8-MARKS

Q1) What Are Postulates of Bohrs Model of Hydrogen Atom? Discus the Importance of This
Model to Explain Various Series of Line Spectra in Hydrogen Atom.

Ans)

1) Electron in an atom revolves around nucleus in certain fixed circular paths called orbits.
2) Each orbit has fixed amount of energy. So these orbits are also called energy levels.
These orbits are denoted by 1,2,3,……..(or) K,L,M,N…..
3) As long as an electron revolves around the nucleus in a fixed orbit it does not emit (or)
absorb energy. So these orbits are also called as stationary orbits.
4) Angular momentum of revolving electron is quantized and is an integral multiple of
h/2π.

, here, m=mass of electron, v= velocity, r=radius, and h= planks constant

5) Energy is emitted (or) absorbed when electron jumps from one orbit to another orbit.
The energy difference between two orbit is
Here, =energy of the higher orbit, = energy of the lower orbit.
HYDROGEN SPECTRUM-BOHRS EXPLANATION:
1) When electric discharge is passed through gaseous
hydrogen, the electrons in atoms absorb energy.
2) Then they jump into higher energy orbits.
3) In higher orbits, the energy is more but stability is
less.
4) Then the excited electron comes back to lower
orbits in one or multiple steps.
5) Energy is released during this process and it
appears in the form of spectral lines.

6) When an electron jumps from any higher orbit to

i) n=1 produces spectral lines in the UV region. This is named as lyman series.
ii) n=2 produces spectral lines in the VISIBLE region. This is named as BALMER series.
iii) n=3 produces spectral lines in the NEAR IR region. This is named as PASCHEN series.
iv) n=4 produces spectral lines in the MID IR region. This is named as BRACKETT series.
v) n=5 produces spectral lines in the FAR IR region. This is named as P-FUND series.

vi) From the Rydberg equation, wave number

II) Limitations of bohrs model
1) Bohrs theory fails to explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen atom.
2) It fail to explain the spectra of multi electron atoms like He, Li,Be etc..
3) it could not explain the ZEEMAN effect.
4) it could not explain the STARK effect.
5) it is against to de-Broglie’s wave nature and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
6) it fail to explain doublets of spectral lines.
III) Differences berween emission and absorption spectrum
EMISSION SPECTRUM ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
1) it is produced due to emission of energy 1) it is produced due to absorption of
by an excited substance. energy by an substance.
2) it is produced when electrons jump from 2) it is produced when electrons jump from
higher orbits to lower orbits. lower orbits to higher orbits.
3) it has bright lines on dark background. 3) it has dark lines on bright background.
4) 4)

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Q2) How are the quantum numbers n,l,m and s arrived at ? Explain the significance.

Ans ) the quantum numbers n,l,m are arrived by solving Schrödinger wave equation.
They explain
i) The position of electron
ii) Size of the orbit, shape and orientation of orbitals.
1) Principal Quantum number (n)
 It was proposed by BOHRS.
 It is denoted by n
 The values of n are 1, 2, 3, 4… or K, L, M, N…
 Significance : size of the orbit , energy of the orbit
 the maximum number of electrons in nth orbit = 2n2
2) Azimuthal Quantum number ( ) :
 It was proposed by SOMMERFELD.
 It is denoted by
 The values of are 0 , 1 , 2 , 3…….. .
 Significance: shape of orbital s and number of sub shells in a main shell.
 The values 0,1,2,3 corresponds to the sub shells s , p , d , f respectively.
3) Magnetic Quantum number (m ) :
 It was proposed by LANDE.
 It is denoted by m
 The values of m range from to including 0
 Significance: orientation of the orbital in space. Number of orbital’s in a sub shell

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  It explains the Zeeman and stark effect.

4) Spin quantum number (S ) :

 It was proposed by uhlenbeck and goudsmith.
 It is denoted by S

 The values of are (clock wise direction ) and (anti clock wise direction)
 Significance: s signifies direction of spin of electrons.

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Q3) what is periodic property? How the following properties vary in a group and a period?
Explain: (1) atomic radius (2) electron gain enthalpy (3) electro negativity
(4) Ionization enthalpy.
ANS) periodicity: The repetion of properties of elements at certain regular intervals of electronic
configuration is called periodicity and the properties are called periodic properties.
1) Atomic radius: the distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outer most shell of an
atom is called atomic radius.
 In group : from top to bottom the atomic radius gradually increases.
 Reason : the differentiating electron enter s into a new sub shell.
 In period: from left to right the atomic radius gradually decreases.
 Reason : the differentiating electron enter s into a same sub shell.
2) Electron gain enthalpy: the amount of energy released when an electron added to the outer
most shell of the isolated neutral gaseous atom.
 In group: Top to bottom the electron gain enthalpy gradually decreases.
 Reason: Atomic size increases. Nuclear attraction decreases.
 In period: From left to right the electron gain enthalpy gradually increases.
 Reason: Atomic size decreases. Nuclear attraction increases.
3) Electro negativity: the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards
Itself.
 In group: Top to bottom the electro negativity gradually decreases.
 Reason: Atomic size increases. Nuclear attraction decreases.
 In period: From left to right the electro negativity gradually increases.
 Reason: Atomic size decreases. Nuclear attraction increases.
4) Ionization enthalpy: the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the
outer most orbit of an isolated gaseous neutral atom.
 In group: Top to bottom the ionization energy gradually decreases.
 Reason: Atomic size increases. Nuclear attraction decreases.
 In period: From left to right the ionization energy gradually increases.
 Reason: Atomic size decreases. Nuclear attraction increases.
5) nature of oxides of elements:

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  Metal oxides are basic in nature
 Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature
 In group : from top to bottom basic nature gradually increases.
 Reason : from top to bottom metallic nature increases.
 In period: from left to right acidic nature increases
 Reason : from left to right non metallic nature increases.
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Q4) Define IE1 and IE2 .Why is IE2>IE1 for a given atom? Discuss the factors that
affect IE of an element.
Ans) the minimum amount of energy required to remove the mostly loosely bounded electron from a
isolated neutral gaseous atom is called ionization energy.

 first ionization energy: the minimum amount of energy required to remove the mostly
loosely bounded electron from a isolated neutral gaseous atom is called first ionization energy.

 Second Ionization energy: the minimum amount of energy required to remove the electron
from a uni positive gaseous ion is called second ionization energy.

Second ionization energy is always greater than first ionization energy .

Reason: it is due to increase of effective nuclear charge from neutral atom to unipositive ion.
Factors effecting on ionization energy:

1) atomic size:

Atomic size increases ionization energy decreases due to nuclear attraction decreases on
outer most electron.
NUCLEAR CHARGE α IONIZATION ENERGY
2) Nuclear charge:

 Nuclear charge increases ionization energy also increases.

3) Screening effect or shielding effect:
the electrons present in inner orbital’s decreases the nuclear attraction on outer electrons. Is
called screening effect

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  Screening effect increases ionization energy decreases due to nuclear attraction
decreases on outer most electron
4) Penetration power: penetration power increases ionization energy increases.
Penetration power s > p > d > f
5) Half or completely filled electron configuration: half-filled or completely filled electron
configuration elements are more stable so ionization energy increases.
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Q5) Write an essay on s , p , d, and f , block elements.
Ans) Differentiating electron: The last electron entering into atomic orbital is called
differentiating electron. Based on this Differentiating electron the elements are classified into
four blocks. They are S – block, p - block , d - block, f – block.
1) s – block elements:
 The elements in which differentiating electron enters into s – orbital are called s –
block elements.

 The general electronic configuration is .

 It contain two groups namely alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ( )

 Electronic configuration IA - and IIA -

 All are metals and good reducing agents.
2) p - Block elements:
 The elements in which differentiating electron enters into p – orbital are called p –
block elements.
 The general electronic configuration is .
 It contains six groups namely and ZERO groups.
 P – Block elements are non-metals , metals and metalloids.
3) p - block elements:
 The elements in which differentiating electron enters into (n-1)d – orbital are called
d – block elements.

 The general electronic configuration is .

 These are placed in between s – block and p- block elements. It contains 10 groups.
 All are metals ,paramagnetic nature and form complex compounds.
4) f - block elements:
 The elements in which differentiating electron enters into (n-2)f – orbital are called
f – Block elements.

 The general electronic configuration is .

 They are classified into two series 4f and 5f series.
 4f – series are lanthanides.
 5f – series are actinides.

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Q6) What is hybridization? Explain different types of hybridization involving s and p orbital’s.
.
Ans) Hybridization: the inter mixing of pure atomic orbital having nearly equal energy to form
same number of identical orbital’s are called hybridization. That orbital’s are called hybrid
orbital.

Sp – Hybridization:
 The inter mixing of one s – orbital and one p – orbital to form two sp – hybrid orbitals is
called sp – hybridization. 1800
 Example: .
 In central atom Be.
 G.E.
 E.E. it under goes sp hybridization to form 2 sp hybrid orbitals.
 Shape is linear bond angle is

- Hybridization:
 The inter mixing of one s – orbital and two p – orbital to form three sp 2 – hybrid orbitals
is called sp2 – hybridization.
 Example: .
 In central atom B.
 G.E.

 E.E. it under goes sp2 hybridization to form 3 sp2 hybrid orbitals.

 Shape is trigonal planar bond angle is

- Hybridization:
 The inter mixing of one s – orbital and three p – orbital to form four sp 3 – hybrid orbitals
is called sp3 – hybridization.
 Example: .
 In central atom C.

 G.E.

 E.E. it under goes sp3 hybridization

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 to form 4 sp3 hybrid orbital’s.
 Shape is tetrahedral and bond angle is

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4 MARKS
Q11) State Fajans rules with suitable examples.
Ans) fajans rules explain the partial covalent character
of ionic bonds.

 For a given cation , ionic character increases

with decreases in size of anion.
Example: KF is more ionic than KI
 For a given anion, ionic character increases
with increases in size of cation.
Example: CsF is more ionic than LiF
 Ionic character increases with decreases
charges either on cation or anion.
Example: SnCl2 is more ionic than SnCl4.
 Ionic character is more for compound with cation with inert gas electron configuration
than with pseudo electron configuration.
Ex: NaCl is more ionic than ZnCl2.
Q12) what is hydrogen bond? Explain the different type of hydrogen bonds.
Ans) the weak electrostatic force of attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen
atom and a highly electro negative atoms of the same or different molecule is known as
hydrogen bond.
 Hydrogen bond two types
1) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
2) Inramolecular hydrogen bonding
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding:
the hydrogen bond is formed between two different polar molecules is called Intermolecular hydrogen
bonding.
Ex: NH3, H2O
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding:
The hydrogen bond is formed between two atoms of same
Molecules are called Intra molecular hydrogen bonding.

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Q13) Explain the structure of PCl5 –sp3d hybridization.
Ans) The inter mixing of one S-orbital, three P-orbitals, and one d-orbital to give five equivalent
SP3d Hybrid orbital’s
Hybrid orbital’s is called SP3d hybridization.
 In PCl5 the P-under goes SP3d hybridization.

 G. E:

 E. E:
 The 5 SP3d hybrid orbitals overlap with 3Pz orbital
Of chlorine to form 5σ SP3d--p bonds
 Shape is trigonal bipyramid, Bond angle 1200 and 900

Q14) Explain the structure of SF6 –sp3d2 hybridization.

Ans) The inter mixing of one S-orbital, three P-orbital’s, and two d-orbital to give six equivalent
SP3d2 Hybrid orbital’s is called SP3d2 hybridization.
 In SF6 the Sulphur-under goes SP3d2 hybridization.

 G. E:

 1E. E:

 2E. E:
 The6 SP3d2 hybrid orbitals overlap with 2Pz orbital
Of fluorine to form 6σ SP3d2--p bonds
 Shape is octahedral
 Bond angle 1800 and 900
Q15) Explain the structure of CH4 –sp3 hybridization.
- Hybridization:
 The inter mixing of one s – orbital and three p – orbital to form four equivalent sp 3 –
hybrid orbitals is called sp3 – hybridization.
 Example: .
 In central atom C.

 G.E.

 E.E. it under goes sp3 hybridization

to form 4 sp3 hybrid orbital’s.
 Shape is tetrahedral and bond angle is
Q16) Explain the structure of ethylene –sp2 hybridization.

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  The inter mixing of one s – orbital and two p – orbital to form three equivalent sp 2 –
hybrid orbitals is called sp2 – hybridization.
1200
 Example:
 In central atom C.

 G.E.

 E.E. it under goes sp2 hybridization

to form 3 sp2 hybrid orbital’s.
 Shape is trigonal planar and bond angle is 1200

Q17) Give the important postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases.

Ans) kinetic molecular theory of gases.
 A gas contains large number of tiny and discrete particles called molecules.
 Gas molecules move randomly in all directions with high speeds.
 Molecules motions are unaffected by gravity.
 All collisions of gas molecules are perfectly elastic.
 Average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature

Q18) Deduce a) boyles law b) Charles law c) grahams law d) Daltons law of partial pressure
from kinetic gas equation.
Ans)
Boyles law: According to kinetic gas equation Charles law: According to kinetic gas equation

According to kinetic molecular theory of gases According to kinetic molecular theory of gases

(2) (2)

FROM 1 & 2 FROM 1 & 2

This is boyles This is Charles law

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Grahams law: According to kinetic gas equation Daltons law: According to kinetic gas equation

This is Daltons law

Q19) Derive the ideal gas equation from gas laws.

Ans) a gas which obeys all the gas laws under all temperature and pressure is called ideal gas. Ideal gas
equation is obtained by combining three gas laws. They are

"R" is Universal Gas Constant, R = 0.0821 Lit.atm.Mole-1.K-1 and 8.314 J. Mole-1.K-1

Q20) State and explain grahams law of diffusion.

Ans) At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion of given mass of gas is
inversely proportional to square root of its density

(at constant p and T)

If r1and r2 are rates of diffusion of two different gases then grahams law

If t1 and t2 are time taken for the diffusion of v1and v2 are volumes of two gasea
then grahams law

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 .

Q29) Write a few lines on the utility of hydrogen as a fuel

Ans) 1) Hydrogen Releases Large Quantity Of Heat On Combustion Comparing To Any Other
Fuels Like Methane, L.P.G Etc.
2) Pollutants In Combustion Of Hydrogen Will Be Less Than Petrol.
3) Atomic Hydrogen And Oxy Hydrogen Torches Are Used For Welding And Cutting Metal.
4) Hydrogen Also Used As a Rocket Fuel.
5) Hydrogen Also Used In Fuel Cell for Generating Electrical Mechanism.

Q30) Explain the terms hard water and soft water. How is the hardness of water removed by
calgon method?
Ans) soft water:
 Water which give good lather readily with soap is called soft water.
Hard water:
 Water which does not give good lather readily with soap is called hard water.
 The hardness of water due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chloride and
sulphates of magnesium and calcium.

Calgon method: sodium hexametap hosphate (napo3)6 is commercially called calgon.
When calgon is added to hard water it reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to displace
them. Hence hard water becomes soft water.

(M= Mg , Ca)

Q32) Explain, with suitable examples, the following;

(1) Electron deficient (2) electron precise (3) electron rich hydrides.
Ans) 1) electron deficient hydrides:
 These compounds have less number of electrons than required for conventional Lewis
structure. Ex:
2) Electron precise hydrides:

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  These compounds have exactly equal number of electrons than required for
conventional Lewis structure. EX:
3) electron rich hydrides: These compounds have EXCESS number of electrons than
required for conventional Lewis structure. EX: .

39) write MOED FOR N2 and O2..

ANS)

MOED FOR N2 MOED FOR O2.

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Ans)at constant temperature and pressure
Q1) State grahams law of diffusion. the rate of diffusion of gas is inversely
proportional to square root of its density.

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 Ans) The reluctance of electrons to take part
Q2) Which gases diffuses faster among N2 , in bond formation is known as inert pair
O2 ,CH4, GASES? WHY?
effect.
Ans) the rate of diffusion of gas is inversely
proportional to square root of its molecular Due to inert pair effect is more stable than
weight. So CH4 (16) diffuses faster than N2 (28)
and O2(32).

Q26) What is producer gas?

Ans)the mixture of CO and N2 is called
Q3) State Daltons law of partial producer gas. It is obtained by strong
pressure. heating of cock with air.
Ans)At Constant Temperature And
Volume The Total Pressure Exerted By Q27) How is water gas prepared?
The Mixture Of Non-Reacting Gases Is Ans) the mixture of CO and H2 is
Equal To The Sum Of The Partial called water gas. It is obtained by
Pressures Of All Individual Gases. passing steam over the white hot
cocke.

Q4) write the effect of temperature on

sur face tension and viscosity.
Q28) What is synthesis gas?
Ans) Temperature increases surface
Ans) the mixture of CO and H2 is
tension and viscosity decreases
called water gas or synthesis gas or syn
Reason: inter molecular force of attraction
gas.
decreases.

Q5)what is Boltzmann constant. give its

value.
Ans) Gas constant per molecule is known Q46)write any two uses of zeolites.
as Boltzmann constant. Ans) zeolites are used in
 Softening of hard water.
 They act as ion exchangers and
molecular sieves.
 zeolites is used to
convert alcohols directly into gasoline.

Q6) what is surface tension. give its units.

Ans)the force acting per unit length
perpendicular to line drawn on surface
of liquid is called surface tension.

It units=

Q19) Explain inert pair effect.

PROBLEMS

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 Q1)calculate the ratio kinetic energy of 3
moles of hydrogen and 4 moles of oxygen
at a given temperature.

Ans) methane diffuses 2 times faster than sulphurdioxide

Q6)Caluculate the oxidation number of the
KE of hydrogen following under line elements.
a) b) c) d)
KE of oxygen
e) f)
c)
b)
A)

=3:4
Q2) Calculate The Kinetic Energy Of 5
Moles Of Nitrogem At 270c.
e) f)
d) d)
Ans) d)

Q3) Calculate The Kinetic Energy Of Q7) How many number of moles of glucose
Of Nitrogem At 270c. are present in 540 gm of glucose.
Ans) weight of glucose= 540 gm
Molecular weight of glucose=180 gm
Ans)

Q8) How many number of moles are

Q4) Calculate The Kinetic Energy Of Of
present in 200gm of .
oxygen At 270c
Ans)

Ans)

Q9)calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of

sodium carbonate.
Ans)
Q5) How many times methane diffuses faster
than sulphurdioxide?
Ans) from grahams law of diffusion

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 Q10) The Empirical Formula Of Acompound Is

. Its Molecular Weight Is 90.What Is The Q13) Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that
Molecular Formula Of The Compound. could be produced when one mole of carbon is
Ans) empirical formula = burnt in 16 gm of dioxygen.?
Empirical formula weight =
Molecular formula weight=n (Empirical formula
weight)
Ans)

Q11) 4 gm of NaOH dissolved in ml of

solution. calculate molarity of the solution.
Ans)

Q12) Calculate the weight of sodium carbonate

in 0.1 mole sodium carbonate.

)
Ans

Q13) Calculate the normality of oxalic acid

solutions containing 6.3 gm of in
500ml of solution.

Ans)

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