A HISTORY OF GLOBAL

POLITICS: CREATING AN
INTERNATIONAL ORDER
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify key events in the development of
international relations;
 Differentiate internationalization from
globalization;
 Define the state and the nation;

 Distinguish between the competing

conceptions of internationalism; and
 Discuss the historical evolution of international
politics.
THE WORLD
 It is composed of many countries or
states having different forms of
government.
 Interests of scholars of politics:
1. Internal politics
2. Interactions between states (trade deals)
 Differentiate international relations
and internationalization.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

political,military, and
other diplomatic
engagements between
two or more countries
INTERNATIONALIZATION

deepening of interactions
between states
Not equal with
globalization but a major
part of globalization
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TODAY

Defined by events that

occurred as far back as
400 years ago.
 THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S WORLD
POLITICS
1. There are countries or states that
are independent and govern
themselves.
2. These countries interact with each
other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations
that facilitate these interactions.
4. International organizations take on
lives of their own.
What are the
origins of this
system?
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 The nation-state is a
relatively modern
phenomenon in human
history, and people did
not always organize
themselves as countries.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 At different parts in the history
of humanity, people in various
regions of the world have
identified exclusively with units
as small as their village or their
tribe, and at other times, they
see themselves as members of
larger political categories like
the “Christendom”.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 The nation-state is
composed of two non-
interchangeable terms.
 Not all states are
nations and not all
nations are states.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE

 Example: Scotland
 It has its own flag and
national culture, but still
belongs to a state called
the United Kingdom.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Example: Bangsamoro
 It is a separate nation
existing within the
Philippines but, through
their elites, recognizes the
authority of the Philippine
state.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE

 If there are states with

multiple nations, there
are also single nations
with multiple states.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Example: Korea
 It is divided into North and
South Korea.
 Example: Chinese Nation
 May refer to the People’s
Republic of China (the
mainland) and Taiwan.
 What then is
the difference
between
nation and
state?
 STATE
 In layman’s terms, it
refers to a country and
its government, i.e. the
government of the
Philippines.
 STATE
 Four Attributes:
1. It exercises authority over a
specific population (citizens).
2. It governs a specific territory.
3. It has a structure of government
that crafts various rules that
people follow.
4. It has sovereignty over its territory.
 STATE
 Sovereignty here refers to
internal and external
authority.
 Internally, no individuals
or groups can operate in a
given national territory by
ignoring the state.
 STATE
 Externally, sovereignty
means that a state’s
policies and procedures
are independent of the
interventions of other
states.
 NATION
 It is an “imagined
community.” (Benedict
Anderson)
 Calling it “imagined” does
not mean that the nation is
made-up.
 NATION
 Calling it “imagined” means
the nation allows one to feel
a connection with a
community of people even if
he/she will never meet all
of them in his/her lifetime.
 NATION
 In a given national territory
like the Philippine
archipelago, you rest in the
comfort that the majority of
people living in it are also
Filipinos.
 NATION
 It is limited. Why?
 It does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”.
 The rights and
responsibilities are mainly
the privilege and concern of
the citizens of that nation.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Most nations strive to become
states.
 Nation-builders can only feel a
sense of fulfillment when that
national ideal assumes an
organizational form whose
authority and power are
recognized and accepted by “the
people.”
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Moreover, if there are
communities that are
not states, they often
seek some form of
autonomy within their
“mother states.”
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Nation and state are
closely related.
 Why?
 Because it is nationalism
that facilitates state
formation.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Why?
 In the modern and contemporary
era, it has been the nationalist
movements that have allowed for
the creation of nation-states.
 States become independent and
sovereign because of nationalist
sentiment that clamors for this
independence.
 COUNTRY / NATION-STATE
 Sovereignty is, thus, one of
the fundamental principles
of modern state politics.
 Understanding how this
became the case entails
going back as far as 400
years ago.