Theory Questions

1. Name three types of slide callipers:

Vernier calliper
a. _________________________________________________________________
Dial calliper
b. _________________________________________________________________

c. Electronic digital calliper.

_________________________________________________________________

2. When using callipers, what are the four things to remember?

a. _________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________

3. Name three types of squares?

Engineers square
a. ________________________________________________________________

Bevel square
b. ________________________________________________________________
Combination Square
c. ________________________________________________________________

4. When using scribers and punches, what safety precautions should you take?

a. ________________________________________________________________
Always ensure the work piece is properly secured to a sturdy surface

b. ________________________________________________________________
Always wear gloves when using a scribe Never strike a punch into hardened
c. ________________________________________________________________
materials with significant force. Doing so may damage the tool or cause you injury
d. ________________________________________________________________
Do not use a punch that has a ‘mushroomed’ or damaged head
5. Why do we use clamps?

To avoid the work piece moving and/or the tool slipping

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________________
____________________________________________________
_________________

6. Identify the tool in the picture?

a) Ball peen hammer

b) Screw driver
c) Scriber

d) Hacksaw

7. Identify then tool in the picture?

 a) Bevel square

b) Engineers square

c) Steel rule

d) Steel rule

8. This type of tool has teeth in diagonal ridges or rows?

a) Surforms

b) Planes

c) Files

d) Saws

9. This tool has a moveable handle

a) Tri-square

b) Bevel protractor

c) Combination square
d) Bevel set

10. The tr-square, combination square, framing square and bevel set are all?

a) Marking tools
b) Measuring tools
c) Clamping tools
d) Finding tools

11. When tightening a nut with an adjustable wrench, always pull the wrench toward you, never push
the wrench away from you.

a) True

b) False

12. Plastic covered handles on wire-cutting pliers may be used to cut low-voltage live electrical wire.

a) True

b) False

13. Vises should always be secured to the workbench with screws.

 a) True

b) False

14. Safety goggles should always be worn whenever you are using hand tools.

a) True

b) False

15. Snips are permissible for cutting wire.

a) True

b) False

16. A centre punch is used to draw lines on steel plate

a) True

b) False

Theory Questions
1) What is Pascal’s Law?

Pressure exerted in a confined space is transmitted equally in all directions.

2) Name five of the main parts of a hydraulic system.

It is a cost-effective and efficient way to produce and control power
a)________________________________________________________
 Easy to maintain
b)________________________________________________________

Mechanically safe
c)________________________________________________________

Adaptable to other forms of power

d) _______________________________________________________

Reversible
e) _______________________________________________________

3) What are five advantages of a hydraulic system?

a)________________________________________________________
the high cost of precision machining for the system components
hydraulic fluid leaks can be an expensive problem
b)_________________________________________________________

protection is required against rust, corrosion, and oil contaminants

c)_________________________________________________________

potential of hydraulic fluid to deteriorate due to ageing

d)__________________________________________________________ and chemical changes

fire hazards associated with some hydraulic fluids,

e)_________________________________________________________ e.g. petroleum-based oil

4) What are three disadvantages of a hydraulic system?

T
e
a) _______________________________________________________________

b) _______________________________________________________________
Text

c) _______________________________________________________________

5) Name four examples of Hydrostatic systems?

a)________________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________

d) ________________________________________________________________
6) Name four advantages of using hydraulic linkages over mechanical linkages?

a) ________________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________

d) ________________________________________________________________
7) Name the two units used to measure hydraulic oil pressure?

a) ________________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________________
Multiple choice
1)- One of the basic principle of hydraulics is

A. Liquids have no shape of its own.

B. Liquids are compressible.

C. Liquids will not transmit applied pressure in all directions.

D. No potential to amplify force.

2)- Pascal’s Law states that.?

A. Pressure exerted in a confined space is transmitted equally in all directions.

B. Hydraulic fluid cannot take on the form of the container
C. Hydraulic systems do not require a input and a output.
D. Gases are not compressible

3)- One of the basic principle of hydraulics is

A. Liquids have no shape of its own.

B. Liquids are compressible.

C. Liquids will not transmit applied pressure in all directions.

D. No potential to amplify force.

Answers
1) Pascal’s Law:

Pressure exerted on a non-compressible fluid at rest in a confined space is transmitted

undiminished and equally in all directions, and acts with equal force at right angles to all
points of the contained fluid.

2) Name five of the main parts of a hydraulic system.

The major components in a hydraulic system consist of:

• a reservoir, the tank which contains the oil or other liquid

• the pump (main mover), which is the source of power for the system
• a pressure relief valve, which is necessary for system safety
• control and regulating valves, to direct and manage the fluid flow
• a cylinder or hydro motor, which is the working part of the pump
• any accessories or extras such as:
o filters

o pressure gauges

o actuators

o piping
 o specific seals and fittings

o accumulators
3) Give five advantages of a hydraulic systems?

a. It is a cost-effective and efficient way to produce and control power

b. Easy to maintain
c. Mechanically safe
d. Adaptable to other forms of power
e. Reversible
4) What are three disadvantages of a hydraulic system?

a. the high cost of precision machining for the system components

b. hydraulic fluid leaks can be an expensive problem
c. protection is required against rust, corrosion, and oil contaminants
d. potential of hydraulic fluid to deteriorate due to ageing and chemical changes
e. fire hazards associated with some hydraulic fluids, e.g. petroleum-based oil

5) Name four examples of Hydrostatic systems?

• Wheel drive systems on some vehicles

• Fork hoists
• Travel and swing motors for excavators
• Chain diggers
• Harvesters
6) Name the two units used to measure hydraulic oil pressure?

a. Kpa
b. Nm

Multiple choice

1) One of the basic principle of hydraulics is

A. Liquids have no shape of its own.

B. Liquids are compressible.

C. Liquids will not transmit applied pressure in all directions.

D. No potential to amplify force.

2). Pascal’s Law states that.?

A. Pressure exerted in a confined space is transmitted equally in all directions.

B. Hydraulic fluid cannot take on the form of the container
C. Hydraulic systems do not require a input and a output.
D. Gases are not compressible

3) One of the basic principle of hydraulics is

A. Liquids have no shape of its own.

B. Liquids are compressible.

C. Liquids will not transmit applied pressure in all directions.

 D. No potential to amplify force.

Writ the component mentioned by the number one to fine in the

figure Pneumatic system .

Force Increase or Decrease

With pure mechanics, it is possible to move a large load with a small

load by making use of a lever and pivot or fulcrum. When the
distance between the pivot point and the load is changed, the amount
of force produced by the load can be increased or decreased.

Figure 6: Unequal load on a pivot point

Figure 7: Unequal load balanced with a change in the pivot point

In the top figure, distance A and B are equal, which means that the
amount of force is greatest for the 10 kg weight. This is because force
= mass x acceleration where acceleration is equal to the gravitational
constant at sea level of 9.81 m/s .
2

This means that:

• the 2 kg weight has a force of 2 x 9.81 = 19.62 N

• the 10 kg weight has a force of 10 x 9.81 = 98.1 N

As can be seen from the calculation, the 10 kg weight has much more
downward force than the 2 kg weight.

When distance A and B are equal, there is no need to calculate an

‘applied’ force (which is just the force mult

iplied by the distance to the pivot), because you are multiplying both
sides by the same number.

Figure 8: Unequal load, using distance to move a heavy object

The calculations show why this happens. Where A = 6 times B then:

• the 2 kg weight has an applied force of 19.62 N X 6 = 117.72 N

• the 10 kg weight has an applied force of 98.1 N X 1 = 98.1 N

Because the applied force from the 2 kg weight is more (117.72 N)

than the applied force from the 10 kg weight (98.1 N), the 2 kg
weight will move the 10 kg weight up.

The same principles can be applied to the use of hydraulic fluid to

create hydraulic advantage. Changing the size of the surface area that
the fluid pushes against changes the amount of applied force that is
generated.

Figure 9: Simple lever and hydraulic system

The lever provides a mechanical increase in force to the master

cylinder. This is achieved by the length of the lever from the fulcrum
point.
It increases the 500 N force applied at the handle to a 3000 N force
applied at the master cylinder piston.
The master cylinder applies a force of 3000 N to the liquid. The
master cylinder has a diameter of 50 mm.
The total force applied to the slave cylinders will vary depending on
the size of the piston.
If each slave cylinder were to receive equal flow from the master,
they would all move at a different rate, depending on their size. A
smaller slave cylinder would move more and a larger one would
move less.
Changing the size of the slave cylinder is like changing the pivot
point on a mechanical lever.
Making the cylinder smaller is like making the distance between the
2kg load and the pivot point smaller. Making the cylinder larger is
like making the distance between the 2kg load and the pivot point
longer.
Figure 10: Changing cylinder size vs. Levers

In Figure 10 we are assuming that distance A1 is the length that

produces a downward force of 3000 N with the weight. If we cut the
distance in half, so that A2 = A1 divided by 2, then we get our 1500
N force which is the same as that of the small slave cylinder.

If we double the distance, so that A3 = A1 multiplied by 2, then we

get our 6000 N force which is the same as that of the large slave
cylinder.

Note that the size of the object on the right changes in order to keep
the bar balanced. This tells us that the smaller a hydraulic piston, the
smaller the load it is capable of moving for a given input pressure.
Large hydraulic cylinders are used for large weights per area, but a
heavy, flat weight can be shifted using lots of smaller cylinders.
Moving ships with hydraulic rams takes large cylinders because there
is a lot of weight (for example the hull and all the fixtures) to be
supported on a small area.

A concrete bridge section could have lots of smaller cylinders spread

out over the whole flat area which means that the weight per area is a
lot less than the ship would be. It is necessary to calculate the amount
of weight or, more accurately, the downward force, which is the mass
in kilograms multiplied by gravity (9.81 m/s ), acting on an area that
2
the hydraulic cylinder would be supporting. When this is known, it
becomes possible to choose appropriate hydraulic cylinders for the
job at hand.

In Figure 9: Simple lever and hydraulic system, when the force is

applied and the slave cylinders move, they move different amounts.
The small slave cylinder would move a greater distance than the
other two. The largest cylinder would move the least.

Why does the smaller cylinder move more distance than the larger
cylinder?

Remember that it is not pressure but flow which is actually the

important factor. Each cylinder is moved by a distance that will fit the
same amount of extra fluid in it. Let us assume that the pressure
wants to inject an extra litre of fluid into both the small and large
slave cylinders. In order to see how much the pistons will move, it is
necessary to calculate the volume of the cylinder that will fit the extra
litre of fluid.

Where:

π = 3.14159 (for most calculations, it is acceptable to round it to

3.142)
r = radius = 12.5 mm for the small cylinder, 50 mm for the large one
h = height = the variable for which we want to find the value
V = 1 litre = 0.001 m 2

Because we want to know the height (h), we can rearrange the

formula to read:
If we then put in our values, we calculate the small cylinder height as:

h = V/(π . r )
2

= 0.001/(3.142 x 0.0125 ) 2

= 2.037 m

We use 0.0125 because we converted millimetres to metres and we

used 0.001 for volume as 1 litre is equal to 0.001 square metres.

And the large cylinder height can be calculated as:

h = V/(π . r )
2

= 0.001/(3.142 x 0.050 )
2

= 0.127 m

As can be seen from the final numbers, the large cylinder raises only
0.127 m while the smaller one raises 2.037 m. This is all due to the
difference in volume which is a function of the radius of the cylinder.

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