Sigmund Freud’s Classical Psychoanalytic

Prepared by: Prof. Gerald M. Llanes, RPm, LPT

 Sigmund Freud’s Classical
Psychoanalytic
• Psychoanalysis is considered as the most interesting,
controversial and famous of all personality theories.
• This is because Freud believed that people are motivated
primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness.
These drives include SEX and AGRESSION which are
considered as the twin comer stones of psychoanalysis.
• Freud believed that all human behaviors have a cause. Nothing
happened simply by chance not even an accident.
• Freud believed that minor mistakes like slips of the tongue are
also manifestations of unconscious motives.
 Sigmund Freud’s Classical
Psychoanalytic
• Freud likewise indicated that through humor a person can
express his aggressiveness or sexual desires without fear of
retaliation by either the ego or the superego.
SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Sigmund Freud was born in Feinberg Moravia (now

Czechoslovakia) He moved to Vienna where he lived for nearly
80 years.
• He died in England one year after his family migrated there.
• He was the first of six children by the second wife of his father.
• He and his mother had a very close and powerful relationship.
• He was an excellent student, graduating as the head of his
class. He was accepted in medical school at the age of 17.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Although he was not interested in medicine he saw it as means

by which he can engage in scientific research.
• He had 6 children one of his daughters Ana, became a famous
child psychiatrist in London.
• Freud worked with Joseph Breuer a successful medical
practitioner, who was then developing a new method of
treating hysteria, a disorder with a wide variety of symptoms
such as paralysis , loss of sensation, disturbance of speech and
sight.
•
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Breuer found out that some of the

symptoms of his patients would
disappear temporarily or
permanently by encouraging them
to express their feelings and
emotions . He called this process
catharsis.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Freud first used hypnosis (induction

of a state of consciousness in which
a person apparently loses the
power of voluntary action and is
highly responsible to suggestion or
direction) for treating hysteria but
later abandoned it because he
found out that not all of his patients
could be hypnotized.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Eventually, he developed the Technique of free association

which he called the " The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis"
here the patients were encouraged to speak freely and to
report whatever their thoughts were, regardless of the
apparent relationship or lack of relationship to their symptoms.
• Then he began his self- analysis because he felt that before
one can analyze others, he must first undergo analysis himself
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• However Breuer found that during the course treatment, the

patient responds to the therapy thinking as if he or she was an
important person in the doctor's life. Breuer called this
transference.
• Likewise, the analyst may also form an emotional attachment to
the patient which he termed counter transference. These can
bring about failure in treatment
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Freud later went to France where he studied under Jean

Charcot , a French psychiatrist who was using hypnosis in the
treatment of hysteria . From Charcot, Freud learned two(2)
things:
• 1. It is possible to treat hysteria as a psychological disorder
rather than as an organic one.
• 2. The possibility that a patient's problem has a sexual basis.
FREUD’S CONCEPT
A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND
 A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND

1. Conscious – those thoughts of which you are currently aware.

2. Preconscious – stores all the thoughts you could bring into
consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to; these are the
thoughts which can easily be recalled without special
techniques.
3. Unconscious – the material that we have no immediate access
to, and that we cannot bring into consciousness except under
certain extreme situation.
A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND
B. THREE STRUCTURES OF THE
PERSONALITY
 B. THREE STRUCTURES OF THE
PERSONALITY

1. Id- It is concerned only with satisfying personal desires,

regardless of the physical or social limitations that might
prevent us from getting whatever we want.
2. Ego- The primary job of the ego is to mediate/ balanced the
demands of the ID and the outer forces of reality .
3. Superego- The moral arm of the personality, it corresponds to
one's conscience.
C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

• Dynamic – motivational principle, to explain the driving forces

behind people’s action. To Freud, people are motivated to
seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety.

• Drives – Freud used the German word Trieb to refer to a drive

or stimulus within the person. It operates as a constant
motivational force. This includes sex drive (libido) and
aggression drive.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

• 1) Sex (Eros) - the aim of this drive is pleasure, but this

pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud believe that
the entire body is invested with libido.
 FORMS OF SEX
• A. Narcissism- it is manifested during the infant who are
primary self-centered, with their libido invested almost
exclusively on their own ego.
 FORMS OF SEX
• B. Love- Love develops when people invest their libido on an
object or person other than themselves.
 FORMS OF SEX
• C. Sadism- The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or
humiliation on another person
 FORMS OF SEX
• D. Masochism- The need for sexual pleasure from suffering
pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• 2) Aggression ( Thanatos)
• This is considered as the destructive drive, according to Freud
the aim of this drive is to return the organism to an inorganic
state.
• The ultimate inorganic condition is death, thus, the final aim of
the aggressive drive is self-destruction.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• 2) Aggression ( Thanatos)
• As with the sexual drive, aggression is flexible and can take a
number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation,
humor, and the enjoyment of other people's suffering.
• The aggressive tendency is present in everyone and is the
explanation for wars, violence, and religious persecution.
FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY
 FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY
• Anxiety
• Freud emphasized that is a felt, affective, unpleasant state
accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person
against impending danger.
• The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint, but
the anxiety itself is always felt.
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY

• 1. Neurotic Anxiety
• Apprehension about an unknown danger.
• People may experience neurotic anxiety in the presence of a
teacher, employer or some other authority figure because they
previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction
against one or both parents.
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY

• 2. Moral Anxiety
• Stems from the conflict between the ego and superego. After
the children established a superego, they may experience
anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict between realistic needs
and the dictates of their superego
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY
• 3. Realistic Anxiety
• This kind of anxiety is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific
feeling involving a possible danger.
• It is closely related to fear.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• The ego is attempting to reduce or avoid anxiety, an
unpleasant emotional experience similar but not identical to
feelings of nervousness, worry, agitation, or panic.
• Awareness of certain unacceptable material creates anxiety.
• How does the ego deal with anxiety-provoking material?
• The ego has at its disposal many different techniques, known
collectively as defense mechanisms, which can be used to
deal with unwanted thoughts and desires.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 1. Repression
• Is a mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety-provoking
thoughts from being entertained in the conscious level.
• Freud believed that all of us use repression, for we all have
material in our unconscious minds we would rather not bring
into awareness.
• Repression is the cornerstone on which the whole structure of
psychoanalysis rests" – Freud
• Repressed wishes can find unconscious outlet is through one's
dream or through unconscious expressive gestures.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 2. Sublimation
• Channeling or substituting of negative id impulses into socially
acceptable actions.
• Freud called this sublimation whereby the unconscious
process of the libido or the sex instinct is transformed into a
more acceptable form as artistic, scientific, social work,
religious activities and the like.
• According to Freud, sublimation is truly successful defense
mechanism, in that the more we use it, the more productive we
become.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 2. Sublimation
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 3. Displacement
• Channeling or substituting our impulses from an original target
to another person or object
• Freud noted that many of our apparently irrational fears, or
phobias, are merely symbolic displacements.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 4. Denial
• When we use denial, we simply state that certain fact do not
exist.
• This is more than saying we do not remember, as in
repression. Rather, we are insisting that something is not true,
despite all evidence to the contrary.
• Denial is an extreme form of defense. The more we use it, the
less we are in touch with reality.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 4. Denial
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 5. Reaction Formation
• Is concealing a motive by giving strong expression to the
opposite.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 6. Projection
• Attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of
to oneself.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 7. Rationalization
• The process of justifying one's conduct by offering socially
acceptable reasons in place of real reasons.
• The excuses are made up to hide or disguise the true motive.
• Forms of Rationalization:
a. Sour-grapes mechanisms - pretending to dislike what one
really likes.
• b. Sweet-lemon mechanisms - pretending to like what one
really dislikes.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 8. Compensation
• The process of engaging in substitute behaviour in order to
cover up or make up social or physical frustration or lack of
ability in a certain area of personality.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 9. Regression
• is a mechanism in which a person turns to an earlier stage of
development when he or she experience stress.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 10. Identification
• defense mechanism by which an individual enhances self-
esteem by taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as
successful.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 11. Undoing
• "cancel out" or "make-up" for a bad act by doing good.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
 E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 1. Oral stage (birth to one year)
• Freud proposed that children enjoy sucking and biting
because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure.
• At the oral stage, the infant child is heavily dependent upon its
parents for the satisfaction of his basic needs, and unless these
needs are catered for the child will experience serious
developmental problems with an everlasting consequence on
his personality.
• These basic needs are that of food, security, love and
affection to mention but just a few. Freud therefore suggested
good child rearing habits such as breast feeding, personal
care, love and affection etc. This stage is called dependency
stage.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 2. The anal stage (one to three years)
• Children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination.
• The anal stage is described in the biological sense of the word.
The child would need to be controlled and guided in the
satisfaction of anal desires.
• This will teach him self control and independent tendencies. The
two combines are very important in the emotional growth and
development of children.
• Excessive punishment for or failure for toilet training may create
a fixated personality.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 3. Phallic stage (three to five years)
• Sexually gratification moves to the genitalia
• During the phallic stage (three to five years), sexual
gratification moves to the genitalia.
• The Oedipus crisis, in which boys sexually desire their mothers
and view their fathers as rivals for their mothers’ love, occurs in
this stage.
• Some theorists have suggested that girls have a similar
experience, the Electra crisis, in which they desire their fathers
and see their mothers as competition for his love.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Both the Oedipus and Electra crises are named after figures in
Greek mythology who lived out these conflicts.
• In the phallic stage, Freud suggests that boys and girls notice
their physical differences. As a result, girls come to evidence
penis envy, the desire for a penis, and boys suffer from
castration anxiety, the fear that if they misbehave, they will be
castrated.
• Boys specifically fear that their fathers will castrate them to
eliminate them as rivals for their mothers.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 4. Latency stage years
• Puberty sexual feeling exist but not yet developed
• During this period, sexual interest is relatively inactive. Sexual
desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the
oedipal or electral complex.
• Sexual energy is now sublimated and converted into sports,
doing school work, riding bicycle etc.
• Children should therefore be assisted to develop a degree of
competence in these areas. The opportunity should also be
adequately provided.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 4. Latency stage years
• Puberty sexual feeling exist but not yet developed
• During this period, sexual interest is relatively inactive. Sexual
desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the
oedipal or electral complex.
• Sexual energy is now sublimated and converted into sports,
doing school work, riding bicycle etc.
• Children should therefore be assisted to develop a degree of
competence in these areas. The opportunity should also be
adequately provided.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 5. Genital stage puberty- Onward
• Adolescent has mature sexual feelings and experiences from
sexual relationship with other
• This period is characterized by obvious sexual maturation
manifested in the onset of puberty at adolescence. There is
renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure through the
genitals.
• Masturbation becomes frequent. Sexual and romantic interest in
others also becomes a central motive.
• Though, relationships are usually for selfish genital pleasures,
individuals at this stage often have genuine care for the loved
ones as much as or more than self.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Sublimation continued to be important during this period as
sexual and aggressive id motives become transformed into
energy for marriage, occupation and child rearing.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Freud suggested that children could get fixated in any
one of the stages. A fixation could result from being
either undergratified or overgratified.

• For instance, a child who was not fed regularly or who

was overly indulged might develop an oral fixation.

• Such people, as adults, might evidence a tendency to

overeat, a propensity to chew gum, an addiction to
smoking, or another similar mouth-related behavior.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Freud described two kinds of personalities resulting from an
anal fixation due to a traumatic toilet training.

• Someone with an anal expulsive personality tends to be messy

and disorganized. The term anal retentive is used to describe
people who are meticulously neat, hyper organized, and a bit
compulsive.

• Fixation in the phallic stage can result in people who appear

excessively sexually assured and aggressive.
F. APPLICATIONS OF FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• According to Freud, dreams are the “ royal road to the

unconscious”. In 1900 he published The Interpretation of
Dreams, presenting for the first time a psychological theory of
what are dreams really mean.
• Freud said that dreams provide the ID impulses with a stage of
expression.
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• A. Wish fulfillment – a representation of what the individual

would like to have.
• B. Repetition compulsion – The dreams are frequently in
people with PTSD who repeatedly dream of frightening,
traumatic experience.
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• 2 CONTENTS OF DREAM:
• A. MANIFEST CONTENT - what the dreamer sees and
remembers the actual literal subject matter of the dream.
• B. LATENT CONTENT - the meaning of the manifest content,
what is the unconscious interpretation of the said dream.
1.DREAM ANALYSIS
1.DREAM ANALYSIS
 2. PROJECTIVE TEST

• Projective tests - are used to evaluate personality in a

very unique way. It describes the process, and shares
examples of the most commonly used projective tests.
• This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic
school of thought, which suggested that people have
unconscious thoughts or urges.
• Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings,
desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious
awareness.
2. PROJECTIVE TEST
2. PROJECTIVE TEST
 3. FREE ASSOCIATION

• Free association - is a technique used in

psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more
about what they are thinking and feeling.
• Freud used free association to help his patients
discover unconscious thoughts and feelings that had
been repressed or ignored.
4. FREUDIAN SLIPS (Parapraxes)

• A Freudian slip, also called parapraxis, is a slip of the

tongue that seems to inadvertently reveal an
unconscious thought or attitude.
• The term "Freudian slip" refers to the psychological
theory that, when a person misspeaks, they are
inadvertently revealing repressed or secret desires.
Freud first wrote about this concept in his 1901
book, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".
4. FREUDIAN SLIPS (Parapraxes)

• In 1979, researchers at UC Davis found that slips of the

tongue occur most frequently when individuals are
under stress or speaking quickly. From these findings,
they concluded that subconscious sexual desires are
not the sole cause of so-called Freudian slips.
 5. HYPNOSIS
• Early experiences with hypnosis helped Freud to
understand that there was more to the human mind
than what one can bring into awareness.
• He argued late in his career that hypnosis provided
proof for the existence of the unconscious.
 6. HUMOR
• According to Freud, for a joke to be funny, it must
contain anxiety provoking material. We laugh only at the
things that bother us. Most often, sex and death are the
favorite topics.
• According to Freud, if you want to know what has been
Repressed in a person’s mind, examine what he or she
finds humorous.
 7. SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR
• Just as our dreams are interpreted by Freudian
psychologist as symbolic representations of our
unconscious desires, so too can many of our daily
behaviors be taken as symbolic gestures of these
unconscious thoughts.