if there is any point along the way where I feel
like I will not achieve the goal—I will most likely
become demotivated and stop the process.
20. Looking back, I realized however, that many of the That
milestones and important steps in my life have been
brought about by change.
21. There is no doubt about that. That and there
22. Mainly I was afraid of being left behind—that my peers That and that
would graduate before me and that my world will burn
and crash.
23. It is amazing to see now that taking a gap year, which I That
24. In that year, I ended up focusing on my singing career: That and that
have.
25. I suddenly realized that the closed door that I was crying That and that
over—was never the one I wanted away. The universe
has secrets—ways of letting us know which path is truly
for us.
26. I definitely learned this the hard way. This
27. I had people tell me that I couldn’t possibly reach good That
enough grades for oxford if I still did movie shoots or
vocal recordings while going to school.
28. I was so engulfed in my own self-doubt that a possible That
outcome suddenly became the only outcome.
29. I was lucky that because of my gap year, I was given a That
second opportunity.
30. But I can only imagine the regret that I would have to That
live with—if self-doubt was the only thing standing
between me and my dreams.
31. Remember the times that people have said, “you can’t do That, that and
that” or “that’s really difficult”, and yet you achieved it that
anyway.
32. Remember the thrilling rush of doing something that That
people thought impossible.

.
1. Obviously the answer to this question will mostly depend This and that
on the specific circumstances that ones is in.
2. but it intrigues me that the two choices of actions given That
by the question above are paired as they are.
3. Anger, animosity, and vengeance, are bad energies that That
can take anyone further away from happiness.
4. Forgiving someone, gives a sense of peace and That
understanding that brings me closer towards
contentment.
5. I would argue that sometimes the best combination is to That
for my pain.
6. And it is often difficult to weed them out, because That
simply, it can be difficult to tell that they are indeed
giving you negative influence.
7. Notice that the motive behind these words are positive That and these
(be it love, affection), but in essence, they are
discouraging.
8. They either instill self-doubt in you, or they lead you to That
.
perceive yourself negatively i.e that you cannot achieve
things on your own.

.
1. That is where the individual is crucial: our role as That
constant evaluators.
2. There are so many inspiring women taking up powerful There and that
roles that perhaps used to be male dominant.
3. Here is the main issue in judging others. Here
4. Realize that you are basically an accumulation of the That
experiences and people around you.
5. Realize that some of the most ridiculous theories were That
once commonly endorsed.
6. Realize that you could be wrong. That
7. Instead remember that the search for moral truth will be a That
constant battle between the general truth (those adopted
by others and the world), and your own. The objective
vs. the subjective.
8. That is where the individual is crucial: our role as That
constant evaluators.
9. Everyone in this world will eventually have to draw their This
own line.
10. Past mistakes are there to remind us where we’ve been, There and that
11. Be curious of your own storyline: the people who lead That
.
you astray, what actions were crucially damaging, and
what things led to that crucial point in the first place.
12. With this new understanding of what happened and of This and that
yourself—look beyond, and decide on the new mindsets
of changes that you have to adopt to leave the vicious
circle.
13. Develop strong self-conviction so that you are not That
vulnerable.
14. Think about whether these people who cause your These
insecurity really add value to your life.
15. The only things we see are the lack of symmetry, that That and that
little mark that never fades, and all other things we lack.
16. Without realizing that we are being spoon-fed a That
misleading currency of worth.
17. Some people say that your worth is something to be That
found. They say “look within”.
18. Imagine the one thing that you want to achieve right That
now.
19. Now think of the time range that you think it will take. That
20. If the dream is big enough, I’m sure that it will feel like That
you have ages to go.
21. Don’t rely on tomorrow to get things done: there will be There
to it.
22. You never know what drives them, whether they’ve been That
through a traumatic life experience, or why they have
23. It is up to us to remind ourselves that they are not always That
right.
.
24. Most of your mental exhaustion may be caused by That
worrying about things that you have no control over.
25. At that point, we’re not really letting our mind decide, That
we’re letting stress and exhaustion decide for us.
26. Trust me, most of the time, these decisions would not These and that
have been that one we should make in normal
circumstances.
27. There are so many inspiring women taking up powerful There and that
roles that perhaps used to be male dominant.
28. I love that girls these days are embracing their That and these
individuality: designing their own lives.
29. I think social media platforms help bring this to the This
surface; young girls are now able to see inspiring ladies
do what they do while sharing it with the world.
30. I think this is due to a crucial misunderstanding of what This
being a feminist entails.
31. Some people take it to express anti-male sentiment: that That
it demands to take away power from men.
32. It is a symbol of acknowledgement that there persists That
gender privilege, unequal access to resource and
standards of judgement on the basis of gender.
33. It criticizes gender roles that are limiting. That
34. I wish that we can have more conversation-to discuss and That and this
talk about important issues like this.
35. To prevent misunderstandings-and to give this movement This
the respect it deserves.
36. I love the efficiency and access to information that it That
brings.
37. But as is the case with most revolutionary breakthroughs, There and that
.
there are costs that come with it.
38. For the young generation, with interconnectedness There
through social media and other platforms, there is an
expensive price to pay: our time and productivity.
39. I cannot imagine the time that I have lost because of my That
smartphone and social media.
C. TIME DEIXIS
Chapter 1 notes on being yourself
No Utterances Time deixis

.
1. A couple of years ago, I so badly wanted to know who I A couple
was. years ago
2. I was convinced that I had to “find myself” soon, that all All this time
I had to do was to look inside and find this inherent self
that has been hiding all this time.
3. I don’t know if I have found my true self, but I now have Now
a better idea of who I want to be. I am also much more
content with me as I am.
4. Because now I believe that my “self” is not necessarily Now
5. Sometimes I even felt drowned by expectations. Sometimes
6. But sometimes living alongside others can blur the lines Sometimes
7. Others have their own ideas on when I should pursue a Sometimes
Masters degree (if at all), get married, etc. sometimes I
find myself questioning which beliefs are truly mine and
which are societal norms.
8. There was a time when I felt overwhelmed with trying to a time

.
1. Time moves along, and it is our responsibility to make The most of
the most of the time that has been given to us. time
2. Among the other perspectives that he shared, he spoke A day
done in a day.
3. Start with one thing each day: one thing that is most Each day
important, the one thing that would either make
everything else easier, or redundant.
4. In task alternating, we do get a lot of things done: but not At different
by trying to do them all at once, instead by choosing to times
work in phases, focusing on different things at different
things at different times.
5. Instead of believing in myself, I let that fear steer the first The first few
few months that I was there. months
6. I was hard on myself if I didn’t understand something the The first time
first time around.
7. I made myself feel like I always had a deadline looming, All the time
because I believed that I had to feel stressed all the time
in order to do well.
8. I always go back to some years ago, when I have only Some years
graduated high school. ago
9. However, my parents—understandably—were hesitant Soon
about sanding me so far, so soon.
10. I was only seventeen years old at the time. At the time
.
11. Thus, I had to take a gap year—a year off between high gap year and a
school and university where my family and I could have year off
a think.
12. At the time, I was devastated. At the time
13. It is amazing to see now that taking a gap year, which I gap year
14. In that year, I ended up focusing on my singing career: In that year
have.
15. The only reason I didn’t apply to my dream university The first year
the first year, was because I was drowned in doubt.
16. I was lucky that because of my gap year, I was given a Gap year
second opportunity.

.
1. I would argue that sometimes the best combination is to Sometimes
for my pain.
2. Sometimes the people closest to you can be the most Sometimes
toxic.
3. When you spend days and hours in close proximity with Days and
a person, it can be near impossible to look at the person hours
in a subjective way.
.
1. Humanity has asked questions of morality since forever. Forever
2. I often catch myself holding on to my phone for a The next day
dangerously long time-and for two minutes I would and two
minutes
question the meaning of life before forgetting again the
next day.
3. young girls are now able to see inspiring ladies do what Now
they do while sharing it with the world.
4. Issues like female empowerment are now amplified and Now
louder than ever.
5. Trust me, most of the time, these decisions would not Most of the
have been that one we should make in normal time
circumstances.
6. Don’t rely on tomorrow to get things done: there will be Tomorrow
to it.
7. Past mistakes are there to remind us where we’ve been, In the future
8. Last time I checked, opinions are opinion because they Last time
are subjective and not facts.
9. Especially when you feel like you have all the time in the All the time
world to achieve whatever it is.
10. Imagine the one thing that you want to achieve right Now and now
now.
Now think of the time range that you think it will take.
11. Many days of delay will eventually lead to a big delay Many days
too.
12. Don’t rely on tomorrow to get things done: there will be Tomorrow
.
to it.
13. Whether it is something you are waiting for, a failure in Every day and
the past, a major regret—some things haunt us every day in the past
and discourage us to move forward.

14. Trust me, most of the time, these decisions would not Most of the
have been that one we should make in normal time
circumstances.
15. I love that girls these days are embracing their These days
individuality: designing their own lives.
16. I think social media platforms help bring this to the Now
surface; young girls are now able to see inspiring ladies
do what they do while sharing it with the world.
FEATURE 2
SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS
A. LOCUTIONARY ACT
Locutionary
No.
1. Who are you going to be today? What are your mission going to be?
She remembered who she was and She remembered who she was and
2.
the world started to listen. began listening
what you think somebody’s else Be yourself who different is from the
3.
idea of yourself should be.” – others!
Henry David Thoreau
4. Time keeps running.
not chase either.
Do not think too much about the
things who hinder our progress!
ROY T. BENNET
Can you remember who you Can you remember who you were
6. were, before the world told you before the others found out?
who you should be?
If you only do one thing today, What is the first thing you will do?
7.
what would it be?
Staying at your comfort zone vs Choose in comfort zone or risky
8.
taking risks
Success is liking yourself, liking Success starts with loving what we do
9. what you do, and liking how you
do it. –Maya Angelou
There’s so much time, yet so Take advantage of the situation and
10.
little, make the most of it. time, even if only for a moment
Make the comeback stronger than Try to get up after failure
11.
setbacks.
We cannot become what we want Still be yourself even though you can
12. by remaining what we are. –Max not grant all our wishes
Depree
“Doubt kills more dreams than Anything that leads to anomalies will
13.
failure ever will.” –Suzy Kaseem invalidate the dream
“Impossible is just an opinion.” – Nothing is impossible in this world
14.
Paulo Coelho
Whoever we learn to make a
15. It is not the strongest of the
Locutionary
No.
species that survive, nor the most movement for change.
intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change.
Being underestimated is one of Starting from being underestimated
16. the biggest competitive will be a tough person tomorrow
advantages you can have.
What was one thing that you did Are we proud of what we have done
17.
today that made you proud? today?
Who deserves a “good morning” Who is the first person to say good
18.
from you today? morning?
“Love is never wasted, for its True love does not depend on being
19. value does not rest on reciprocated
reciprocity.” –C.S. LEWIS
Aim to give love, exude love, and Give all love
20.
embrace love.
Do not be afraid to give, because Try to give love and the universe will
even if the subject of your love give you everything
21.
gives less in return. The world
will give back so much more.
Stay away from people who make Stay away from toxic people
22.
you feel like you are hard to love.
Don’t forget to fall in love with Give priority to loving yourself
23.
yourself first!
“Years of love have been forgot, Love can be hate because of one
24. in the hatred of a minute.” –Edgar mistake
Allan Poe
How does it feel to fall in love with
25. How do you fall in love?
someone else for the first time?
Slowly, rationally, and then all at Slow but sure
26.
once.
Sometimes love simply doesn’t Sometimes love can hurt
27.
make sense—and that’s okay.
Do you feel loved right now?
28. Did you feel loved today?
What is a life philosophy you’re What is our philosophy of life starting

29.
going to try and live today? today?
Many actions can be justified but Not always the actions that have been
30.
it doesn’t mean that they are right. done are always right
31. “In order to love who you are, To love yourself, learn from
you cannot hate the experiences experience
that shaped you.” –Andrea
Locutionary
No.
Dykstra
Don’t ask people for directions Ask the right person for directions
32. when they’ve never been where
you are going.
“Just remember that sometimes, One party may not be one-side with
the way you think about a person the other
33.
isn’t the way they actually are.” –
John Green
“Life becomes easier when you Life becomes easy if it was easy to
34. learn to accept an apology you forgive something
never got.” –Robert Brault
He offered the world, she said she He offers everything but he feels she
35.
had her own. has
“Wherever you are, be all there.” Try to adapt wherever we are
36.
–Kim Elliot
Are we feeling good right now?
37. Are you happy?
B. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
Illocutionary
No.
Maudy asks us what will we do today.
1. Who are you going to be today?
She remembered who she was and Maudy also remembers who she was
2.
the world started to listen. and where to start.
“Be yourself—not your idea of Maudy gives a message to us that be
what you think somebody’s else yourself without having to listen to
3.
idea of yourself should be.” – other people who are far from
Henry David Thoreau common sense.
Time does not wait, but it does Maudy informs that time is running
4.
not chase either. out.
Maudy quoted what Bennet said that
“You don’t have to have it all we have to move forward by adjusting
our abilities without thinking hard at
ROY T. BENNET
all.
Can you remember who you Maudy asks you that know who we
6. were, before the world told you are before others know.
who you should be?
7. If you only do one thing today, Maudy advises us that we should try
Illocutionary
No.
what would it be? to do one useful thing today.
Staying at your comfort zone vs Maudy tells us that every choice has
8.
taking risks consequences.
Success is liking yourself, liking Maudy motivates us that success is
9. what you do, and liking how you loving what we do.
There’s so much time, yet so Maudy tells us that time was precious.
10.
little, make the most of it.
Make the comeback stronger than Maudy tells that try to get up after the
11.
setbacks. first failure.
We cannot become what we want Maudy quoted Depree as saying that
12. by remaining what we are. –Max we try to be what we need.
Depree
“Doubt kills more dreams than Maudy advised us that doubt can be
13.
failure ever will.” –Suzy Kaseem discouraged to achieve dreams.
Maudy advises us through Coelho's
“Impossible is just an opinion.” –
14. quote that nothing is impossible in this
Paulo Coelho
world.
It is not the strongest of the Maudy motivates us that anyone who
species that survive, nor the most can survive will produce results.
15.
Being underestimated is one of Maudy motivates us that starting from
16. the biggest competitive being underestimated will be a tough
advantages you can have. person tomorrow.
Maudy encouraged us that at least
What was one thing that you did
17. there are things that make us feel good
today that made you proud?
about what we have done today.
Who deserves a “good morning” Maudy asked who deserved to be the
18.
from you today? first to say good morning.
“Love is never wasted, for its Maudy quotes from Lewis's quote that
19. value does not rest on true love does not depend on being
reciprocity.” –C.S. LEWIS reciprocated
Aim to give love, exude love, and Maudy tells that love gives everything.
20.
embrace love.
Do not be afraid to give, because Maudy motivates us that we try to
even if the subject of your love give love then universe will give you
21.
gives less in return. The world everything
22. Stay away from people who make Maudy tells us that we maintain our
Illocutionary
No.
closeness with people who can respect
us
Don’t forget to fall in love with Maudy tells us that love yourself first.
23.
yourself first!
Maudy asks us that how it feels to fall
in love for the first time.
Slowly, rationally, and then all at Maudy reminds us that do not be rash
25.
once. in being idealistic.
Sometimes love simply doesn’t Maudy reminds us that love can lead
26.
make sense—and that’s okay. to nonsense if treated unkindly.
Maudy wonders that whether we
27. Did you feel loved today?
feeling love right now or not.
What is a life philosophy you’re Maudy reminds us that we have at
28.
going to try and live today? least one philosophy in our life.
Many actions can be justified but Maudy reminds us that the actions that
29.
it doesn’t mean that they are right. have been taken are not always right.
“In order to love who you are, Maudy quoted Dykstra's quote that
you cannot hate the experiences history begins to shape you for a better
30.
that shaped you.” –Andrea change.
Dykstra
Don’t ask people for directions Maudy reminds us that we must try to
31. when they’ve never been where ask the right person for directions.
you are going.
“Just remember that sometimes, Maudy quoted Green's quote that our
the way you think about a person thoughts are not necessarily the same
32.
isn’t the way they actually are.” – as others.
John Green
“Life becomes easier when you Maudy tells us that learning to be
33. learn to accept an apology you forgiving.
Maudy tells that every man tries to
He offered the world, she said she give everything but they are denied by
34.
had her own.
women as if he has everything.
“Wherever you are, be all there.” Maudy reminds us that wherever we
35.
–Kim Elliot are to try to adapt.
Maudy wonders that whether we
36. Are you happy?
feeling happy now or not
C. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
Perlocutionary
No.
Utterances/quotes Meaning
1. Who are you going to be today? Who will your mission be?
She remembered who she was and Maudy remembered what she had to
2.
the world started to listen. do first.
what you think somebody’s else Do not listen to what other people say
3.
idea of yourself should be.” – if it does not make sense!
Henry David Thoreau
4. Take the best possible time!
not chase either.
5. figured out to move forward.” – Go forward despite the storm!
ROY T. BENNET
Can you remember who you Know who we are before others know
6. were, before the world told you
who you should be?
If you only do one thing today, Try to have done one thing that is
7.
what would it be? useful today
Staying at your comfort zone vs Every choice has consequences
8.
taking risks
Success is liking yourself, liking Success is loving what we do
9. what you do, and liking how you
There’s so much time, yet so Time is so precious
10.
little, make the most of it.
Make the comeback stronger than Try to get up after the first failure
11.
setbacks.
We cannot become what we want Try us to try to be what we need
12. by remaining what we are. –Max
Depree
“Doubt kills more dreams than Dare to achieve dreams
13.
failure ever will.” –Suzy Kaseem
“Impossible is just an opinion.” – In this world, nothing is impossible.
14.
Paulo Coelho
It is not the strongest of the Whoever we can survive will pay off
species that survive, nor the most
15.
Being underestimated is one of Starting from being underestimated
16. the biggest competitive will be a tough person tomorrow
advantages you can have.
17. What was one thing that you did At least there are things that make
Perlocutionary
No.
you feel good about what we have
today that made you proud?
done today
Who deserves a “good morning” Our mothers could be the first to say
18.
from you today? good morning
“Love is never wasted, for its True love does not depend on being
19. value does not rest on reciprocated
reciprocity.” –C.S. LEWIS
Aim to give love, exude love, and Perfection of love
20.
embrace love.
Do not be afraid to give because The world will give so much more if
even if the subject of your love we are happy to share
21.
gives less in return. The world
Stay away from people who make We should be far from toxic people
22.
Nobody deserves as much as love Love yourself
23.
from you, than yourself.
Don’t forget to fall in love with Do not give priority to loving other
24.
yourself first! people
What is our position if we feel like
something?
Slowly, rationally, and then all at Do not be too quick to make
26.
once. decisions!
Sometimes love simply doesn’t Love is blind
27.
make sense—and that’s okay.
What is a life philosophy you’re At least you have a philosophy in your
28.
going to try and live today? life even if only one
Many actions can be justified but Not always the actions that have been
29.
it doesn’t mean that they are right. done are always right
“In order to love who you are, History begins to shape you for a
you cannot hate the experiences better change
30.
that shaped you.” –Andrea
Dykstra
Don’t ask people for directions Ask the right person for directions
31. when they’ve never been where
you are going.
“Just remember that sometimes, Of course our thoughts can be
the way you think about a person different from others
32.
isn’t the way they actually are.” –
John Green
33. “Life becomes easier when you Learn to be forgiving
Perlocutionary
No.
learn to accept an apology you
He offered the world, she said she Do not expect to be given worldly
34.
had her own. happiness by a man
“Wherever you are, be all there.” Wherever our environment, adapt it
35.
–Kim Elliot well.
We try not to be sad
36. Are you happy?
FEATURE 3
BOOK COVER
REFERENCES
Austin, J. (1962). How To Do Things With Words. Oxford: At the Clarendon
Press.
Astuti, W. (2012). ANALISIS PRAGMATIK DALAM NOVEL TRAH KARYA ATAS
S DANUSUBROTO. PURWOREJO: UNIVERSITAS
MUHAMMADIYAH.
Ayunda, M. (2018). Dear Tomorrow: Notes to My Future Self. Yogyakarta: PT.
Bentang Pustaka.
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
Levinson, S.C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantic Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nurhalimatusa'diah. (2018). AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS FOUND IN SCRIPT OF
ONE-ACT PLAY RIDERS TO THE SEA BY JOHN MILLINGTON SYNGE.
Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Purwo, B. K. (1984). Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Sugiyono. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan
R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
________. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan . Bandung: Alfabeta.

________. (2015). Metode Peneliitian Kombinasi (Mix Methods). Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Suharsimi, A. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: PT.
Rineka Cipta.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
____, George. 2014. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

FORM EVALUASI I
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
Tahun Akademik 2020/2021
Nama : Virky Ummah

Program Studi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
NPM : 20197470047
Judul Tesis : Content Analysis in Deixis and Speech Acts
Features of Self Improvement Book “Dear
Tomorrow” by Maudy Ayunda
Nilai Rata-rata
No. Aspek yang dinilai
Angka Huruf Angka Huruf
1 Penguasaan Materi
2 Penyajian Tulisan
3 Sistematika Pendekatan Masalah
Catatan Dosen:
Tanda Tangan Pembimbing

Pemberi Materi Pembimbing Teknik
Prof. Dr. Soenarjati Djajanegara Dr. Anung Haryono, M.Sc

VIRKY UMMAH 4a EKSTENSI A THESIS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VIRKY UMMAH 4a EKSTENSI A THESIS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS AND SPEECH ACTS

FEATURES OF SELF IMPROVEMENT BOOK “DEAR

NAME : VIRKY UMMAH

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Name : Virky Ummah

Has been checked and approved for testing

Material Advisor Technical Advisor

Prof. Dr. Soenarjati Djajanegara Dr. Anung Haryono, M.Sc

With this letter of my signature below,

Karawang, June 2021

A. VIRKY UMMAH; 20197470047

B. Content Analysis in Deixis and Speech Acts Features of Self

Improvement Book Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda

C. x + five chapters + 85 pages

D. Keyword: analysis, deixis, speech acts, and Dear Tomorrow

E. The aim of this research is to analyze how notes to my future self is

1. Prof. Soenarjati Djajanegara

2. Dr. Anung Haryanto, M.Sc.

The author presents to her

Dear Father and Mother

Your sacrifice will be remembered for all time”

Karawang, June 2021

BAB II LITERATURE REVIEW

BAB IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................24

BAB V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS...............................................46

TABLE 3.1 First Person Deixis.............................................................................19

FEATURE 1 DEIXIS TYPES ANALYSIS...........................................................50

listeners in constructing correlations in the context of a sentence with a

proposition (plan or problem). In this case, pragmatic theory is part of

reviews of deixis and speech acts.

Yule (2014: 3) argued that "pragmatic is the meaning conveyed by the

speaker (or author) and interpreted by the listener (or reader).

That was, pragmatic view languages based on speakers and speech

speaker, speech partner, speaker time, place of speech, situation of speech,

purpose of speech, situation and event of speech. Social relationships between

speakers and listeners are established through communication. In this case,

language as a communication tool has a very important role in social interaction.

Human language is used to convey a variety of information in various

forms of writing, such as poetry, novels, textbooks and so on.

be applied in learning English especially for teenagers.

book title Dear Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda”.

in the form of:

1. In terms of pragmatic, words that contain deixis we often encounter in

moves depending on the speaker and speech partner.

conditions and events that occur in the textbooks.

Tomorrow by Maudy Ayunda.

4. From the pragmatic theory, it needs to increase teenagers knowledge of speech

attention to language rules as the implications of English.

Based on background of the study had explained, Limitation of the problem

on April until May 2021.

D. Formulation Research Questions

Based on limitation of the problem on the top, to get research results, it is

from this self improvement book?

2. What are the implications of the results of this study?

2. To describe research implication in learning English.

F. Significance of the Research

The research is expected to give benefits in terms of the theory and

1. Theoretically, the findings of the study may contribute to more additional

information and explanation on the pragmatics and semantics way to analyze

components of context of the target language. The research is also expected to

analysis in Indonesia in terms of deixis and speech acts features.

2. Practicality the findings of the study is expected to help people in examining

knowledge. Moreover, it can help people to choose, select, and provide