T hPM.

JRK HN #0-MI, P1 (Module I- MDA) JKK

MDA Module HO-MDA July 2oe

)am vtP( VeCTO RS &

f MATRICES
Revied
BAS1C
lhva1are hshishal Anslyss
sta Anlyss
USed for Mu
þolu
Co mpufa
qhd
ASic Cunept
VECTOR TORS aa pes
fersons health,
ons healh
uch as
Concept h y s eal
ManMany pessmal1ty
d a t physital
par
intellecthal biLihes, ependetwe chaMateish
anel
inwme
etc
e c Cannot
Canndt be adoauately- adonyate
t h a a e t e i s be oleal wlth
minsl
m ins| nurbe To
a Sirgle seVesal digfenent mensnau@us
nanhified as
gll hse we euIxe
m
j-*,m
oral
numbts (A1, X2,
An m-tufele Ls
Definiha Calle a echer
and

m & Column lotderase letfes

hangee
a bold
boldfa
faeced
denoted b
wgal
ngnally
-

cqnal tntr rerpendrq

vectrs re said to be
idenhcal)
entaies are Asame (r
Let C
C be
be the (arbitoury
tne (rbit otry
LLet
MULTIPLICA1 ON) CX vectr
(SCALAR
them he rduct C
Stala

Ath enty Ci Xj
et shate talas mulhplicatun
and C2 =
-
2
C= 5
tale
hd -4
5
-2
 JKKHN#o- MTMDA
PgH-4)
n lot Pgl)°
T10N)
P VECTOR
ADD)
Dettnhon Vectr& X
and
a nd ,Y, each
Bum db two
The k
number d cnies,
Bame
havin he

that vector Z X+ J
X+9
Odh en dies
4
Thus

L4
Z

OR

DeDefine 2 ero vec 0

0 m-tuple [e, o,
-

o
2eno ve cter denoted by
X
to be the m- tuple
and he ve ctur -

- ,
(-,-2,

VECTOR SPACE,
The ce of all Deal
salh
ulbplicapon ancd Vecdor
m- tuples, olth
called a vecto spale
qddihon
all nea Comb) natons
LINEAR SpAN The se d
B Called he Linear Span
veco u,
The ve Ctos + au XK
Conn binapuy
Lineas
ob he vectns
.

Línatg dependent A 2et of vectrcs ,* Xk

ssaid to be
Qinead dependent if tnee
exist
Buch
K
that
nu nmbes a,, .'ak), not all zeno

+au Xu =O

a Xi=O
Pa
 JKK HN o M- MDA
Pa e)
each
G X + 9 Xa +

6et of ve ctoce A, 2
then Batd o be heasl
mdependat

01h 1 asingle ent

favmilas ectrs
The n e l y mdeperdeu
elseohehe ae
qnd 2eh08

m- 4
for
4

+ 93 d3 + 4X4
0 G,X +92 2
6
+t 930 +44
G + 020
93.0 t94:0
+ a2 + 43
D
93-1+440
9, +92 0 t
t92-0 +930 t44:1

43 G4
C G2 = =

m 3
tnd
ef z3

Then
dejpend ent
et
s e of
unewly
TWS 1, 2, 3 are
wntten a alihene
vectms sinte ant aYne Can be
Cembnbion of othess

X +313
a33
 JKK HN #0- M T- MDA

P a
i n Cent
uneasly melepend
mepend,
8et of m unes
Result An
Any for ma ect
Vectocs Called aa basis
tuplesf
o eal num bes
deal numbes
of all m -

vectrSpate
exphes ecl as
vector can be expnesseed as

Nofe (Result); evesy

oF a i xeof-bi.
Combinahon
Linear
unque
chojle df
let m4 tne

A
bns
0

fowm wenl 8 h o wn to be unens y

thise vectovs
Any eetr X Can be aniquel
inclependent Amy
as
expressed

:T:E
Noe A Vectrs Comsisthng m elemen

may be as eometially as a

peint in m- dmens m9 spaCe

le m-2 tme Vectov

FOr exam p&
i the
e @qardedd as ersenhng a bolnt
folane Co ord1nateg no

*-
 JKK HN #0. MI- MDA

nd Pa
MDA JKK

element
vectr of m

The lemath of a
Detnhon s et
r tm
n
om
ne 1
emána
emanahng
ThM
Pythagorean
r X = Lx = +
Longth f
vecto
and y
two
The cungle buo
Detn1hm le fined afovm
both-ha vin en mes
+Xm n)
( +12 92
Lx y
* .
whee Lylengthof vectr

lengh vector r *
Ly elemeyesta 6 tme
ae he
m
ar e eleM en
amd
vect )
-3
let x = 5
2
-2
ancl

L
te
Then tne erh f x , the lemgh fyaned
tne two vectos are
Cone of he ng le u
= 34
=i y 5+ 2+ 1)
length of x +
= 5 83

lengh =4+ 3+ + 1 = 26 5-10

Lx Ly
X4) + (9-39 + ( ) +()t)
J34 V16
-a -D:706
5 83 X5-10

onsequ etl, =135°

 MI- MDA
JKIK HN #0-
Pa3 0
The inne ( eloT) Pmdu
Defnihon X and wh tne
VectoS
of two de finel as
Lame
numbeh sf
Lum e f component foovdutp
2 92 + D m
+
n o t a t vn x'y or yx
denofe tne
we
nne ovclu ct
to denote

te Knon ma
th o3 X =
x4 +
Lx e n g

Cas 9 = x'y
Xxyy

argle between twb

Definihm when tne

vectoa X, 9= 90
ae
wE
2ay that X eundy

puperdiuulns to
each othe i
Since only 1f 9-q0 or a
re perpend Culv

We wmBe LY

a The ba vectes
nod

eath -Kaß lewgt

ae nutnally bependjcula. AS
unty
Next class
Poject m, db a veetur, oam-Schmidt ocess Maqes
avduc JKK. HN #0- M II- MDA

to
ey reutr

Rlt ) z k perpendicula

ectr

z s punpendiculai to each Aso ptiptndicyla

F
then
n
XIX untar 8pan
ther Luntws
pvpendiculaa
vectovs
Mutslly
tmHy independent.

SHADO
c oFa Vector
OR SHADO
*PROJEC TION a vc trr
Poection
(or shadouw) of
Deinhm The
A ecr Y
X -.
=
on Y
orojechan of
x

Mni length 0
that
= ,
96y B has
y X yy
(
ctin f on
y =

then ie
Sn e mutuslly pependibuk-
ector X
o on tne
n the
shadouo) db a
foovectton (
span db Y
mear
9).9 +

e n a b l e Jou to (omstn

-RAM Schmidt Pavcese Puptrohcsulan

im reet,
rutw Fm a

vectors , a ,
em lheasly andepencdeut vectucs 1, a k
mutnally Feperdiculas
thee ox6t These maybe Constnucal
6ame Line pan

SubseanLrdh selfing
I=

Pa 4
 LJKK_HN# 0-MI-J

gn onT. m fa4

(je Uk-1)
( 4) u
4- Uk-i
|K)
unit lengh by
the ut to
we can Cohvest

ethirg he brsjetum

Constntton )(
j )2 the fetjon
3n hs

on and j
span d 4,9
lentn
me pom
K on vectors
v ectos
pespendícula2
nstnt
10 Coe 3
1
and

0e takKe

4+o'+ 0+
= a0)
u = +1(o)
+ o()
-

(2) =(1o
qnd 3(4) and
g =

uj
Ju
Thus 3
10

4
Za 4n Cnt
and P
L-2J
Minvamare TRehnuque
 JKK HN #0- MI- MDA
Tnnt. m h P5

MATRICES

SCME bS1 (8
genwsllyd n o t a s l h abolcd

mxK ma ,
A R, Z
Demh
Hn
Cetes suth asA,
ppcase
Jnte Saae
ay
Ctangulas o i a
qnd &0 a t h , vus
anel k l umns
elemeus having
3
B -2
Eyample A
4 ax3
(3xa)
173

X
I 8
3X3
3X3 matix tme
mxk mAx the
dimensim am
Detnihin The avo
the rh
m
CRDERED PHR (m, k)
me Colu m n diumeugn
dim engim end k
denoted A
mxk matoix A (mxk)
The
Cu
OR A
A aga
G o b i t a a n yo u c a n t
m a y
1XK
Cmk ndey i
Am Qm
Indey eur
(mx)
Some nsejul Re&ulhs
6, C Cob eqnal dmensm
dimensni)
Fr all mamces A oule holde
and 6Calnhs Cand e me follaeingt

A+8)+c = A +(6+9 A +e) A' + 6

A+B = B+A whue A is ompus JA
and B tamspus f 6
c[A+O)=CA + C8
(cd) A= c(dA)
( C + d ) A = CA + dA
(cA)' cA'
 ML
MU-
JKK- H N # 0
P 5 matX The
5qhAse)
KXK
Deint Let A be a
p A=
A A'.T.
ATh
t be symmetit
saie
AA
8ymmetit i aij ajK
AA d 2,
, KK
2 4
Exame A 4 1J
1 CAxa)
Lo o 1
matix,
denstes by
denoleclby
kX K
identity o
onne
egs on
on
The With
With
Detne matvix
the sqhane
L L he and ze
z eia
ags
a rd
oliagonal
(NW-se)
man
tne
elseahue
Ard tC ( d
ard db dimensnbs
dimengbhs
mamtes A, &,
,
RESULT F r all jndicaed
poDdnela art definel)
tha na
Bnth
&talas C
a
ghe
= (¢A)B
cAB)
0) (A8)C
=
A lB)
AB+AC
A6+AC
=
Al8+)
9 = BA + CA
(B+<)A
(A8)'= &A

Me enal o ny X
3uch that AAx s

defined Aj =A J
j

bu al1ebha matues
wht mne dGeente db al numbs 97
(ant algema or
sevual
dnfenten r ex a p a
6ol Thu
in geal net Coutahve 1
Matix mulbplitahn
AB+ BA
 #o- MT_MDA
Then
A' Tha
3n
tne algehra
b9)
real
JKk_ HN

numbess, If
hen
tme prvduit
a=o bzo.
2eio tnen
two numbes ab, two
d frov duct f
matix algeha, hon eves, matrix
nn lpe he 2

h i n 2eAO
atnts m
Hene AB xK)
m xk)
mxn) CnXK r 1 3 =0
that A =0

tdoes ndt mply

am exavp2
ha ve

- []
lef s
Bur
3 3

1 then
ho weves, ha
O
A O
nx (nx)
(mxn) mxn)

A (mxu
mxn)(nxk)

A B nonsingulot H
A 8qnwle mX ,

Destnibln
A X
(KXK) (kxi) (Kxi)

tmpies
(KXI)(kxi)

to be nmsingula't, 1t é calle
a mataiy faulk
f
Singulat its dank
S NONCINGULAR f oank
matnx
Nde A 8qnare hs
l Columns) i t
eqnal to he numbet 0f wws

A Q naneinguw Sqnale motrix afE

Detunibm:
kXK, fhem Ughe
dimenhon
kxK atix B hch h
AB BA = I

1denöhy matmx
ohew 1 L a xk) Pa 6
 JKK HN #0- ML MDA

B suth thut AB GA
Detnihm The matmx
imvense Aanel is donotl
Callecl he BA= I AB = I,
fact, if
A m
prvduct must
B A anel both
then
eanal
2 3
A= 5

23
then AB
5

BA=T

AB

8A = f
AD=

B A
An matny, Soy 2x2 mamx
The invese A= I 2
G22
LOheo

L 4 2 A12 +
A IA-3
Rule enhy[1Aijl/1Ev
Snenal AAs , ih obtained pom A
matix
ohee Aj
Aii tme
the ith 7u ad m Column
oleleting
Next P
 JKKHNto. MIMDA
M Pa
9n Cnt Pa9, matm
matnx
dimension
A of dm
Kxk

a 39hne
hFOr solloucingshold tue
Result
Resul hold u e
A B Nnsingulaa)

AX FO

A+0 2uth
that
that

mat A
a I
AA= A"A
=
(KXk)
mapte oo he
h e
B be sqhare
Let A and th invse enlshe
invse exisNs
Regult let the
eund
Same dumensien A tise
oh A
Hhom (A'= (A Ahansfussdh A
Inve db B
B
praafosseds B
(A) e'a' 8

TRACE a mabix
a kXK quaie
be
bedtn1hon let A =
{ai matix A,
tnate dk the
matnx The tne
Um f
waten thA), s
diagonal elements
trlA) =,Z 4it
that &
amel
m el
matmtes
and 8 be. KxK
Ler A
Poapadheg Cbe a stala
tn lc A) = C ta A
a)
t (A +8) a lA) A tr (8)
b)
=tn8A)
c ) t (A B)
blA)
t t CeA B)
(AA') =2Z a
00hogmal
Conept d
Nex Pa 7 eigenvalues
e genvectos, P
 MIMDA
JKK- HN #O
4n nt
8qnaNe matmx A sajd to be
Deftnihin A
t mus, Comgidented as vet
Ovdhego n al i ha ve unit
end
muthally pepen di cula
tnat ,AA'=I
Jergths emel
mapix A thegonal 1
A
A A'
mabix, AA=A'A=
F r an o thogonal
ancf
célumn are also mutmall
S0 ne
hAve unt lengths
em orhagmal mapix
Exampa An
An exmle

2 2
A L L
2
2
2

cleady) O AA= AA = AA
A= A
alko poDVe venby tnal
we Can
I = AA' AA =
AA

- 10 0

L
2

A
A
must be rthagomal
So A A . and A an

he Ezemalues enveeto
 to be JKKHN#O MIMAA
n n t . m a ) PgO
vecto o h o 1 ' lel, A
be he
be
KXK
a

Ademhts
KXK Seuane muto1x
1atnix
and I
Them tne talans
the foolynomfal
AK Satdyang
o ; a u called t n e
eq hakrm A-Ar|= = matnxA A.
C r
hC ot) ofa matrix
chalatens
eigen values
gen values
as a Junchm df a)
The eqnation A- AI|=o
cteuhi e hation
me chah a
Calleel
Example
let
A = I3 J

then A-A1 1 -
0

1- (1-a)(3-)=
1 3- 4 or A=3
A

A A has two oots

a 3: matmx A
matmx

nare

ofa
qK q n a r e
values

the tugen
SO 3 and1 Ans
mamx
2qhaie
qhotne
Consides
et
example, as
enRm
33
dm
of 134 2 then A-1o
A -4 13 -2
10
-
1458
405A +
2 A+ 36
=-
13-A
9, As=18
-2
13- A2=
- 10-A A9,
are the
and (18
that é, 9, 9
matrix A
e a envaues
Eigem vectors
Next P 8
 JKK-HN#0 MJ.MDA
P 8
Cigenve
vectur
olimens m
&qne
mata1x of
Let A be
KxK qnd e t Abe ran mtegtt engem values
nonzer0 vectr ( % *o)
fA 3f (Kxi)
(Kx1) (Kx))

Snth hat
A x=
gnvecti 0R
then said t o o e
chanacfershe vecta of he matix A
souated OIth the eigenvalue

Noe An equivelent COndihon tor to be

eaenvectr natm
sduhion of he elgen value -

A A1| =0
follotas bc tme 8takemdet thot
This
Cened x¢0 1mplies
Ax=Ae for har

o = (A-A1)x
-At)+- +belxfa
- -

x Coly CA -A1) + 2 lol2 (A

+ Cek lA-AI)
That tne cok f (A-A1) au
Lnei
unemly
dopendlent.
Exarnpe1ls pabms Let A 1
2x2
A-A1=-AL= o
e g e n valusitA)
Aa 3
A= ,
hese eigenvalues
genvecturs
4s0tieted it
The foll ouong *qnap
Can oe cdeteamineed -solving tme

J[: A Ax= A1 * | Pa
 KK-HN WA

P (A = Aa,«)
2
we have
tne 4st exphesSIm

Noo for

+ 0 . 7 2

t3: 2

+3(2
1
= ad

hed
2 - A K g

= 3 2

=- 201
soluhons for ) and (
m a n Y.
Thene zurno
4 -2
24=-2
(ranbitsil4)

sehrg 9g 1 m

hd tne gemvalue()
to
evgen vectos coresponding ude have
phesS]r
sttnd bhm ex
e
(Ax= A2*)
1
13
3
1
a
3 X
3 M2
A +3
=) ane
= 3 9 = 1V 4s4ttoa
4+3N
= 3 2 (taritg)
ne
an eigenveCtor
Pnd hene =
COMesponding to the on mlue.
 JKK-HN # 0 MILMDA

Pa s to detemne
defeamine

unal pra cthice egh

Remwe
RemAMe'9t
80 hat
it has
A= x, we
eigenvector
That s
unty
tae
Cermopenmding
(e =to A
envector ford=
me
F r exampo,
2
e = V5

Guadratic fam Q(x)

me kk
qnadhatic form (x) in
Definition A aß
B de finecl
Vriables
) = 'A

chene x=, KXK 8mmet1c matix

A e B
nc
frsm Can Aoe wntten
Thus tne hadanbc

11
xampe
= [ 1|

SImilas a13 -1 -2
3
2

4Ma 3 +2 3

Decomposthm d a matix
Mext Specpal
 M

gn nt-Pg 1
SPECTRAL DEcoMPoS ITI ON

Denihm, L
Detomposition
is lefined oo follo uar
defned
Suctwal
Then A
The matmX
KXK SHmmetm
be a
ket A i K
in tesms of
Can be expsesseel as
e:)
eigvectur paus CAi',
egevwalue- -
A=A
Examollustnions 2.2 4
Let A 2:8

O:16
6:16 -

Then, A -AI =
A5A +

a5A
+6.0= (A-3) (A-2)

A-A1O
U-3)(A-2)|==O egenvalues-
the tWd
re
3 A2 2

mumx
namk A
vo and Aa-2
chMactenshic = 3

A
A has eigonvalues
A
So q e n vectoos
ae

The coespording

[
e pecbe
and

2.

)onseqnnty,
A 28

3
A

0.8 e on
60.8 pebal
A=6t2 A& A
L-08