Part 8 - Bibliography and References

Research Design and Methodology
Bibliography and references
Gebeyehu B. (Dr. of Eng.) Associate Professor
gebeyehu2009@gmail.com
BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty

An overview
• References works cited that only contains the items you have made
specific reference to in your work
• Reference lists allow readers to investigate the subject in greater
depth as they need.
• A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc
that are cited in the text of the document.
• Validate arguments
• Increase and spread knowledge by showing in depth, breadth & quality of

your reading!
• Bibliography: works consulted that a list of everything you read to

prepare for the assignment. It contains all the items you’ve cited
PLUS sources that you found useful but didn’t cite.
• A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or
further reading.
BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty 2

An overview
 Why do we it at all?
 Ensuring that your readers can distinguish between your own and others’
thinking means that you:
o Give credit for the work you have built on in your arguments
o Get credit for the work you have done yourself
 When to cite?
o Direct quotes
o Statistics/Studies
o Theories
o Facts
o Interpretations
o Paraphrases
3
An overview
 If so, how to do it?
 The re are many different citation styles……….
 Harvard,
 APA, ASA, MLA, …
 Bluebook
 And others
 Even it varies across the Universities: Your school or faculty will probably have a
preferred citation style. It might also be mandatory to use a particular style.
4
General facts about the need of …
• Depending on the academic discipline in which you are studying,
this list may be titled bibliography, references, or works cited.
• Why should I include references in my work?
o An important part of a thesis and/dissertation even essay, report or other
written work is the list of sources at the end,
o That is the list of books, journal articles and other materials that you
consulted.
o It shows the range of reading that you have done. This gains you marks.
o You may support your arguments with the opinion of acknowledged experts
and use data from reputable sources. This can make your own arguments
more convincing.
5
• Why should I include references in my work?
o It is a basic academic requirement to show details of the sources
of your information, ideas and arguments. Doing so means that
you can not be accused of plagiarism, i.e. stealing from another
person's work.
• When should I include references in my work?
o Whenever you quote someone else’s work. This does not just
include words but also tables, charts, pictures, etc.
o When you rewrite or summarize someone else’s work in your
own words.
• Why should I give such detailed information?
o To make it easy for someone else to follow up and trace the
materials which you have used. Without full references, your
tutor may be led into thinking you are trying to take credit for
someone else’s work i.e. plagiarism.
6
• What are the most important points about my list of
references?
o Keep it accurate. This means that the marker/tutor does not waste time
if they wish to consult the items you have listed. If your list is full of errors
you will lose marks.
o Provide all the relevant details. This makes it is easy for the marker to
identify the items which you have listed. Again, if some of the important
information is missing you will lose marks.
o Use a consistent format for your references. This will ensure that it is easy to
locate a reference within your reading list.
• Are there systems for doing this?

o Yes, there are well-known systems but which you use will depend
upon the requirements of your Faculty, School or Department. Your
student handbook should provide this information but if in doubt
check with your tutor or your Faculty Learning or Resource Centre.
7
• What do I need to include in the full reference at the end of my
assignment?
• The person(s) or organization who ‘wrote’ the work: - the author(s) or
originator(s).
• Anyone who edited, translated or arranged the item.
• The name of the work: - usually the title.
• Any additional information about the name of the item: - usually the subtitle.
• The person who puts the work into its physical or electronic format: - usually
the publisher.
• The date when the work was made available or published (not necessarily
when it was written, etc.), and the place of publication (if known).
• Physical details of the item such as page numbers, type of material – journal,
proceeding, poster, etc.
• Any additional information helpful to locate the works (such as a web address,
a catalogue number, the title of a series, etc.).
8
What Bibliography, reference and works cited
• Bibliography
o It encompasses all works you consult in writing your research,
whether or not you quote the authors of those works or refer to their
ideas.
o Is lists of the sources that you referred to in the research as well as

sources that, while relevant, were not actually cited.
o Record the bibliographical details for each source when you are
actually using the source (i.e., reading and note-taking), as this may
save you a lot of time later.
o The working bibliography will eventually evolve into the list of

works cited that appears at the end of the research paper
9
• Reference
o Is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas
that you have used in your document.
o A reference list should include only those works quoted or "referred to"
directly within the context of your paper.
o Is a list of your sources of information, which helps to find further

information again
o Shows your supervisor, reviewer, and or reader where you found the
information
• Works cited: section of your paper which list all the works that you have cited in
your document
o Citation format varies widely: such as APA, ASA, MLA, Harvard format
alphabet-Number system, and/or citation order system
10
 When to do it?
 You must cite your source …So, …
 When you quote from someone’s work
 When you paraphrase someone’s work
 When you use or refer to published data
 When you follow someone’s research method
 When you use any idea from someone’s work
11
The difference and similarity of the two terms
• Bibliography is list of items where as reference is it can be one or
only few that you quoted the ideas….
• The term "reference" used for works from which a part of material
is used or specific material is located. All information about the
work along with page numbers are included in the "references" of a
the sis or dissertation.
• Where as:
• Bibliography is the collection of related works for general reading.

Specific page numbers will not be given.
12
The difference and similarity of the two terms
Bibliography Reference
It is listing of all materials that have It is list of those materials that are
been consulted while writing article, directly included in actual text
thesis, book or other academic paper
All the items are not directly cited in All the items in references are cited
the text directly in the text
Bibliography are not used to support Reference can used to support your
the statement statement or agreement or used to
suppliment your findings
Contain all research material including Contain sources of materials like
books, magazines, periodicals, quotes, or text which have been
websites, and scientific papers which actually used when writing a book
have been referred
Arranged alphabetically, Arranged alphabetically, numeric, or other
styles.
13
Writing a reference list or bibliography
• Use an appropriate heading (i.e., References, Works Cited, Bibliography).
• List sources in alphabetical order by author’s surname or
number.
o Some style guides suggest you state the surname and initial(s). Other guides
suggest you state the surname and the author’s given name and/or initials.
• If there is more than one author, list according to the first author
given by the source.
• When there is more than one source by the same author, list in
chronological order by year of publication. (the earliest should come first)
• If the source is written by a corporate author (eg, BU school of
Computing and Engineering), list the corporation as the author and
include it in the alphabetical list.
14
• If there is more than one source by the same author with the same
year of publication, then add the letters ‘a’, ‘b’ and so on to the year
of publication (eg, 2005a, 2005b).
• Give the title of the source, including the subtitle. Journal titles are
usually indicated by italicizing or underlining.
• Journal articles and book chapters from an anthology are in plain

text or between inverted commas, depending on which style guide
you use.
• Indicate if the source is a later edition or if it is a series.
• Show the place (city) of publication and the publisher, and the
country.
15
• If the source is a book chapter from an edited volume, give the
editor’s name, followed by (ed.) or, if more than one, (eds.), and
then the title of the volume and publisher details.
• You may need to show inclusive page numbers for the chapter.
• If the source is a journal article, state the volume and/or number
in that order, and give inclusive page numbers for the article.
• If the source is not a book or journal article, consult a reputable
style guide for information on how to format it.
• Sources can include a radio interview, performance, illustration, editorial,
news article, lecture, television show, seminar, speech, electronic materials,
website, and personal communication.
• If the source is an electronic publication such as an online periodical or an
information database, then you will have to provide extra information, namely
the date you accessed the material and the URL address.
16
• Citing more than one references at a time
o When citing more than one source at a time, the preffered methods is
to list each references number separately with a comma or en dash
(without space) between the references.
o Superscript format:
o 5, 20, 23, 50
o 5-8
o 2-5, 34, 45, 50-52
o Bracket format:
o (4, 6, 8, 9)
o (4-7)
o 3-5, 10, 16, 20-23)
17
 In name and year system style:
 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has
no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using
the first significant word of the title.
 If more than one item has the same author, list the items
chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
 Each reference appears on a new line.
 There is no indentation of the references
 There is no numbering of the references
 In alphabet-number system:
 It the same as above in addition each reference is given a number
 In Citation order system:
 The reference list is arranged by the number given to the citation by
the order that it were mentioned in the text
18
• Author(s)
o Single author: Family name first, then a comma and space followed by
initial(s). e.g. John, A.
o Two authors: List the authors in the form above with “and” between them.
e.g. Mohammed, A. and Khan, J.
o Three or more authors: List the authors as above with commas after each
initial and “and” before the final surname. e.g. Pryce-Jones T., Patel, V. and
Brown, P.
o In your list of references you must always list all the authors. In your text, if
there are three or more authors, just put the surname of the first author,
followed by .et al‟ (which means and the others‟).
o e.g. Petrus. et al (2009) investigated ...
• Editors
o Editors are treated the same as authors except that ed. or eds. is put in
brackets after the editor’s or editors’ name(s).
o e.g. Walker, T. (ed.)
19
• Title
o The title should be copied from the item itself. If you will have
journal, book and other references list, you should italic the journal
title.
o Titles of journal articles or chapters in a book with an editor should
not be put in italics.
o If there is a mistake in the title of the published work (and you do not
wish the reader to think that you cannot spell!) put the word sic (=
thus) in square brackets after the word(s).
o e.g. Brimingham [sic] …………………………Birmingham
o If there is no title on the item you may need to invent a descriptive
title. In this case you should put it in square brackets [ ].
• Edition
o If there are different editions of the work you should give details of which
edition you are using. e.g 3rd ed.
20
Writing a reference: styling guide
• Book
• Basic Essentials of a Reference: Author(s) or Editor(s) ..
Date ..Title ..Place .. Publisher
• Gilbert, S. M., & Gubar, S. (1979). The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman
Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale
• Or in other way:
• Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The
Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New
Haven: Yale UP, 1979.
• Book: for unknown or no author: Title, date, publisher, place of publication
(city).
• Journal articles
• Basic essential of reference: Author(s) (If any) ..Year ..Article Title ..
Journal Title (which is put in italics) ..Volume (if any) ..Part or Issue (if
any) …Page numbers
21
• Journal articles
o Adams, C. (2006). PowerPoint, habits of mind, and classroom culture.
Journal of Curriculum Studies 38 (4), 389-411.
o Adams, Catherine. “PowerPoint, Habits of Mind, and Classroom Culture.”
Journal of Curriculum Studies 38.4 (2006): 389-411.
• News paper: anonymous articles

o Newspaper articles are treated in the same way as journal articles except that
it is necessary to include the date not just the year.
e.g.
o Jackson, L. (2006), Turning Brum into a hotbed of new writers, Sunday
Mercury, 25 June 2006, p.29
• Websites
o A web page should be treated similarly to a print work.
o Barger, J. (2000) A biography of Leopold Paula Bloom
http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/ulysses/bloom.html [accessed 11/07/2006].
22
• Conference Proceedings
o Conferences are treated in the same way as books, and the reference should
include:
o Corporate author, Date, Title, Place, Publisher ………
o e.g.
o Tudor Symposium. The anatomy of Tudor literature: proceedings of the
first International Conference of the Tudor Symposium, 2001, Aldershot,
Ashgate.
• Dissertations and Theses

o Dissertations and theses are very similar to printed books.
 magazine:
o Patterson, F. (1978, October). Conversations with a gorilla. National
Geographic, 438-465.
23
• Newspaper
o Creedon, J. (1979, September 24). The Kosinski method. Minnesota Daily,
pp. 32, 34.
• A weekly magazine or weekly newspaper:

o Puzzling out man's ascent. (1977, November 7). Time, 64-69.
• A TV or radio program
o Downs, H. (Narrator). (1968, March 21). The first Americans [TV Video].
New York: NBC News.
• Video and/or audio

o Gardner, R. G. (Director). (1964). Dead birds [Film]. Washington, DC:
Harvard University, Peabody Museum, Film Study Center.
24
• Lecture note
o Tutor or lecturer name, (year, date: 2014, January 20) Course title, course
code, affiliation (school and University name), place
• Electronic citations
o Author's Last Name, Initial(s). (Date of document). [if different from date
accessed] , Title of document. Title of complete work. [if applicable] Version
or File number. [if applicable] (Edition or revision). [if applicable] Protocol
and address, access path, or directories. (date of access).
• An Online periodical
o Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title
of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
o E.g:
o Browing, T. “Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces.” Kairos:
A journal for teachers of writing 2.1 (1997). 9 Oct. 1999
http://english.ttu.edu/ kairos/current/toc.html>.
25
• E-mail, Discussion Lists, and Newsgroups
o Crump, E. Re: Preserving Writing. Alliance for Computers and Writing
listserv. acw-l@unicorn. acs.ttu.edu (31 Mar. 1995).
• Software Programs
o ID Software. (1993). The ultimate doom. NY: GT Interactive Software.
26
Citation in text
• How do I cite an item in the text of my research and/or thesis?
• Surname of author(s) or name of organization, followed by comma and the
date of publication in round brackets.
• e.g. “As with any investment, working capital exposes the business to
risk” (McLaney, 2003).
• Do not put the author’s first name or initial. It is usually not necessary to
give any other information about the source, such as what format it is, title
publisher etc.
• Do the same for websites. Do not put the website address within your text
only in your list at the end.
• If there is no author give either:

• A statement that the work is anonymous (Anon) followed by the date in
round brackets:
27
Citation in text
• e.g. Anon. (2006) states that … (It is best to avoid this if at all possible.) or
• Title followed by the date in round brackets.
• e.g. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2003), this ...
• If the author produced more than one work in the same year
use letters to indicate this (arrange the items in the list of
references alphabetically by their title first):
• e.g. Singh (2004a) claims that ... Singh (2004b) is of the opinion that ...
• When citing a secondary source
• For example, when including source material from a work you haven‟t
read, as cited in another work which you have read, this must be indicated
in your text. For example:
• e.g. Smith, cited by Laycock and Shaw (2006), believes that ..
• In your list of references only include the actual source you consulted, i.e.
Laycock and Shaw. (It is usually advised to avoid secondary references whenever
possible)
28
Citation in text
• Dissertations and Theses
o But instead of giving information about the publisher it is necessary to give
the name of the institution where the dissertation/theses was undertaken and
the type of degree for which it was written.
• e.g.
o Rowland-Jones, R., (2003) Beyond environmental management to
quantifiable pollution management. PhD, University of Wales .
29
Time management
• Leave yourself enough time: don’t try to create your
bibliography at the last minute. Set aside a weekend, more if
you’re doing a Ph.D.
• Use your downtime: the ‘fuzzy hours’ when you are not
creative are good for systematic, repetitive tasks
• Where to get help …………

o School or department referencing guidelines (essential!)
o University web site in relation to the subjecrt
o From your tutors, supervisors, ….
o Library and librarians
o Print copies of major style guides (UL Reading Room: R860)
o Computing Service training courses
30
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Research Design and Methodology

Bibliography and references

Gebeyehu B. (Dr. of Eng.) Associate Professor

BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty

• Increase and spread knowledge by showing in depth, breadth & quality of

• Bibliography: works consulted that a list of everything you read to

BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty 2

o Get credit for the work you have done yourself

 APA, ASA, MLA, …

• Are there systems for doing this?

o Is lists of the sources that you referred to in the research as well as

o The working bibliography will eventually evolve into the list of

o Is a list of your sources of information, which helps to find further

 When you quote from someone’s work

 When you paraphrase someone’s work

 When you use or refer to published data

 When you follow someone’s research method

 When you use any idea from someone’s work

• Bibliography is the collection of related works for general reading.

• Journal articles and book chapters from an anthology are in plain

• Indicate if the source is a later edition or if it is a series.

• News paper: anonymous articles

• Dissertations and Theses

• A weekly magazine or weekly newspaper:

• Video and/or audio

• If there is no author give either:

• Where to get help …………

BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty

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