THE INTERNET

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The Internet
What is the Internet?

 Global network of networks that connects

billions of computers and devices

 World’s most extensive public

communication

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History of the Internet

How did the Internet originate?

ARPANET was the ancestor of the Internet
 Networking project by Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA)
 Became functional 1969 with four nodes
 Goal:
 To allow scientists at different locations to share
information
 To function if part of network were disabled

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 History of the Internet
How has the Internet grown?
1969 1986 NSF
ARPANET connects
becomes NSFnet to
functional ARPANET 1996
with four and becomes Internet2 is
nodes known as the founded
Internet

1984 1995 NSFNet 2021 more

ARPANET terminates its than 60% of
has more backbone world
than 1,000 network on population
individual the Internet are Internet
computers and resumes users
linked as status as
hosts research
network

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 Internet Governance
Who owns the Internet?
 No one -, and it has no formal management
 Several organizations set policies and standards
Internet2 (I2)
 Develops and tests advanced Internet technologies
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
 Sets standards and guidelines for the Web (e.g. HTML)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
 Defines the overall structure of the Internet
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
 Manages the domain name system

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 Internet Network Architecture
The Internet backbone
connects to regional
networks, which in turn
provide access to ISPs,
large firms, and government
institutions. Network access
points (NAPs) and
metropolitan area
exchanges (MAEs) are hubs
where the backbone
intersects regional and local
networks and where
backbone owners connect
with one another

Source: Laudon, K.; Laudon, J.: Management Information Systems, 2019

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How the Internet Works
 The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol
 What is a Protocol ?
 An agreement between the communicating parties on
how communication is to proceed
 Set of rules and procedures governing transmission of
information between two points in a network
 What is TCP/IP ?
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) is a suite of communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the internet
 TCP/IP transmits data by breaking it up into small pieces,
or packets
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How the Internet Works

How can you connect to the Internet?

 Slow-speed technology
 Dial-up access modem in your computer uses a standard
telephone line to connect to the Internet
 High-speed connection
 Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable telephone Internet
services (CATV), cable modem (provide connections using
regular copper telephone lines)

 Wireless connection
 Wifi
 Satellite
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How the Internet Works

What are ways to access the Internet?

 Local ISP (Internet Service Provider)

 Regional ISP
 National ISP
 Wireless ISP

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How the Internet Works
How might data travel the Internet using a
telephone line connection?
Step 5. Regional
Step 1. ISP uses leased
Step 3.
Request lines to send data
Data travels
data through to a national ISP
from a Step 4.
telephone
server on Data passes
lines to a
Internet through
local ISP
routers Step 6.
Step 2. Modem
converts digital National ISP
signals to analog routes data
signals across the
country

Step 8.
Server sends Step 7.
data back to National ISP
you passes data to
local ISP

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How the Internet Works

What is a domain name?

 Text version of Internet protocol (IP) address
 Number that uniquely identifies each
computer or device connected to Internet

 Domain Name System (DNS)

 Converts domain names to IP addresses

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How the Internet Works
THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

Domain Name
System is a
hierarchical system
with a root domain,
top-level domains,
second-level
domains, and host
computers at the
third level.

Source: Laudon, K.; Laudon, J.: Management Information Systems, 2019

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The World Wide Web
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
 A worldwide collection of electronic documents

 Also called the Web

 Each electronic document is called a Web page

 Contains text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in connections

 A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

 The web is the most popular Internet service

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The World Wide Web

What is a home page?

 The first page that a Web site presents

 Often provides connections to other Web pages

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The World Wide Web

What is a Web browser?

 Program that allows you to view Web pages
 Google Chrome
 Safari
 Mozilla Firefox
 Microsoft Edge
 Opera

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The World Wide Web

What is a hyperlink (link)?

 Built-in connection to another related
Web page location
 Item found elsewhere
on same Web page
 Different Web page
at same Web site
 Web page at a different
Web site

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 The World Wide Web
 What is an HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)?
• Communications standard used for transferring Web
pages
• First set of letters at the start of every web address,
followed by the domain name, which specifies the
server computer that is storing the document.
 http://www.jnj.com
 What is an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
• Formats documents for display on Web
• Web pages are based on a standard HTML

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The World Wide Web
What is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)?
Unique address for a
Web page

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 The World Wide Web

 What is a Web server?

• Software and hardware for locating and managing
stored web pages.
• Locates the web pages a user requests on the
computer where they are stored and delivers the web
pages to the user’s computer.

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The World Wide Web

What is a search engine?

 Program used to find Web sites and Web pages by

entering words or phrases called search text or
keyword
 Google
 Microsoft Bing
 Yahoo
 Baidu
 Ask

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 The World Wide Web

TOP U.S. WEB SEARCH ENGINES

Google is the most popular

search engine, handling about
64 percent of web searches in
the United States and about
90 percent in Europe.

Source: Laudon, K.; Laudon, J.: Management Information Systems, 2019

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The World Wide Web

What is a hit?
 Any Web site name that is listed as the result of a search
Step 2.
Select type of
search you want
to run

Step 1. Go to search engine Step 3. View hits

Step 4.
Click on
link to view
Web site
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The World Wide Web

What is a subject directory?

 Search tool with organized set of topics and subtopics
 Lets you find information by clicking links rather than
entering keywords

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The World Wide Web

What are Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0?

Web 1.0
 First-generation of the World Wide Web
 Mostly Read-Only
 Static contents
 One Directional
 Companies publish content
 End users are consumers

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The World Wide Web

What are Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0?

Web 2.0
 Second-generation - interactive Web
 Wildly Read-Write
 Bi-directional
 End users are participants
 The social web
 Dynamic content
 Enable people to collaborate, share information, and
create new services and content online

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The World Wide Web
What are Web 2.0 services?
 blog (weblog)
 Personal website
 Personal publishing tools
 Wikis
 Collaborative websites on which visitors can add,
delete, or modify content
 Example: Wikipedia
 Social networking
 Enables users to build communities of friends
and professional colleagues
 Leading social networking sites
• Facebook
• Twitter
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The World Wide Web

Web 3.0
 Third-generation - semantic Web
 Executable Web - makes Internet data machine-
readable
 More tools for individuals to make sense out of the
trillions of pages on the Internet
 Multi-user virtual environment
 Three-dimensional (3D) Web where you can walk
through pages in a 3D environment
 Internet of Things (IoT) - based on billions of Internet-
connected sensors throughout our physical world

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Other Internet Services
What is e-mail?
 Short for electronic mail
 The transmission of messages and files via a computer
network
 One of the original services on the Internet

What is an e-mail address?

 Unique name that consists of a user name and domain
name that identifies the user
 andrea21@yahoo.com

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 Other Internet Services

How does an e-mail message travel?

Step 1.
Using e-mail
software, you
create and send
message

Step 2.
Your software
contacts software Step 4.
on your ISP’s When recipient uses
outgoing mail e-mail software to check
server for e-mail messages, the
message transfers from
incoming mail server to
recipient’s computer

Step 3.
Software on outgoing mail server
determines best route for data and sends
message, which travels along Internet
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Other Internet Services

What is a mailing list?

 Group of e-mail addresses given a single name

 When a message is sent to the mailing list, everyone

on the list receives the message

 To add your name to a mailing list you must

subscribe to it; to remove your name you must
unsubscribe

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Other Internet Services

What is FTP?
 File Transfer Protocol—Internet standard that allows
you to upload and download files with other computers
on the Internet

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Other Internet Services

What are newsgroups and message boards?

 Newsgroup
 Online area where users discuss a particular subject
 Message board
 Type of discussion group

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Other Internet Services

What is a chat?
 Real-time typed conversation that takes place on a
computer
 Chat room is location on server that permits users
to discuss topics of interest

Instant messaging
 Type of chat service that enables participants to create
their own private chat channels
 Alerts the user whenever someone on his or her private
list is online so that the user can initiate a chat

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Other Internet Services
How does Voice over IP (VOIP) work?

A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel
along different routes before being reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest
the call’s destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs
them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.

Source: Laudon, K.; Laudon, J.: Management Information Systems, 2019

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Netiquette

What is netiquette?
 Short for Internet etiquette
 Code of acceptable behaviors users should follow while
on the Internet

Golden Rule: Treat others as

you would like them to treat you.

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