Capacity Building on Scientific Research for

Learners

Neil Juvert F.
Valentino
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Bibliography vs. References
• Citations are
• Includes meant to direct
citations to reader to works
• Both cited in the text
works which
at
appearthe end • Sources cited
might not be
of the need to be
mentioned in
material mentioned in the
the text
• Both text
• Citations
include • Used in scholarly
included are
similar papers and your
suggestive
information research paper
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
• Referencing is an act of giving credit to
the writers from whom you have borrowed the
ideas
• Acknowledge and respect the intellectual
property rights of the researcher
• Provide evidence to support the claims in
your research
• Demonstrate the mastery and awareness of the
chosen topic
• Standardization of the craft
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners

Finding References using the Internet

• Authority
• Affiliation
• Audience Level
• Currency
• Content Reliability/Accuracy
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
4 Easy Steps in
Referencing
1. RECORD
Whole book

• Author’s surname and initials or

given name Parts of books (Chapters,
• Title of publication sections, conference papers, etc.)
• Title of series, if applicable
• Volume number or number of • Author's surname and initials or
volumes, if applicable given name (of the part)
• Edition, if not the first • Title of the part
• Editor, reviser, compiler or • Inclusive page numbers of the
translator, if other than the author part
• Publisher
• Place of publication (first named)
• Year of publication
• Page number(s), if applicable
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
4 Easy Steps in
Referencing
1. RECORD
Journal articles
• Author’s surname and initials or
given name
• Title of the article
• Title of the journal
• Volume and issue number
• Year of publication
• Inclusive page numbers
Electronic documents
• Authors surname and initials or
given name if present
• Title of the document
• Title of the webpage
• Database name
• Page or section numbers if given
• Format (online or cdrom or
electronic if you are not sure)
• Year of publication or latest
update date
• Internet address
• DOI
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
4 Easy Steps in Referencing
2. ORGANIZE

• File or store this information, and the

source documents if you have them, in a
manner and format that is easily accessed
later.
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
4 Easy Steps in Referencing
3. CITE

• Construct your citations within the text of your

essay, using the appropriate guidelines for the
style of citation you are using.
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
4 Easy Steps in Referencing
4. LIST
• Create either a reference list at the end
of your essay or thesis. Titles of books
and journal titles should be italicized.
The use of capitals and punctuation
should be consistent and will vary
according to the citation style being
used.
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Purdue Owl Citation
Chart
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners

https://studylib.net/doc/6794753/citation-chart-reference
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners

https://studylib.net/doc/6794753/citation-chart-reference
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Chicago(CMOS Manual
/ of Style
CMS)

A style for American English published since

1906 by the University of Chicago Press

Bibliography.com. “Chicago Style Citation Generator (Free) & Format Guide,” February 14, 2020.
https://www.bibliography.com/chicago/chicago-style-citations-and-format/.
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Chicago Manual of
Style

Bibliography.com. “Chicago Style Citation Generator (Free) & Format Guide,” February 14, 2020.
https://www.bibliography.com/chicago/chicago-style-citations-and-format/.
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
LearnersNote-Bibliography

• The note-bibliography system is usually preferred by

writers who work in the humanities—including
literature, history, and the arts. In this system,
sources are cited in numbered footnotes or
endnotes. Each note corresponds toa raised
(superscript) number in the text. Sources are also
usually listed in a separate bibliography.
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners Full -
note
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners Author-date

• Common in the sciences and social sciences. In this

system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in
parentheses, by author’s last name and year of
publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an
entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic
information is provided.
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
How Many References Should I Include in a Research Paper?
• Ecology: highest, ~58; average reference per page, 6;
• Math and robotics: highest, ~28; average reference per page, <1; and
• Economics: highest, ~ 32; average reference per page, >1 but <2.
(Staša Milojević, 2010)

• medical journals, average of 29 references for articles that were 7.88

pages long (as printed in journals).
(Falagas et al. 2013)

• The average number of references per article was the highest for the social
sciences, physics, and astronomy, and arts & humanities (roughly 54
references per article).
• On the other hand, health professions and earth and planetary sciences
had the fewest references per article at an average of 8 and 17
references, respectively.
• Math and engineering averaged at roughly 29 references per article.
• Biochemistry, genetics and molecular and other biological sciences
averaged at 51.
• Hard and natural sciences more frequently cited recent literature while social
sciences and math were likely to include older sources.
(Gali Halevi, n.d.)
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
REFERENCE MANAGERS
• Tool that assist
researchers/authors to use
bibliographical references and
citations by collecting and
organizing it.
• Also called citation manager or
• bibliographic management
software
Worrying less on formatting will give you more time for your
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
REFERENCE MANAGERS

• Collects and Generates Citation

Worrying less on formatting will give you more time for your research and
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
ZOTERO
• Generates citations automatically in
Microsoft Word
• Capture citations from major
databases and search engines
• Create Research groups
• Capture citation information from PDF
files
• Google Doc support
• FREE (300MB)

Worrying less on formatting will give you more time for your research and
 Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or

ideas as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement. All published
and unpublished material, whether in
manuscript, printed or electronic form, is
covered under this definition. (Oxford Univ.)
Capacity Building on Scientific Research for
Learners
 THANK YOU!

References

Bibliography.com. “Chicago Style Citation Generator (Free) & Format Guide,” February 14, 2020.
https://www.bibliography.com/chicago/chicago-style-citations-and-format/.

Coleman, Jean. “Help and Support: Chicago - Referencing Guide: 4 Easy Steps.” Accessed
May 27, 2022. https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/Chicago/4ES.

The Chicago Manual of Style Online. “The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition.”
Accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.