Maths Concept Building Program

M.
PRAKASH INSTITUTE
Mathematics Concept Building Program
For
STD VI & VII Students
M Prakash Institute MATHS CONCEPT BUILDING STD VI / VII
LECTURE 1 : BASIC PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS
Types of Numbers :
 Natural Numbers - Common counting numbers. Eg: 1,2,3, ….
 Whole Numbers - The set of Natural Numbers with the number 0 adjoined.
Eg: 0,1,2,3,…
 Integers - Whole Numbers with their opposites (negative numbers)

adjoined. Eg: …., -3, -2, -1,0,1,2,3….
 Rational Numbers - All numbers which can be written as fractions.

( form) . Eg: …, - , - , - , 0, + ,+ ,+ , ….
 Irrational Numbers - All numbers which cannot be written as fractions.

Eg: …., -√3 , -√2, +√2, +√3…..
 Real Numbers - The set of Rational Numbers with the set of Irrational
Numbers adjoined.
Prime and Composite numbers

 Prime Number - A natural number greater than 1 which has only 1 and
itself as factors. Eg: 2,3,5, 7,….
 Composite Number - A natural number greater than 1 which has more

factors than 1 and itself. Eg: 4,6,8,9,…
Even and Odd numbers

 Even numbers: Divisible by 2 without remainders; end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
 Odd numbers: Not evenly divisible by 2 ; end in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.

Number line:
 A number line is a visual representation of numbers on a straight line.
 Every point of a number line is assumed to correspond to a real number,

and every real number to a point.
 The number associated with the point is called its ‘coordinate’
 The value of a number increases from left to right.
 Distance between any two points on the number line is the positive
difference in their co ordinates
Example: d(A,B) = { 12 – (-2)} or (-2 -12) = 14 units
Can we locate the exact position of √3 on a number line??
YES… We will discuss how in the same course, later! 😊
Example:
P and Q are two distinct points on a number line. If the number associated with
the point P is –3, and the distance between P and Q is 5 units, then find the
number/s associated with the point Q..
Computation of numbers
 ‘From’ and ‘Between’ numbers:

‘From’ numbers include the tail end numbers of the given set
Eg: There are 4 numbers ‘from’ 2 to 5
How to find? (For consecutive numbers)
Number of numbers = (Last number – 1st number) +1
‘Between’ numbers exclude the tail end numbers of the given set
Eg: There are 2 numbers ‘between’ 2 and 5
How to find? (For consecutive numbers)
Number of numbers = (Last number – 1st number) -1
Example:
(1) By using the digits 2, 3 and 5, how many three- digit numbers greater than
500 can be formed, such that one digit occurs only once in each number?
(2) ‘K’ is an even number. Which of the following is the 3rd odd number
before ‘K’ in serial order?
HW assignment:
(1) How many odd numbers are there from 32 to 51?
(2) How many multiples of 3 are there between 32 and 51?
Derive a general formula for such questions.
We will discuss this in the next lecture!!
Basic operations on numbers :
 Addition : Sum or total of given numbers. Eg: 2 + 2 = 4
Symbol: ‘+’. Answer is called ‘Sum’
 Subtraction : Difference in two numbers. Eg: 3 -2 =1
Opposites numbers:
The same number with opposite signs are called ‘Opposite numbers’ .
They are equidistant from ‘0’ on the number line.
Their sum is always ‘0’ Eg: (+7 – 7) = 0)
Symbol used : ‘-’ . Answer is called ‘Difference’
 Multiplication : Repeated addition . Eg: 2 + 2 + 2 (3 times ) = 2 x 3 =6

Symbol used : ‘x’. Answer is called ‘Product’
Other terms : The number that multiplies : ‘Multiplier’
The number that gets multiplied : ‘Multiplicand’
Reciprocals :
The fractions in which the N and D are exchanged, are called ‘Reciprocals’ of each other.
Their product is always ‘1’ .Eg: 7 x = 1
 Division : Repeated subtraction. Eg: 12 – 3-3-3-3 (4times) = 0 So, 12÷3 =4

Symbol used: ‘÷’ . Answer is called : ‘Quotient’
Other terms : The number that divides : ‘Divisor’
The number that gets divided : ‘Dividend’
The integer "left over" after division : ‘Remainder’
Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient ) + Remainder

When the divisor completely divides the dividend, remainder is ‘ 0’.
Examples:
(1) What is the total of all odd numbers between 50 and 60?
(2) In a bundle of notes of Rs. 50 denominations, there are notes numbered

from 17401 to 17485, arranged serially. What is the total amount in the
bundle?
(3) Sum of 3 consecutive even numbers is 498. Find the difference in the
greatest and smallest number of the set.
(4) The cost of an eraser and sharpener is Rs. 4.50. If the cost of sharpener is
Rs. 1.00 more than that of eraser, find the cost of the eraser.
(5) What should be added to 68 x 37 to make it divisible by 5?
(6) When number is multiplied by 17, instead of by 12, the product is greater
by 25. Find the number.
(7) When certain number is divided by 15, quotient is 22 and remainder is 9. If
the same number is divided by 22. what will be the remainder?
(8) How many three- digit numbers are divisible by 6 in all?
(9) A hall 10 ft. by 2.5 ft. is to be paved with square tiles. What is the least
number of tiles required to cover the floor?
LECTURE 2 : BASIC PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(1) (3P+2) is and odd number. Which is the 2nd next even number?
(2) Find the sum of 3rd, 5th and 6th even numbers after 21.
(3) ‘M’ is an even number. What will be serially the fifth odd number after M?
(4) A patient was examined by a doctor first at 9.30, then second time at 10.20
third time at 11.30 and then at 1.00. In this order at what time will the doctor
examine him?
(5) How many 3- digit even numbers can be formed using the digits 3,2,0?
(6) ‘Y’ is an even number which is exactly divisible by 7. Which is the 2nd odd
number exactly divisible by 7, in terms of ‘Y’?
(7) In which of the following cases, the remainder will not be a zero?
(a) The double of any prime number divided by 2.
(b) The double of any even no divided by 4
(c ) The double of some odd numbers divided by 3
(8) Ketki, Kanchan and Kaveri have 43 pebbles in total. Kaveri has 7 pebbles more
than Ketki, but Kanchan has 4 pebbles less than Kaveri. Find how many more
pebbles Ketki should get so that she will have the same number of pebbles as
Kanchan has?
(9) How many numbers above 3000 can be formed using the digits 3, 1,5,0, such
that each digit appears only once in each number?
(10) A number when divided by 169 leaves 91 as remainder. Find the remainder,
if same number is divided by 13.
(11) Deepak has as many animals as he has birds. If the total number of the feet
of all the animals and birds with him is 168, what is the number of birds Deepak
has?
(12) If a number is multiplied by 19 instead of 17, product is greater by 34. Find

out the number.
(13) Gajanan took a loan of Rs.3900 for his son’s education. He paid it in six
installments. Every consecutive installment was Rs.100 more than previous. How
much was his last installment?
(14) – (15) Observe the following number line and answer the questions:
A B C D E F G H I
(14) Find the distance of the point associated with the opposite number of (-4)
from (-3)
(15) If the coordinate of point X is - , between which two points does X fall?
LECTURE 1-2 : BASIC PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS
SOLUTIONS AND ANSWER KEY
Example 1:
P and Q are two distinct points on a number line. If the number associated with
the point P is –3, and the distance between P and Q is 5 units, then find the
number/s associated with the point Q..
Solution:
P = -3 If PQ = 5 units , Q = (-3 -5 ) = {-8} OR (-3 +5 ) = {+2}
Ans: Q : {-8} OR {+2}
Example 2:
By using the digits 2, 3 and 5, how many three- digit numbers greater than 500 can
be formed, such that one digit occurs only once in each number?
Solution:
Probability of number of digits:
Hundred’s place Tens” place Units place
1 digit 2 digits 1 digit
Number of numbers : 1 x 2 x 1 = 2
Ans : 2
Example 3:
‘K’ is an even number. Which of the following is the 3rd odd number before ‘K’ in
serial order?
Solution:
M1: ( K + 1 ) – 6 = K -5 M2: (K -1 ) – 4 = K -5
Ans: K -5
HW assignment:
(1)How many odd numbers are there from 32 to 51?
Solution:
Total number of numbers:
Last number : 51 – First number 32 = 19 + 1 = 20 numbers
So, 10 numbers odd and 10 numbers even
Ans: 10
(2) How many multiples of 3 are there between 32 and 51?
Solution:
First multiple of 3 ≥ 32 : 33 ( 11th multiple)
Last multiple of 3 < 51: 48 (16th multiple) ( For ‘between’ numbers , exclude ends)
⸫ Number of multiples of 3 : (16 -11) + 1 = 6
Ans : 6
Lecture 1 : CW Examples :
(1) What is the total of all odd numbers between 50 and 60?
Solution:
Total number of numbers from 50 to 60 : (60 -50) + 1 = 11
As both the end numbers are even, there are 5 odd and 6 even numbers
Sum of all odd numbers: Middle number x number of numbers
Middle number: (First Number + Last number ) ÷ 2 = (51 + 59) ÷ 2 = 55
Number of numbers : 5
Ans : 55 x 5 = 275
(2) In a bundle of notes of Rs. 50 denominations, there are notes numbered

from 17401 to 17485, arranged serially. What is the total amount in the bundle?
Solution:
Total number of notes : 17485 – 17401 : 84 + 1 =85
Total amount : 85 x 50 = 4250
Ans: Rs. 4,250/-
(3) Sum of 3 consecutive even numbers is 498. Find the difference in the greatest
and smallest number of the set.
Solution :
Difference in any three consecutive even numbers is always 4
Ans : 4
(To find the numbers : 498 ÷ 3 = 166 is the middle number of the series . So, the
numbers are 164,166, 168.)
(4) The cost of an eraser and sharpener is Rs. 4.50. If the cost of sharpener is Rs.
1.00 more than that of eraser, find the cost of the eraser.
Solution:
M1:
(4.50 -1 ) = 3.50 (Extra cost of sharpener kept aside)
3.50 ÷ 2 = 1.75
So, cost of eraser : Rs.1.75 ; Cost of sharpener : Rs. 2.75
M2:
𝑆𝑢𝑚+𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 4.50+1
Bigger number : = = 2.75 = Cost of sharpener
2 2
𝑆𝑢𝑚−𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 4.50−1
Smaller number : = = 1.75 = Cost of eraser
2 2
WHY THIS WORKS??

M3:
}1
} 1.75 each
S E
2.75 1.75
Ans: Rs. 2.75
(5) What should be added to 68 x 37 to make it divisible by 5?

Solution:
M1 : 68 x 37 = 2,516 + 4 = 2520
M2: Unit’s place of the product of 68 x 37 will be 6 . (+4) will make it divisible by 5
Ans : 4
(6) When number is multiplied by 17, instead of by 12, the product is greater by
25. Find the number.
Solution:
(17 -12) = 5
If the product has increased by 25 with a difference of 5 in the numbers,
The number is 25 ÷ 5 = 5
Ans: 5
Tally : 17x5 (85) – 25 = 12 x 5 (60)
(7) When certain number is divided by 15, quotient is 22 and remainder is 9. If

the same number is divided by 22. what will be the remainder?
Solution :
M1: The number is : (22 x 15 ) + 9 = 339 .
339 ÷ 22 = Q : 15 , R = 9
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

In the above example, the divisor and quotient interchange, the remainder remains same.
Why has the trick worked?
Will this always work?
Eg: When certain number is divided by 15, quotient is 12 and remainder is 13. If the same
number is divided by 12. what will be the remainder?
Does the trick work here? Why?
Can you now compute examples where it works and where it does not?
(8) How many three- digit numbers are divisible by 6 in all?
Solution:
Smallest 3- digit multiple of 6 (≥ 100) : 102 (17th multiple)
Greatest 3-digit multiple of 6 (≤ 999) : 996 ( 166th multiple)
Total number of 3-digit numbers divisible by 6 : (166 -17) + 1 =150
Ans: 150
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Note that the answer here is 900 ÷ 6 where
900 is the total number of 3 -digit numbers and 6 is the divisor
Will this formula work every time?
Can you think of examples where it does not work and find Why?
(9) A hall 10 ft. by 2.5 ft. is to be paved with square tiles. What is the least
number of tiles required to cover the floor?
Solution: 4 tiles of 2.5 x 2.5
Ans: 4
L 2 : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(1) (3P+2) is and odd number. Which is the 2nd next even number?
Solution:
(3P+ 2 ) + 1 + 2 OR (3P + 2 ) -1 +4 = 3P +5
Answer : (3P + 5)
(2) Find the sum of 3rd, 5th and 6th even numbers after 21.
Solution:
3rd even number : 21 – 1 + 6 = 26
5th even number : 21 – 1 + `10 = 30
6th even number : 32
Answer: 88
(3) ‘M’ is an even number. What will be serially the fifth odd number after M?
Solution: (M -1 ) +10 = (M +9)
Answer : (M +9)
(4) A patient was examined by a doctor first at 9.30, then second time at
10.20 third time at 11.30 and then at 1.00. In this order at what time will
the doctor examine him?
Solution:
1st gap : 10-20 – 9. 30 = 50 mins
2nd gap: 11.30 – 10.20 = 70 mins
3rd gap : 11.30 – 1.00 = 90 mins
So, next gap: 110 mins = 1 hr 50 mins after 1.00 pm : 2.50 pm
Ans: 2.50 pm
(5) How many 3- digit even numbers can be formed using the digits 3,2,0?
Solution:
‘0’ cannot come in Hundred’s place for a 3-digit number
‘3’ cannot come in unit’s place for an even number
Case 1 : Each digit comes only once:
Combination 1 : ‘2’ in H’s place : Only one number possible: 230
Combination 2 : ‘3’ in H’s place : Two numbers possible : 320 and 302
Ans : 3
Case 2 : Each digit comes any number of times:
Digit probability chart
H T U
2 3 2
Number of numbers : 2x3x2 = 12 numbers
Ans: 12 (Try to list??... 😊)
(6) ‘Y’ is an even number which is exactly divisible by 7. Which is the 2nd odd
number exactly divisible by 7, in terms of ‘Y’?
Solution:
Multiples of 7 are alternate odd and even .
‘Y’ is even . So ‘Y’ + 7 is odd + 14 = ‘Y’ + 21 = 2nd odd
number exactly divisible by 7
Ans: ‘Y’ + 21
(7) In which of the following cases, the remainder will not be a zero?
(a) The double of any prime number divided by 2.
(b) The double of any even no divided by 4
(c ) The double of some odd numbers divided by 3
Solution :
(a) Double of any number is even, remainder is 0 when divided by 2
(b) Double of any even number is a multiple of 4, remainder is 0 when divided by
2
(c) Double of some odd numbers is divisible by 3, remainder is 0 when divided
by 2. Eg 3 x 2 = 6 , 9 x 2 =18 ,etc,
Double of some odd numbers is not divisible by 3, remainder is not 0 when
divided by 2 . Eg . 1x2 =2 5 x 2 =10 , etc
Ans : ( c )
(8)Ketki, Kanchan and Kaveri have 43 pebbles in total. Kaveri has 7 pebbles more
than Ketki, but Kanchan has 4 pebbles less than Kaveri. Find how many more
pebbles Ketki should get so that she will have the same number of pebbles as
Kanchan has?
Solution:
If Ketki has x pebbles : Kaveri : x + 7 ; Kanchan : x + 7 -4 = x + 3
M 1:
Total : x + x + 7 + x + 3 = 3x + 10 = 43
x = 11
Ketki : 11 ; Kaveri : 18 ; Kanchan : 14
So, Ketki needs 3 more pebbles.
Ans : 3
Think smart: We know: If Ketki has ‘x’ pebbles , Kanchan has ‘x+3’ pebbles.
So, Ketki needs 3 more pebbles . No need to do the whole calculation
(9) How many numbers above 3000 can be formed using the digits 3, 1,5,0, such
that each digit appears only once in each number?
Solution: ‘0’ and ‘1’ cannot come in Thousand’s place.
Digit probability chart
Th H T U
2 3 2 1
Number of numbers : 2x3x2x1 = 12 numbers

Ans: 12
(10)A number when divided by 169 leaves 91 as remainder. Find the remainder, if
same number is divided by 13.
Solution:
91 is divisible by 13. So, R is 0
Ans: 0
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Can we determine the change in the new quotient without actual division?
If the remainder was 92 in the above example, can we determine the quotient
and the remainder without actual division if the number is divided by 13 now?
(11) Deepak has as many animals as he has birds. If the total number of the feet
of all the animals and birds with him is 168, find the number of birds Deepak has.
Solution:
M1: Animals have 4 feet and Birds have 2 feet
Number of feet of animals = 2 x number of feet of birds
168 /3 = 56 feet of birds that is 56 / 2 : 28 birds.
So, 28 animals
M2:
Feet of birds : 56
So, 168-56 = 112 feet of animals
So ,112 /4 = 28 animals
M3:
1 animal + 1bird = 6 feet
So, 168 /6 = 28 sets of animals + birds
So, 28 animals and 28 birds
M4:
Let there be ‘X’ animals and ‘X’ birds
X animals : 4x feet + X birds : 2x ; total 6x feet = 168
X = 168 /6 = 28 :
Birds : 28 birds + 28 animals
Ans: 28
(12) If a number is multiplied by 19 instead of 17, product is greater by 34. Find
out the number.
Solution:
M1
Difference in multiplier : 2 ; Difference in product : 34
Number : 34 ÷ 2 = 17
M2
Let the number be ‘X’ ; 19X – 17X = 2X =34 ; X =17
Tally: 19 x 17 – 17 -17 = 34
Ans: 17
(13) Gajanan took a loan of Rs.3900 for his son’s education. He paid it in six
installments. Every consecutive installment was Rs.100 more than previous. How
much was his last installment?
Solution:
Instalments: ‘x’ , x + 100 , x + 200….. x + 500
Consecutive 5 : ‘x + 100’ to ‘x + 500’
Total : 6x + (100 ….500) = 6x + (300 x 5) = 6x + 1500 = 3900
6x = 3900 - 1500 = 2400; X = 400 : 1st instalment
Last instalment : x + 500 = 900
Ans: 900
Tally :
400 + 500 + …… + 900
Middle number : 400 + 900 = 1300 /2 = 650 ; Number of numbers : 6
Total : 650 x 6 = 3900
(14) –(15) Observe the following number line and answer the questions:
A B C D E F G H I
(14) Find the distance of the point associated with the opposite number of (-4)
from (-3)
Solution: Opposite number of (-4) : 4
Distance : ( 4 – (-3)) =7
Ans: 7
3
(15) If the coordinate of point X is - , between which two points does X fall?
4
Solution : Between 0 and -1

Ans: Between 0 and -1
LECTURE 3 : HANDLING FRACTIONS
 The meaning of the word ‘fraction’ is a part of the whole.
 In Maths, a fraction is written in the form: =

min
 The ‘Denominator’ will tell how many parts of a whole are made.
The ‘Numerator will tell how many parts of these are considered.
1
For e.g. 3
means 3 parts of the whole are made & one of it is considered.
 When the N & D are same the value of a fraction is one. It is a whole.
4 4
For e.g. 4
means 4 parts out of 4 so 4
= 1 (whole)
The ‘0’ – ‘1’ game

-When the ‘D’ of the fraction = 1, it is a whole number.
- When the ‘N’ of the fraction is ‘0’, it is = 0
- It is not allowed to take ‘D’ as ‘0’
CAN YOU DECODE THESE CONVENTIONS USING THE DEFINITION OF ‘N’ AND ‘D’?
PROPER – IMPROPER FRACTION
 When N < D, it is called a ‘Proper fraction’. It is always less than one.
 When N > D it is called an ‘Improper fraction’. It is always greater than 1.
MIXED FRACTION
 Improper fraction written in the form of a whole number and a proper fraction it
is called a ‘ Mixed Fraction’.
1 5 1
For e.g. 4
: proper fraction; 4
: improper fraction; 1
4
: mixed fraction.
+ =
INTER - CONVERSION OF MIXED & IMPROPER FRACTIONS.
The same number can be expressed as improper fraction or mixed fraction.
( × )
For e.g. 1 = =
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
 Fractions that are equal in values are called Equivalent Fraction.

For e.g. , , , etc. all are equivalent to half.
 When any fraction is multiplied or divided by the same number in the N & the D
both. We get an equivalent fraction.
1
For e.g. × = ÷ = . So, 3
, , are all equivalent fractions.
6 12
LOWEST FORM OF A FRACTION:
 When a given fraction cannot be further reduced to smaller equivalent fraction,

we get the lowest form of the fraction.
For e.g. ÷ = ; ÷ =
cannot be further reduced. So it is the lowest form of all these fractions
Examples:
20 ?
(1) = Find the number in place of ‘?’
24 18
5 p4
(2) = . What is the value of ‘p’?
9 45
SIGN OF A FRACTION:
 When both the ‘N’ and ‘D’ of a fraction are positive or negative, the fraction is
said to be positive.
For eg: Both and positive and have the same value
 When any one of the ‘N’ and ‘D’ of the fraction is negative, the fraction is said to
be negative.
For eg: Both = are negative and have the same value.
Example: From the following fractions, find out the one which is not negative.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
COMPARISION OF FRACTIONS :
Method – 1 : When N or D are equal:
 When the D of two fractions is same, greater the N greater is the fraction.
3 1
For e.g. 4
> 4
 When the N of two fraction is same, smaller the D greater is the fraction.
1 1
For e.g. 
4 6
HW assignment 1: Demonstrate this property by drawing suitable figures

Method 2 : When N ≠ D
(i) Forming equivalent fractions and comparing the ‘N’s.

2 5
For e.g. Compare: 3
, 7
2 5
≡ , ≡ ; < , So 
3 7
(ii) Cross multiplying Ns x Ds. N with smaller product indicates smaller fraction.
2 5
For e.g. Compare: 3
, 7
2 5
2 x7 ( 14) < 3x 5 (15) So, 
3 7
HW assignment 2:
- Can we demonstrate this property with suitable figures too?
- How is method (ii) above a part of method (i) ?
Method 3 : ‘Less than half – Greater than half”
If one of the fractions in the set is less than half & the rest are more than half,
the one that is less than half is the smallest one
𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
Eg: In , , , , only in D > 2N , hence the smallest fraction
𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟕
Method 4 : Constant difference in N and D
If the difference in Ns and Ds for all the fractions in a set are constant,
 For proper fractions- smaller pair indicates the smaller fraction
 For improper fractions, larger pair indicates the smaller fraction
For e.g. < but >
HW assignment 3: Demonstrate this property by drawing suitable figures

Example:
15 1 4
Find the middle fraction of the following set of fractions : , , .
20 4 8
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Addition & subtraction of fractions: -
 For fractions with same Ds : Add /Subtract their Ns and keep the D as it is
For e.g. + = and − =
 For fractions with different Ds:
N of the answer: Sum /Difference of cross multiplications of Ns x Ds
D of the answer: Product of Ds of the two fractions.
2 1 43 7 1 1
For e.g.  = = 6 =1 6 and − = =
3 2 6 6
Is this the same as finding equivalent fractions with same ‘D’ and add?
Multiplication of fractions: -
 Multiply the Ns. of the two fractions to get the numerator of the product and
2 3 6 1
the Ds. to get the Denominator of the product. For e.g.   
3 4 12 2
Division of fractions: -
 Write the reciprocal of second fraction and multiply with the first fraction.
For e.g. ÷ = × =2
Meaning of division:
10 ÷ 5
‘Divide ‘10’ in ‘5’ parts : Each part is =2
OR
‘Divide ‘10’ such that each part is ‘5’ . We get 2 parts
𝟏
10 ÷ 5 = 10 x = 2
𝟓
Division by Fraction = Multiplication by its reciprocal
4 2 𝟒 𝟑
So,  = × =2
3 3 𝟑 𝟐
CAN WE SEE THAT

𝟒 𝟐
When we divide such that each part = , we get 2 parts
𝟑 𝟑
 Note that the final answer is always to be written in the lowest form
BODMAS rule :
 When there is more than one operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, in the same sum, the answer obtained by BODMAS rule is taken as the
right answer. As per the rule, the order of operation must be:
‘Bracket Open – Division – Multiplication – Addition – Subtraction.’
Eg: The answer for ‘3 + 6 ÷ 3’ = 5 (with BODMAS) and = 3 (without BODMAS)
So, ‘5’ is taken as the right answer.
HW assignment: Find out some more such pairs where the answer is different
by using BODMAS and by not using BODMAS
Examples:
(1) Find the value of ( + )÷ ( - )
(2) How many times be added to to get 3 ?
3
(3) If a number is 81, find the number.
5
1 1
(4) Aarti has 48 flowers. of them are roses. of them are mogra and remaining
3 2
are Jai. How many Jai flowers are there?
(5) 4 fractions having equal denominators have their numerators as 2,4,5,1

respectively. If the sum of the fractions is 4, find the denominator.
1
(6) To find th of 20, Sanket multiplied 20 by 4. By how much his answer is more
4
or less than that of the correct answer?
(7) In which of the following operations, the answer by using BODMAS and by not
using BODMAS is same?
(a) 3x 4 +5 (b) 3 x 4 ÷ 2 (c) 5 -3 x 2 (d) 3 + 9 ÷ 3
CAN WE THINK ‘WHEN’ AND ‘WHY’ THIS HAPPENS?
(8) and (9) Observe the following fractions:

, , , ,
(8) Find the smallest fraction of the set.
(9) Find the greatest fraction of the set.

LECTURE 4 : HANDLING FRACTIONS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) Find the second last fraction in the ascending order of the following
fractions: 10, 12, 4, 5 ,11.
14 28 7 14 14
15 21
2) = . Find the number in place of ‘?’
25 ?
33
3) Which of the following fraction /s is greater than ?
32
3 8 15
(a) 2 (b) 11 (c) 16 (d) 23
22
.
1
4) A laborer gets Rs. 240 per day. If he saves of it daily , how much will he
10
save in the month of November?
5) 11 years 4 months means how many years in terms of fractions?
6) 3 fractions having equal numerators have their denominators 1,2, and 4. If

their sum is equal to 14, what is the equal numerator of the said fractions?
2
7) th of the length of a stick is below the ground. Length of the stick below the
5
ground is 40 cm. What is the total length of the stick?
1
8) The cost of the chair is th the cost of the table. The table and the chair
4
together cost Rs.2500. Find the difference between the cost of the table and
chair?
2 1 rd
9) A class of 60 students has th girls. If of the boys were selected for sports,
5 3
how many boys were selected?
10) Observe the following number line and answer the questions:
A B C D E F G H I
If point Y falls between points G and H, which of the following cannot be

the coordinate of Y?
11 14 5 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 2 5
1 3
11)I deposit part of my salary in a bank. of the remaining amount is spent on
5 4
household expenses. Then Rs.500 remain me. What is my total salary?
2
12) Ganesh has some amount out of which he purchased books of amount and
3
1
from the remaining amount some notebooks of amount. Then amount left with
3
Ganesh will be Rs.36. Then how much amount Ganesh have initially?
LECTURE 3 -4 : HANDLING FRACTIONS
SOLUTIONS -ANSWER KEY
Examples:
20 ?
(1) = Find the number in place of ‘?’
24 18
Solution:
20 5 15
M1: = =
24 6 18
3 th 3 th
M2 : 18 is of 24. So answer is of 20, that is 15
4 4
Ans: 15
5 p+4
(2) = . What is the value of ‘p’?
9 45
Solution:
5 25
= ; where p + 4 = 25 ; So , p = 21
9 45
Ans: 21
15 1 4
(3) Find the middle fraction of the following set of fractions : , , .
20 4 8
Solution:
M 1: Converting all the fractions to D = 4 , Ns are 3,1,2 ;
2 4
⸫ Fraction with N = 2 is the middle one. But ≡ in the given series .
4 8
4
Ans:
8
15 3 1 4 2 2 4
M 2 : By observation: = , , = . ; So, ≡ is the middle one.
20 4 4 8 4 4 8
LECTURE 3 : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2 9 23 3
(1) Find the value of ( + )÷ ( - )
7 14 28 7
Solution:
Converting all fractions to D 28 and using BODMAS,
8 18 23 12
( + )÷ ( - )
28 28 28 28
26 11
( )÷ ( )
28 28
26 28 26 4
( )× ( ) = ( ) =2
28 11 11 11
4
Ans: 2
11
2 3
(2) How many times be added to to get 3 ?
7 7
Solution :
3 𝟏𝟖 21
+ = =3
7 7 7
18 2
But , = 9 times
7 7
Ans : 9
NOW TRY THIS

3
How many times should be added to get 3?
7
What is the difference in the wording of the two questions ?
3
(3) If th of a number is 81, find the number.
5
Solution:
M1:
27 27 27 ? ?
3 parts = 81
5 parts : 135
81
Step 1 : = 27 ,
3
Step 2 : then 27 x 5 = 135
5
Together : = 27 x = 135
3
M 2:
Let the number be ‘x’
3
× x = 81 ; By transposition: x =135
5
Ans: 135
1 1
(4) Aarti has 48 flowers. of them are roses. of them are mogra and
3 2
remaining are Jai. How many Jai flowers are there?
Solution:
M1 :
48 48
Roses : = 16 , Mogra : = 24 : Remaining 48 – 16 -24 = 8 (Jai flowers)
3 2
M2 :
1 1 5 5 1
Roses + Mogra : + = ; So, Jai flowers : 1 - = × 48 = 8
3 2 6 6 6
Ans : 8
(5) 4 fractions having equal denominators have their numerators as 2,4,5,1
respectively. If the sum of the fractions is 4, find the denominator?
Solution:
M1:
Let the D be x
2 4 5 1 12
The sum of the fractions will be + + + = = 4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⸫x =3
M2:
Sum of N = 12 ;
For the sum of fractions to be 4 , D has to be 3
Ans : 3
1
(6) To find th of 20, Sanket multiplied 20 by 4. By how much his answer is
4
more or less than that of the correct answer?
Solution:
1
Correct answer : × 20 = 5
4
Sanket’s ans : 20 × 4 =80 , i.e. greater by 75 than the right answer
Ans : More by 75
(7) In which of the following operations, the answer by using BODMAS and by
not using BODMAS is same. Can we think WHY?
Solution:
(a) 3× 4 +5 = 17 (with BODMAS) = 27 (without BODMAS)
(b) 3 × 4 ÷ 2 = 6 (with BODMAS) = 6 (without BODMAS)
(c) 5 -3 × 2 = -1 (with BODMAS) = 4 (without BODMAS)
(d) 3 + 9 ÷ 3 = 6 (with BODMAS) = 4 (without BODMAS)
Ans: Option (b)

CAN WE THINK ‘WHEN’ AND ‘WHY’ THIS HAPPENS?
3 3 11 7 31
(8) and (9) Observe the following fractions: , , , ,
5 4 4 10 4
(8) Find the smallest fraction of the set.

Solution:
11 31 3 3 7
Note that & > 1 : cannot be the ‘smallest’ . So we compare : , ,
4 4 5 4 10
M 1 : Equalising the D
3 3 7 12 15 14 12 3
, , ≡ , , respectively ; So, ≡ is the smallest
5 4 10 20 20 20 20 5
M2:
3 3 3
Step 1 : < , so cannot be the smallest.
5 4 4
3 6 7 3
Step 2 : ≡ < ; So, is the smallest
5 10 10 5
3
Ans:
5
(9) Find the greatest fraction of the set.
Solution:
11 31
and > 1 . So the remaining three cannot be the greatest.
4 4
11 31
< . ;
4 4
31
So, is the greatest
4
31
Ans:
4
LECTURE 4 : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(1) Find the second last fraction in the ascending order of the following fractions:
10 12 4 5 11
, , , , .
14 28 7 14 14
Solution :
Converting all fractions to D =14 , we get Ns as : 10,6,8,5,11 respectively.
Arranging them in ascending order, N = 10 is second last
10
Ans :
14
15 21
(2) = . Find the number in place of ‘?’
25 ?
Solution:
15 3 21
= =
25 5 35
Answer : 35
33
(3) Which of the following fraction /s is greater than ?
32
3 8 15 23
(a) (b) (c) (d) .
2 11 16 22
Solution:
33
> 1 . Option (b) and (c) are proper fractions, < 1 , so ruled out
32
M1:
3 23 33
In all the three fractions and , the difference in N and D is 1.
2 22 32
33
So, the largest pair ( ) indicates the smallest fraction.
32
33
Both (a) and (d) are >
32
M2:
33
Comparing (a) and (d) with , converting them to mixed fractions, we get:
32
3 1 33 1 23 1
= 1 = 1 = 1
2 2 32 32 22 22
3 23 33
Comparing the proper fraction part , both and are >
2 22 32
Ans : Option (a) and (d)
1
(4) A laborer gets Rs. 240 per day. If he saves th of it daily, how much will he
10
save in the month of November?
Solution:
Daily saving : Rs 24 x 30 (Days in Nov) = Rs 720
Ans: 720
(5) 11 years 4 months means how many years in terms of fractions?
Solution:
4 1
4 months = = year
12 3
1
Ans: 11
3
(6) 3 fractions having equal numerators have their denominators 1,2, and 4. If
their sum is equal to 14, what is the equal numerator of the said fractions?
Solution:
M1:
If the N is equal, it means , the number + its ½ + its ¼ = 14
Smallest possible set : 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Multiplying by 2 : 2 x (4 + 2 + 1) = 8 + 4 + 2 = 14
8 8 8
So, the numbers are : + + = 14
1 2 4
M2 :
Let the N be ‘x’

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Fractions are + + = 14
1 2 4
Solving : x =8
Ans : 8
2
(7) th of the length of a stick is below the ground. Length of the stick below
5
the ground is 40 cm. What is the total length of the stick?
Solution:
M1
20 20 ? ? ?
2 parts = 40 : 1 part =20
5 parts = 100
Ans : 40 ÷ 2 × 5 = 100 OR
M2
Let the number be ‘x’

2
× x = 40 ,
5
5
x= 40 × = 100
2
1
(8)The cost of the chair is th the cost of the table. The table and the chair
4
together cost Rs.2500. Find the difference between the cost of the table and
chair?
Solution:
M 1:
T T T T C
4 parts : Table + 1 part : Chair = Total Rs. 2500 ;
Each part : 2500 ÷ 5 = Rs. 500
So, total cost of tables 500 × 4 = Rs . 2000,

Cost of chair : Rs. 500
Difference : 1500
M2
Let the cost of chair be Rs. ‘ x’ ;
⸫ Cost of tables : Rs. 4x ;
⸫ Difference in their costs : 3x
If x = 500, 3x =1500
Ans: 1500
2 1
(9)A class of 60 students has th girls. If rd of the boys were selected for sports,
5 3
how many boys were selected?
Solution:
2
Number of girls : x 60 = 24
5
So number of boys : 60 – 24 = 36
1
x 36 = 12
3
Ans: 12
10) Observe the following number line and answer the questions:
A B C D E F G H I
If point Y falls between points G and H, which of the following cannot be the
coordinate of Y?
11 14 5 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 2 5
Solution:
Converting all the above fractions in mixed fractions,
14 1
=3 will fall between 3 & 4 . All other points fall between 2 & 3
4 2
14
Ans:
4
1 3
11) I deposit th part of my salary in a bank. th of the remaining amount is
5 4
spent on household expenses. Then Rs.500 remain me. What is my total salary?
Solution:
M1
? ? ? ? 500
1
in bank
5
3
parts of the remaining spent on household
4
Remaining: 500
1
Remaining amount is th of the total amount = Rs. 500 ; so total amount =2500
5
M2
1 4
th amount in bank ; So, th in hand .
5 5
3 3 4 3
th of that, that is × = of the total amount spent ,
4 4 5 5
1 3 1
So, 1 – ( + ) = of the total amount remains = 500 ; so, total = 2500
5 5 5
OR
3 4 1 4 1th
× spent, So × = in hand = 500 ; So, total 2500
4 5 4 5 5
DO IT YOURSELF
Consider the total salary as Rs. X . Determine the equations and solve
1 th
Tally: of 2500 = 500 in bank . So, 2000 in hand
5
3 th
of 2000 = 1500 spent . So, Rs. 500 remain.
4
Ans: 2500
2
12) Ganesh has some amount out of which he purchased books of amount and
3
1
from the remaining amount some notebooks of amount. Then amount left with
3
Ganesh will be Rs.36. Then how much amount Ganesh have initially?
Solution:
M1
6 2
= for books
9 3
1 1rd
= for notebooks
9 3
2
Remaining parts = 36
9
2 1
th part = 36 ; So , th part = 18 ; So, whole : 18 x 9 = 162
9 9
M2:
2rd 1rd
spent on books , So, in hand
3 3
1rd 1 1
of this rd spent on notebooks, So, rd in hand = 36
3 3 3
3
So, 1/3rd of whole amount = 36 x = 54
2
So, whole amount : 54 x 3 = 162
DO IT YOURSELF
Consider the whole amount to be Rs. X. Determine the equations and solve
Tally :
2/3rd of 162 = 108 ; So, 54 in hand
1/3rd of that = 18 spent on notebooks
So, 36 remain
Ans: 162
LECTURE 5 : RATIO -PROPORTION
 The ratio of two numbers gives a comparative value of two numbers with
respect to each other.
 When multiplied by a common number, say ‘n’ (called as the constant of

proportion),we get infinite sets with same ratio.
e.g: 2 : 3 is 2x1 : 3x1 So n=1
4 :6 is 2 x2 : 3 x 2 So n = 2
10 : 15 is 2:5:3x5 So n= 5
 When n=1 it is the ratio in the lowest form.
Example : Find the lowest form and the constant of proportion in 24:36
3 numbers in proportion:
a b
 When 3 numbers, say a,b,c are such that b = c or b
2
= ac
they are said to be ‘in proportion’.

1 3
eg 1,3,9, are in proportion , as 3 = 9 or 1 × 9 = 3 × 3 = 3
 When 3 numbers are in proportion, we write 2 equivalent fractions such
that the numerator of one is the denominator of other.
Eg : 1,3,9 are in proportion. But ≠ as they are not equivalent.
Example :
If 2 , 4 and ‘x’ are three numbers in proportion , find the value of ‘x’
4 numbers in proportion:
 When 4 numbers, say a,b,c,d are such that = or = or ad= bc ,

they are said to be in proportion.
e.g. 2,3,4,6 , are in proportion as = or = or 2 × 6 = 3 × 4
 When 4 numbers are in proportion, we write two equivalent fractions, such

that their cross products are equal.
Example :
(1) Find which of the following sets have the given numbers in proportion
(a) 2,4,6,8 (b) 2,3,6,9 (c) 12,15,20,25
(2) If 9, 21, ‘p’ and 49 are four numbers in proportion, find the value of ‘p’.
If A : B and B : C , is given , how to find A: B : C ?

Eg : If A: B = 2 : 3 , and B : C is 7 : 9 , find A : B : C
A : B : C
2 : 3
7 : 9
2X7: 3X 7 : 3X 9
14 : 21 : 27
Examples:
(1) Divide Rs. 500 in the proportion of 2:3:5. What will be the share of the one
with 5 parts in rupees?
(2) If X : Y= 1 : 2 & Y : Z =3 : 4 find X : Z
(3) The ratio between two numbers is 11:7. If the difference of the numbers is
40, find the numbers.
(4) The ratio of marks of Shanta and Narmada is 5 : 6. The sum of their marks
is 132. Find the marks of Narmada.
(5) Ratio of the investment of ‘A’ & ‘B’ is 15:12 and the ratio of their time of
investment is 9:15. Find the ratio of their profit.
(6) The ratio of the prices of a pant and a shirt is 3:2 and that of a shirt and T-
shirts is 5:7. If the price of the pant is Rs.480, what is the price of the T-
shirt?
(7) Nikhil is 9 years old. The ratio of the ages of Nakul and Nikhil is 4:3. What will
be the ratio of their ages after 6 years?
(8) The salary of A and B is the ratio of 2:3 and that of A and C is the ratio of 5:4.
If salary of B is Rs.660 then what is the difference in A’s and C’s salaries?
(9) Present age of the child, mother and the father is 10 years, 30 years and 40
years respectively. After how many years will their ages be in the ratio 3 : 7 :
9?
LECTURE 6 : RATIO -PROPORTION
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) If 18 : M : : 3 : 15, M = ?
2) Ratio of the amount of money with A and B is 3 : 5 and that of A and C is

2 : 3. Amount with B is Rs.200. What is the difference between the amounts
with A and C?
3) The salary of A and B is in the ratio 3 : 4 and that of A and C is in the ratio
1 : 2. If the salary of B is Rs.320 then by how much is A’s salary less than the
salary of C?
1 1 1
4) Rs.154 is divided in three people the ratio : : How much amount is
2 4 8
left after the distribution?
5) Ratio of two numbers is 3:7. If seven is subtracted from the smaller number
and seventeen is added to the greater number, the new ratio is 1:3. Find the
smaller number.
6) Price of A and B is in the ratio 5:3. If the 2nd article costs Rs.320 less, find the
total cost of both.
7) A vessel contains 135 liters of water. How many liters of water must be
removed and replaced by squash concentrate so that proportion of water
and squash concentrate is 11:4?
8) There is four years difference in the present ages of Prachi and Shachi. Five
years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5:3. Find the present age of Shachi.
9) The ratio of the ages of three girls is 1 : 3 ; 4. The ratio of their ages four
years ago was 1: 5 : 7. What is the sum of their ages presently?
10) The ratio of the incomes of Suresh and Sadu is 3 : 4. Suresh’s income doubled
and Sadu’s income increased by two and half times. What will be the ratio of
their incomes then?
11) The sum of the ages of Kanta and Urmila is 24 years. Urmila is 2 times as old
as Kanta. Four years hence what will be the ratio of their ages?
12) Rama invested Rs.6000 and started a business. After 7 months Govinda
invested some amount in the same business. At the end of the year Govinda
got half of the total profit. What is Govinda’s investment in the business?
LECTURE 5 -6 : RATIO -PROPORTION
SOLUTION -ANSWER KEY
L 5 : Examples :
(1) Find the lowest form and the constant of proportion in 24:36 .
Solution:
24 12 2
÷ =
36 12 3
2
Ans:
3
(2) If 2 , 4 and ‘x’ are 3 numbers in proportion , find the value of ‘x’
Solution:
M1
2 4
= 2x =16 . x =8
4 𝑥
M2
4 2 4
Equivalent fraction of to = So, x =8
𝑥 4 8
Ans: 8
(3) Find which of the following sets have the numbers in proportion
(a) 2,4,6,8 (b) 2, 3, 6, 9 (c) 12,15, 20, 25
Solution:
2 6 12 20
In both (b) and (c) , = and , =
3 9 15 25
Ans: (b) and (c)

(4) If 9, 21, ‘p’ and 49, are in 4 numbers in proportion, find the value of ‘p’.
Solution:
M1:
9 𝑝
= ; So 9 × 49 = 21 × p ; p =21
21 49
M2:
𝑝 9 21
Equivalent fraction of to = So, p =21
49 21 49
Ans: 21
CW Examples:
1.Divide Rs. 500 in the proportion of 2:3:5. What will be the share of the one with
5 parts in rupees?
Solution:
M1 :
2 + 3 + 5 = 10
500
= 50
10
Numbers : 2 x 50 , 3 x 50 , 5 x 50 = 100 ,150 ,250
M2 :
Let the constant of proportion be ‘x’
Numbers : 2x ,3x ,5x
2x + 3x + 5x = 10x = 500 , x =50
Numbers : 2 x 50 , 3 x 50 , 5 x 50 = 100 ,150 ,250
Ans: 250
2. If X : Y= 1 : 2 & Y : Z = 3 : 4 find X : Z
Solution:
X : Y : Z
1 : 2
3 : 4
1X3 : 2X3 : 2X4
3 : 6 : 8
Ans : X : Z = 3: 8
3. The ratio between two numbers is 11:7. If the difference of the numbers is 40,
find the numbers.
Solution:
M1
11 - 7 = 4
40
= 10
4
Numbers : 11 × 10 = 110 , 7 × 10 = 70
M2
11x – 7x = 40 ; x = 10
Numbers : 110 , 70
Ans: 110 ,70
4. The ratio of marks of Shanta and Narmada is 5 : 6. The sum of their marks is
132.Find the marks of Narmada.
Solution:
M1
132
5 + 6 = 11 ; = 12
11
Numbers : 5 x 12 = 60 ; and 6 x 12 = 72
M2
5x + 6x = 11x =132 ; x = 12
Ans : 72
(5) Ratio of the investment of ‘A’ & ‘B’ is 15:12 and the ratio of their time of
investment is 9:15. Find the ratio of their profit.
Solution:
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ′𝐴′ 15 ×9 9 3
Ratio of profit = = = =
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ′𝐵′ 12 ×15 12 4
Ans: 3: 4
6. The ratio of the prices of a pant and a shirt is 3:2 and that of a shirt and T-shirts
is 5:7. If the price of the pant is Rs.480, what is the price of the T-shirt?
Solution:
P : S : T
3 : 2
5 : 7
15 : 10 : 14
𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑡 15 15 32 480
= = x =
𝑇 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑡 14 14 32 448
Ans : 448
7. Nikhil is 9 years old. The ratio of the ages of Nakul and Nikhil is 4:3. What will be
the ratio of their ages after 6 years?
Solution:
Today : Nikhil : 9 , So ,Nakul : 12
After 6 years :
Nikhil : 15 , Nakul : 18
Ratio : 18 : 15 = 6 : 5
Ans: 6: 5
8. The salary of A and B is the ratio of 2:3 and that of A and C is the ratio of 5:4. If
salary of B is Rs.660 then what is the difference in A’s and C’s salaries?
Solution:
B : A : C
3 : 2
5 : 4
15 : 10 : 8
x 44 x 44 x 44
660 : 440 : 352
Difference in A’s and C’ salary : 440 -352 = 88
Ans: 88
9. Present age of the child, mother and the father is 10 years, 30 years and 40
years respectively. After how many years will their ages be in the ratio 3 : 7 : 9
Solution:
Present ages : Child : 10 , Mother : 30 , Father : 40
Let the ratio be 3 : 7 : 9 after ‘x’ years
After x years : Age of child : (10 +x) ; Mother : ( 30 + x) ; Father : (40 + x)
Then (10 + x ) : (30 + x ) : (40 + x) = 3: 7 : 9
10+𝑥 3
So, =
30+𝑥 7
Solving , we get , 7 ( 10 + x ) = 3 (30 + x)

70 + 7x = 90 + 3x ; 4x =20 ; x = 5
After 5 years : Child : 15 ; Mother : 35 ; Father : 45
15 : 35 : 45 = 3 : 7 : 9
Ans: 5
LECTURE 6 : RATIO -PROPORTION : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) If 18 : M : : 3 : 15, M = ?
Solution:
18 3
= , M =90
𝑀 15
Ans : 90
2)Ratio of the amount of money with A and B is 3 : 5 and that of A and C is 2 : 3.

Amount with B is Rs.200. What is the difference between the amounts with A and
C?
Solution:
B : A : C
5 : 3
2 : 3
5 x2 : 3x2 : 3x3
10 : 6 : 9
x 20 : x 20 : x 20
200 : 120 : 180
C – A = 60
Ans: 60
3)The salary of A and B is in the ratio 3 : 4 and that of A and C is in the ratio 1 : 2. If
the salary of B is Rs.320 then by how much is A’s salary less than the salary of C?
Solution:
B : A : C
4 : 3
1 : 2
4 x1 : 3x1 : 3x2
4 : 3 : 6
x 80 : x 80 : x 80
320 : 240 : 480
C – A = 480 -240 = 240
Ans: 240
1 1 1
4) Rs.154 is divided in three people the ratio : : . How much amount is left
2 4 8
after the distribution?
Solution:
M1
154 154 154
= 77 + = 38.5 + = 19.25 = 134 .75
2 4 8
Amount left : 154 – 134.75 = 19.25

M2
1 1 1 7 1
+ + = . So the amount left :
2 4 8 8 8
1
x 154 = 19.25
8
Ans: Rs. 19.25

5) Ratio of two numbers is 3:7. If seven is subtracted from the smaller number
and seventeen is added to the greater number, the new ratio is 1:3. Find the
smaller number.
Solution:
Let the constant of proportion be x . Then the two numbers will be 3x and 7x
(3x -7) : (7x + 17) = 1: 3
M1
The ratio of the new numbers is 1 : 3
i.e. 3 ( 3x -7) = 7x + 17
9x -21 = 7x + 17
2x = 17 + 21 = 38 ; x =19
Numbers : 19 x3 =57 and 19 x 7 = 133
M2
3𝑥−7 1
= Solving , x = 19
7𝑥+17 3
Ans: 57
6) Price of A and B is in the ratio 5:3. If the 2nd article costs Rs.320 less, find the
total cost of both.
Solution:
M1 :
5 -3 = 2 (difference) 5+ 3 = 8 (total cost)
Difference ‘2’ corresponds to ‘320’
Then total ‘8’ is ‘2 x 4’ corresponds to ‘320 x 4’ = 1280
M2
Let the constant of proportion be x
5x -3x = 2x
2x =320 ; x =160
Total cost : 8x = 160 x 8 = 1280
Ans: Rs. 1280
7) A vessel contains 135 liters of water. How many liters of water must be
removed and replaced by squash concentrate so that proportion of water and
squash concentrate is 11:4?
Solution:
M1
Final mixture : 11 parts water + 4 parts squash
135
11 + 4 = 15 liters in one part of the mixture ; So, 135 liters ≡ = 9 parts
15
So final mixture : Water : 11 × 9 = 99 liters + Squash : 4 × 9 = 36 liters
M2
Amount of water : 11 x , amount of squash concentrate : 4x
Total 15x = 135 ; X = 9
Amount of water : 11 x 9 = 99 liters ; Amount of squash conc : 4 x 9 = 36 liters
Ans : 36 liters.
8) There is four years difference in the present ages of Prachi and Shachi. Five
years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5:3. Find the present age of Shachi.
Solution:
M1:
When? Shachi Prachi
Today x years x+4 years
Five years ago x-5 years X + 4 -5 = x -1 years
Ratio of their ages five years ago : 5: 3 = (x-1) : (x-5)

𝑥−1 5
So, =
𝑥−5 3
By cross multiplication:
3 (x-1) = 5 (x - 5)
3x – 3 = 5x - 25
⸫ 25 -3 = 5x – 3x
22 =2x ; x =11
M2:
Let the constant of proportion of their ages 5 years ago be ‘x’
Their ages 5 years ago will be 5x and 3x
Today : Prachi : 5x + 5 : Shachi 3x + 5
We know, (5x + 5 ) – (3x + 5 ) = 4
Solving : x =2
Shachi’s today’s age : 3x + 5 = 11
Ans : 11
9) The ratio of the ages of three girls is 1 : 3 ; 4. The ratio of their ages four years
ago was 1: 5 : 7. What is the sum of their ages presently?
Solution:
M1:
Let the constant of proportion for today’s age be ‘m’.
Their today’s ages : m , 3m , 4m
Four years ago the ratios of ages would be : (m-4 ) : (3m -4) : (4m -4) = 1 : 5 : 7
𝑚−4 1
So, =
3𝑚−4 5
By cross multiplication:
5 (m – 4) = 1 ( 3m -4)
⸫ 5m -20 = 3m – 4
⸫ 5m - 3m = - 4 + 20
⸫ 2m = 16 ; m = 8
⸫ Today’s ages : m : 8 , 3m : 24 and 4m : 32
⸫ Total of their ages : 8 + 24 + 32 = 64
M2:
Let the constant of proportion of their ages 4 years ago be ‘x’ .
Their ages 4 years ago : x ,5x, 7x .
Their ages today : x + 4 : 5x + 4 : 7x + 4 = 1 : 3 : 4
𝑥+4 1
= , By cross multiplication: 3 ( x + 4 ) = 5x + 4
5𝑥+4 3
⸫ 3x + 12 = 5x + 4 ; x =4 . Ages 4 years ago : 4 ,20 , 28

Today’s ages : 8 + 24 + 32 = 64
Ans : 64
10) The ratio of the incomes of Suresh and Sadu is 3 : 4. Suresh’s income
doubled and Sadu’s income increased by two and half times. What will be ratio
of their incomes then?
Solution:
Let the constant of proportion be ‘m’
Incomes are 3m and 4 m
Suresh’s new income : 3m x 2 = 6m
Sadu’s new income : 4m x 2.5 = 10 m
New ratio : 6m : 10m = 3 : 5
Ans : 3: 5
11) The sum of the ages of Kanta and Urmila is 24 years. Today, Urmila is 2 times
as old as Kanta. Four years hence what will be the ratio of their ages?
Solution:
Today :
Kanta : x , Urmila : 2x
3x =24 ; x =8
Kanta : 8 yrs ; Urmila : 16 yrs
After 4 yrs :
Kanta : 12 yrs , Urmila : 20 yrs
Ratio : 12 : 20 = 3 : 5
Ans : 3: 5
12) Rama invested Rs.6000 and started a business. After 7 months Govinda
invested some amount in the same business. At the end of the year Govinda got
half of the total profit. What is Govinda’s investment in the business?
Solution:
Rama invested Rs. 6000 for 12months
Let Govinda’s investment be ‘r’. He invested for 5 months
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑎 15 ×9 3
We know : Ratio of profit = = =
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 12 ×15 4
6000 ×12 1
So , Ratio of profit = =
𝑟 ×5 1
⸫ 6000 x 12 = r x 5
Solving , r = 14400
Ans : Rs . 14400
LECTURE 7 : SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
• A number multiplied by itself is a square of the number

Eg : 5 x 5 is read as ‘square of 5’ or ‘5 square’; written as ‘52’
• The number of which the square is found is called as the ‘square root’
It is read as ‘square root of 25’ ; written as √25 .
• Note that the product of 2 negative numbers is a positive number
So, square root can be negative, but square number is always positive
• The value of the square root of any number is expressed as √25 = ±5
and read as ‘Square root of 25 is ‘plus or minus’ 5’
• Natural numbers that have natural numbers as square roots are called as
‘perfect squares’ .For eg: 25 is a perfect square of 5 ; 26 is not a perfect square.
• Squares of numbers from 1 t o10
Square root Square Square root Square
1 1 6 36
2 4 7 49
3 9 8 64
4 16 9 81
5 25 10 100
• A square number never has 2,3,7,8 in its unit’s place
• Unit’s place of square number, determines the unit’s place of square root .
Square ends Square root Square Square root
with ends with ends with ends with
1 1,9 6 4,6
4 2,8 25 5
9 3,7 00 0
Examples :
(1) If 112 = 121, 1102 = ?
(2) Can 100000 be a square number? Why?
(3) Is 152 = 102 + 52 ?

Quick methods for finding squares:
Square of number ending with ‘1’:

o The last digit is always 1.
o Multiply the whole number by the digit in the tens’ place and add the digit in
the tens’ place to the product.
o Write this number before 1 to get the square of the number
Eg; 212 = (21 x 2) + 2 = 44 before 1 = 441
Square of number ending with ‘5’:
o The square of a number ending with 5 always ends with 25.
o Multiply the digit in the tens' place by the next consecutive number
o Place it before 25, to get the square number.
Eg. 252 = (2x3) 25 = 6 before 25 = 625.
Square of any 2-digit number , say ‘ab’ :
where ‘a’ is the digit in the tens’ place and ‘b’ is the digit in the unit’s place.
o Step 1 : Find b2.
- If it is a single digit, write it in the unit’s place of the final answer .
- If it has more than one digits, write the unit’s place digit of the number in the
unit’s place of the final answer and carry forward the rest
o Step 2: Find a x b . Multiply it by 2 . Add the carry over of step 1 (if any)
o Write the unit’s place digit of this value in the tens’ place of the final answer
and carry forward the rest .
o Step 3 : Find a2. Add the carry- over of step 2 .

o Write it before the tens’ place of the final answer.
This is the square of the two- digit number ‘ab’
Eg: (34)2
o Step 1: 42 = 16
'6' written in the unit's place of the final answer. '1' carried forward to step 2.
o Step 2 : 3 × 4= 12 × 2= 24 + 1 (carried forward) = 25
'5' written in the tens' place of the final answer. '2' carried forward to step 3
Step 3 : = 32 = 9 + 2 (carried forward) = 11
11 written before ‘56’ in the final answer .
Final answer=1156.
We can easily prove WHY THIS WORKS a little later!!

Examples : Find the squares of :
(1) 35
(2) 66
(3) 31
HW assignment : Can we find the square of 114 using the same method?
Methods to find the square root of a given number
Factorisation Method:
o Prime factorise the given number.
o Divide the factors in identical two sets
o The product of each set is the square root of the given number.
Example: Find √36 by factorization method:
Approximation method:
o Identify the squares of two consecutive multiples of 10 between which the
given number falls.
o Approximate the square root, using the unit’s place digit.
o Confirm by calculation.
Example: Find √1444 by approximation method:

Converting a non -square number to a square number
• A non-square number can be converted to a square number by adding or
removing a factor & making the factors as identical sets
Example:
(1) Convert 18 into the next possible square number
(2) Convert 72 into the previous possible square number
Operations on numbers in square root :
Addition and Subtraction:

If a and b are two numbers,
√a + √b ≠√a+ b and √a - √b ≠√a- b
For eg:
√4 + √9
√9 - √4
Multiplication and Division

If a and b are two numbers,
√𝑎 𝑎
√a x √b = √ax b and =√
√𝑏 𝑏
For eg:
√4 x √9
√36
√9
Simplification :
𝑎 √𝑎× √𝑎
Note that: = = √a; a × √b = a√b
√𝑎 √𝑎
6
Example : Simplify :
√2
Examples:
(1) - (4) Find the values of :
(1)√25 + √36
(2) √25 x √36
√25 + √36
(3)
5×6
√25 × √36
(4)
5×6
(5) The square of a number multiplied by 37 gives 333. Find the number.
(6) Find the square root of 36864.

(7) √16 × √64 = 17+a. a=?
√225+√25
(8) √64−√36
=?
36  8
(9) x= x=?
3
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) Three numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. If their sum is 48, find the square of the
middle number.
2) The product of two consecutive prime numbers is 143. Find the smaller number.
121 14
3) +x = x =?
169 13
1296
4) Find the value of
36
112 576 256

  =?
5) 196 12 8
64 64
6) If = ,*=?
56 *
7) Find the difference between 25 + 144 and 25 + 144
8) Square root of a number is 1/5th of the number Find the number.
9) The two consecutive numbers between which the 150 lies are ----------
10) 176 + 2401 =?
 8 15  5
11) Simplify  + 
 15 8  6
135 - 100
12) X = X = ?
25
13) Which is the smallest number with which 1200 should be multiplied so that
the product obtained will be an even number and perfect square?
14) One is subtracted from the square root of four times of a number. The
square of the answer obtained above is 49. Find the number.
15) 5 = 25, x 2 = ?
x
Lecture 7 : Examples :
(1) If 112 = 121, 1102 = ?
Solution:
1102 = 12100
(2) Can 100000 be a square number?
Solution:
No. A square number cannot have odd number of zeroes
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Can we think WHY a square number cannot have odd number of zeroes in the end ?
WITH DECIMAL UNDERSTANDING

Can 1.44 be a square number? Can 14.4 be a square number?
Can we think WHY?
(3) Is 152 = 102 + 52 ?

Solution:
No. 152 = 225 ; 102 + 52 = 100 + 25 = 125
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Try various such questions and try to find
if there is any relation in the difference of the answers obtained
(4) – (6) Find the squares of :
(4) 35
Solution:
( 3 × 4 ) 25 = 1225
(5) 66
Solution:
662 =
Step 1 : 62 = 36 (Unit’s place of final answer)
Step 2 : [(6 × 6) × 2] + 3 = 75 (Tens’ place of the final answer)
Step 3: 62 = 36 + 7 = 43 ( Hundred’s and Thousand’s place of the final answer
Final answer : 4356
Ans: 4356
(6) 31
Solution:
312 = (31 × 3 ) + 3 = ‘96’ before ‘1’
Ans: 961
(7) Find √36 by factorization method:
Solution:
36 = 6x6 = 2x3x2x3
⸫ √36 = 6
Ans: 6
(8) Find √1444 by approximation method:
Solution:
1444 is between 302 = 900 & 40 2 =1600.
⸫ √1444 must be between 30 and 40.
1444 ends with 4. So, its square root will end with 2,8.
So the possible square roots are 32 or 38
We know, 352 = 1225 and 1444> 1225.
⸫ √1444 = 38
Note that, If 382 is not 1444, then 1444 is not a square number.
Ans: 38
(9) Convert 18 into the next possible square number
Solution:
18 = 2x3x3 (unpaired factor)
If we multiply it by 2, we create an identical pair
Thus 18 x2 =36 = 2x3x2x3
⸫ 36 is the next closest square number to 18
Ans: 36
(10) Convert 72 into the previous possible square number
Solution:
72 = 2x3x2x3x2 (Unpaired factor)
If we divide it by 2, we remove the unpaired factor
Thus 72 ÷ 2 =36 = 2x3x2x3
⸫ 36 is the previous closest square number to 72
Ans: 36
(11) √4 + √9
= 2 + 3 = 5 ≠ √4+ 9 (√13)
(12) √9 - √4
= 3 – 2 = 1 ≠ √9 – 4 ( √5)
(13) √4 x √9
= 2 x 3 = √36 = √4 x 9
√36 6
(14) =
√9 3
36
= √ - = √4 = 2
9
6
(15)
√2
3 × √2 × √2
= = 3√2
√2
CW Examples:
(1) - (4) Find the values of :

(1)√25 + √36
Solution:
5 + 6 = 11
Ans: 11
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Can we find multiple answers for many of the questions,
considering that ‘square root of a number can be positive or negative?’
HW
Find all the possible answers for all such questions
(2) √25 x √36

Solution:
5 x 6 =30
Ans: 30
√25+ √36
(3)
5×6
Solution:
5+6 11
=
30 30
11
Ans:
30
√25 × √36
(4)
5×6
Solution:
5×6 30
= =1
30 30
Ans: 1
(5) The square of a number multiplied by 37 gives 333. Find the number.
Solution:
Let the number be ‘n’
Then n2 × 37 = 333
⸫ n2 = 333 ÷ 37 = 9
⸫n= 3
Ans : 3
(6) Find the square root of 36864.
Solution:
M 1 : Factorisation method
36864
= 4 × 9216
= 4 × 4 × 2304
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 576
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 144
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 12 × 12
Rearranging in two equal sets

36864 = 4 × 4 × 12 × 4 × 4 × 12 = (192) × (192) = (192)2
M 2 : Approximation method :
Step 1 : 36864 falls between 1902 (36,100) and 2002 = 40000
Step 2 : 36864 ends with 4 ,so square root of 36964 ends with 2 or 8
Step 3 : 36864 < 1952 ( 38025)

(We may also observe that 36864 is very close to 1902 than 2002)
So, √ 36864 = 192
Ans: 192
(7) 16  64 =17+a. a=?
Solution:
√16  √64 = 4 × 8 = 32 = 17 + a
⸫ a = 32 -17 = 15
Ans: 15
225 + 25
(8) =?
64 − 36
Solution:
15+5 20
= = 10
8−6 2
Ans: 10
36  8
(9) x= ; x=?
3
Solution:
6×8
√𝑥= 3
= 16
⸫ x = (√𝑥 )2 = 162 = 256

Ans: 256
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) Three numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. If their sum is 48, find the square of
the middle number.
Solution:
Let the constant of proportion be ‘m’.
The numbers will be 3m, 4m and 5m.
3m + 4m + 5m = 12m =48 ; m = 4
So, the numbers are : 3 × 4 : 12 ; 4 × 4 : 16 , 5 × 4 : 20
Square of the middle number : 16 = 256
Ans: 256
2) The product of two consecutive prime numbers is 143. Find the smaller
number.
Solution:
M1:
Factorise 143 = 11 × 13
M2:
Observe that 144 = 122 .

So, the numbers whose product is 143 should be around 12.
Also, the unit’s digit of 143 is 3 .

So possible numbers will have 1 and 3 or 7 and 9 in the unit’s place.
Also, by divisibility test of 11, 143 is divisible by 11.

So, first possible pair is 11 and 13. Confirm by calculation.
Ans : 11
121 14
3) √ +x= x =?
169 13
Solution:
11 14 3
+x= x =
13 13 13
3
Ans:
13
1296
4) Find the value of √
36
Solution:
1296
√ = √36 = 6
36
Ans: 6
112 √576 √256

5) × × =?
√196 12 8
Solution:
112 √576 √256 112 24 16

× × = × × = 32
√196 12 8 14 12 8
Ans: 32
64 64
6) If =√ ,*=?
56 ∗
Solution:
64 8 64
= =√ . ⸫ * = 49
56 7 49
Ans: 49
7) Find the difference between √25 + 144 and √25 + √144
Solution:
√25 + 144 = √169 = 13 ………………. (i)
√25 + √144 = 5 + 12 = 17 …………….(ii)
(ii) – (i) = 17 -13 = 4
Ans: 4
1th
8) Square root of a number is of the number Find the number.
5
Solution:
M1:
Let the number be ‘a’
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
√𝑎 = ; ⸫a= =
5 52 25
𝑎2
⸫ 25 = =a
𝑎
M2:
Square root of a number is the number divided by its square root .

𝑎
If the number is ‘a’ , √a =
√𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
If = , √a = 5 , a =25
√𝑎 5
Ans: 25
9) The two consecutive numbers between which the √150 lies are ----------
Solution:
150 lies between 122 : 144 and 132 : 169

⸫ √150 will lie between 12 and 13
Ans : 12 and 13
10) √176 + √2401=?
Solution:
Step 1 : To find the value of √2401

By approximation: 2401 lies between 402 =1600 and 502 =2500
2401 ends with 1
So possible square roots are 41 and 49
2401 > 452 (2025)
(Also observe that 2401 is very close to 2500 than 1600)
√2401 = 49
HW
Find the value of √2401 by factorization method also .
Step 2 :
√176 + √2401 = √176 + 49 = √225 =15
Ans: 15
8 15 5
11) Simplify √( + )÷6
15 8
Solution:
Step 1 :
8 15 64+225 289
(15 + 8
)= 120
=
120
Step 2 :
289 5 289 6 289

÷ = × =
120 6 120 5 100
Step 3 :
289 17 7
√ = = 1
100 10 10
WITH DECIMAL UNDERSTANDING :

17
= 1.7
10
7
Ans: 1
10
135 - √100
12) √𝑋 = ∴ X = ?
25
Solution:
135 - √100 135 - 10 125

√𝑋 = 25
=
25
=
25
=5
∴ X = 5 2 = 25
Ans : 25
13) Which is the smallest number with which 1200 should be multiplied so that
the product obtained will be an even number and perfect square?
Solution:
Let us factorise 1200 :
1200
= 4 × 300
= 4 × 4 × 75
= 4 × 4 × 5 × 15
= 4 × 4 ×5 × 5 × 3
To make it into a square number, we pair up the unpaired factor ‘3’

multiply it by 3
1200 × 3 = 3600 = 60 2
Ans : 3
14) One is subtracted from the square root of four times of a number. The
square of the answer obtained above is 49. Find the number.
Solution:
Let the number be ‘m’.

√4m – 1 = √49 = 7
⸫ √4m = 7 + 1 = 8
⸫ 4m = 82 = 64
64
⸫m= = 16
4
Ans : 16
Tally :
√64 – 1 = 8 -1 = 7 ; 72 = 49
5
15) = 25, x2=?
x
Solution:
5
= 25,
√𝑥
5 1
⸫ = √x =
25 5
1 1
⸫ x= ; x2 =
25 625
1
Ans:
625
LECTURE 9 : PERCENTAGE
• Per 'cent' is per '100'.
• It is indicated by the symbol '%'
• This is an equivalent fraction, for any given fraction with the denominator
as 100, the numerator indicates the percent value.
Example :
4
(1) = __ %
25
5
(2) Find 16 percent of ?
16
• Compare: 20 % of 50 and 50 % of 20
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Will the answer for ‘a% of b’ and ‘b % of a’ be always same? Why?
• Percentage is very often used for a comparative study of the given

information.
Example:
‘A’ has scored 16 marks out of 20 and ‘B’ has scored 35 marks our of 50.
Whose score is higher?
Profit and Loss
• The calculation for Profit and Loss in a transaction is an application of
percentage.
• Commonly used terms for Profit and Loss:
(i) Cost price : (CP) :The price at which a commodity is bought .
(ii) Sale Price : (SP):The price at which a commodity is sold.
(iii) Profit: (P) If SP > CP; SP - CP = P.
(iv) Loss: (L) : If CP >SP ; CP - SP = L.
𝑃
(v) %P : x 100
𝐶𝑃
𝐿
(vi) % L : x 100
𝐶𝑃
• V. V. Important : Profit and Loss should always be calculated on the CP.
• If the CP is not given, assume it to be 'X' or '100' and calculate.
• Never calculate profit and loss on SP.
Examples :
An article was bought for Rs. 100 and sold for Rs 125. Find the actual profit
and the % profit in the transaction
Examples :
1
(1) Find 6 % of 625.
4
(2) – (5) Find the percent value for
(2) 25 paise of Rs.5

(4) 350 gm of 7 kg
(5) 450 gm of 18 kg.
2
(6) is what percent?
5
(7) An article was sold at Rs. 120 after getting 25% profit on it. Find the cost price
of the article and the actual profit in the transaction.
(8) ‘A’ bought an article for Rs. 10 . He sold it to ‘B’ with 10 % profit . ‘B’ sold it to
‘C’ with 10 % profit on his cost price .Find the price at which ‘C’ bought the article
(9) If selling price is twice the loss, find loss percent.

LECTURE 10: PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
250
1) Find 36% of
36
2) ? % of 15 = 75% of 220
3) If 12% of 2500 = 15% of ‘x’ ; find the value of ‘x’.

4) To find the 60% of a number by what fraction should it be multiplied?
5) Rajani secured 33 marks out of 75 in Algebra 24 out of 50 in History and 56

out of 100 in English. In which subject did she get highest percentage?
6) One article is bought for Rs. 4 and sold for Rs. 5. Another article is bought
for Rs 5 and sold for Rs. 4. Find the actual profit and loss and the percent
profit and loss in the transactions
7) The rent for a room is increased by 20% after 1 year and by 25% after 2
years. Find the total percent increase in the original rent.
8) The price of an antique piece soared up by 400% during the last 10 years. If
its price is Rs.4000 today, find its price 10 years ago
9) An article is sold at 10% profit. If it is sold at Rs.30 less, there is a loss of 5%,
Find the cost price of the watch.
10) The S.P. of 6 toys is equal to the C.P. of 5 toys. What will be the percent
profit or loss in the transaction?
11) By selling an article at a loss of 7% the dealer loses Rs.42. Find the cost price
of the article.
12) ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, each scored 75 % in their exams.

The maximum marks for the paper of ‘A’ were 20. The maximum marks for
the paper of ‘B’ were twice and that of ‘C’ were thrice of ‘A’.
Find the total of the actual scores of A, B, C
13) 40% of 400 is calculated and again 40% of that number is calculated. What
is the ratio of the number obtained to the original number (400)?
14) A person spends 70% of his monthly income but saves Rs.1800 per month.
Find his monthly income
15) A medical student has to secure 40% marks to pass. He scores 40 marks but
fails by 40 marks. Find the maximum marks of the question paper.
LECTURE 9 -10 : PERCENTAGE
Example :
4
(1) = __ %
25
Solution:
4 16
= = 16 %
25 100
Ans: 16 %
5
(2) Find 16 percent of ?
16
Solution:
16 5 16 5 5 1
of = × = =
100 16 100 16 100 20
1
Ans:
20
(3) ‘A’ has scored 16 marks out of 20 and ‘B’ has scored 35 marks our of 50.
Whose score is higher?
Solution:
16 80 35 70
= = (80 %) > = = (70 %)
20 100 50 100
Ans : ‘A’ s scores are higher.

Lecture 9 C W Examples :
1
(1) Find 6 % of 625.
4
Solution:
1 25
6 =
4 4
25
4
× 625
100
25
This is ÷ 100 × 625
4
25 1
= × × 625
4 100
625 1
= = 39
16 16
1 6.25 625 ×625 625 1

6 % of 625 = × 625 = = 39 .0625 = 39 = 39
4 100 10000 10000 16
(2) – (5) Find the percent value for

Solution:
M 1:
?
25 paise = × 500 paise
100
By transposition: ‘?’ = 5
M 2:
25 paise = 25 % of 100 paise
25
= % of (100 × 5 ) paise = 5%
5
Ans: 5 %
Solution:
M 1:
?
45 paise = × 900 paise
100
Ans : 5 %
(4) 350 gm of 7 kg
Solution:
M1 :
?
350 g = × 7000 g
100
Ans : 5 %
(5) 450 gm of 18 kg.

Solution:
M1:
?
450 g = × 18000 g
100
5 1
By transposition: ‘?’ = or 2 or 2.5 %
2 2
DO IT YOURSELF
For Q 3,4,5 , try getting the answer by M2 yourself !!
2
(6) is what percent?
5
Solution:
2 2 20 40
= × = = 40 %
5 5 20 100
Ans : 40 %
(7) An article was sold at Rs. 120 after getting 25% profit on it. Find the cost price
of the article and the actual profit in the transaction.
Solution:
CP of the article is not given .
M1:
Let the CP of the article be Rs. 100 .
With 25 % profit its SP = 125
If SP = 125 : CP = 100
120 ×100
If SP = 120 : CP = = 96
125
M2:
Let the CP be ‘x’
125𝑥
With 25 % profit, SP = = 120 ; x =96
100
M3:
125
120 = of ? ; ‘?’ = 96
100
M4 :
‘25 % profit’ means 4 parts of CP + 1 part of P = 5 parts of SP
5 parts of 120 = 24 x 5 : CP = 24 x 4 = 96 , P = 24
24 24 24 24 24
CP P
(8) ‘A’ bought an article for Rs. 10 . He sold it to ‘B’ with 10 % profit . ‘B’ sold it to
‘C’ with 10 % profit on his cost price .Find the price at which ‘C’ bought the article
Solution:
CP of ‘A’ : Rs. 10 + 10% = Rs 11 : SP of ‘A’.
CP of ‘B’ : Rs. 11 + 10% = Rs. 12.10 : SP of ‘B’
CP of ‘C’ : Rs. 12.10
Ans: Rs. 12.10
(9) If selling price is twice the loss, find loss percent.
Solution:
In loss transaction: CP – LOSS = SP ; CP = SP + LOSS
If loss : Rs. X ; SP = Rs. 2X
⸫ CP = 2X + X = 3X
𝐿 𝑋 100 1
Loss % = × 100 = × 100 = % = 33 %
𝐶𝑃 3𝑋 3 3
1
Ans : 33 %
3
LECTURE 10 : PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
250
1) Find 36% of
36
Solution:
36 250 25 5 1
× = = 2 = 2 %
100 36 10 10 2
1
Ans: 2 %
2
2) ? % of 15 = 75% of 220
Solution:
? 75
× 15 = × 220
100 100
By transposition , ‘?’ = 1100
Ans: 1100
Tally :
3
RHS : 75 % of 220 = th of 220 = 165
4
55 55 55 55
75 % = 165
1100
LHS : × 15 = 11 × 15 = 165 = RHS
100
3) If 12% of 2500 = 15% of ‘x’ ; find the value of ‘x’.
Solution:
12 15
× 2500 = × ‘x’
100 100
By transposition, ‘x’ = 2000
Ans: 2000
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Is the tally for this question by drawing a train much easier in Q 2?
In which cases it becomes easy?
Tally :
12 15
LHS : × 2500 = 300 RHS : × 2000 = 300
100 100
LHS = RHS
4) To find the 60% of a number by what fraction should it be multiplied?
Solution:
60 3
=
100 5
3
Full number = 100 % ; 60 % ≡ of it
5
20 20 20 20 20
3
60 % =
5
3
Ans:
5
5) Rajani secured 33 marks out of 75 in Algebra 24 out of 50 in History and 56
out of 100 in English. In which subject did she get highest percentage?
Solution:
Percent scores of Rajani are :
33 44
Algebra : = = 44 %
75 100
24 48
History : = = 48 %
50 100
56
English : = 56 % : Highest % of all three
100
Ans : English
6) One article is bought for Rs. 4 and sold for Rs. 5. Another article is bought
for Rs 5 and sold for Rs. 4. Find the actual profit and loss and the percent
profit and loss in the transactions
Solution:
Article 1 : SP > CP : Profit transaction. Actual profit : Re. 1
% Profit :
𝑃 1
M 1 : % Profit = × 100 = × 100 = 25 %
𝐶𝑃 4
M 2 : Re. 1 gained on Rs. 4 , so Rs (1 × 25 ) gained on Rs . (4 × 25 ) = 25 %
M3:
1 1 1 1 1
CP : 4 parts ≡ 100 P : 1 part ≡ 25
Article 2 : SP < CP : Loss transaction : Actual loss : Re. 1
% Loss :
𝐿 1
M 1 : % Loss = × 100 = × 100 = 20 %
𝐶𝑃 5
M 2 : Re. 1 lost on Rs. 5 , so Rs (1 × 20 ) lost on Rs . (5 × 20 ) = 20 %
M3:
1 1 1 1 1
L : 1 part ≡ 20
CP : 5 parts ≡ 100
Ans:
Actual profit = Actual loss = Re. 1 in both transactions
% Profit : 25 % ; % Loss : 20 %
7) The rent for a room is increased by 20% after 1 year and by 25% after 2
years. Find the total percent increase in the original rent.
Solution:
Let the initial rent be Rs. 100
After 1 year : 20 % increase on Rs. 100 : Rs. 120
After 2 year :
M1:
25
25 % increase on Rs. 120 : × 120 = Rs 30 . So, rent : 120 + 30 = Rs. 150
100
M2:
125
25 % increase on Rs. 120 = 125% of 120 = × 120 = Rs. 150
100
Ans : Total % increase : 50 %
NOTE THAT Two subsequent increases of 20 % and 25 % ≠ 45 % total increase
8) The price of an antique piece soared up by 400% during the last 10 years. If
its price is Rs.4000 today, find its price 10 years ago
Solution:
Let the price 10 years ago be Rs ‘Y’

400𝑌
So, 400 % = = 4Y
100
The price is ‘soared up’ by 400% in 10 years
That is it is Y + 4Y = 5Y today
So, 5y = 4000, Y = Rs. 800 /-
Ans : Rs. 800 /-

9) An article is sold at 10% profit. If it is sold at Rs.30 less, there is a loss of 5%,
Find the cost price of the article .
Solution:
M1 :
Note that both the profit and loss is calculated on the CP
Let the CP be Rs. 100
10 % P price = Rs. 110
5 % L price = 95
When the CP is Rs. 100, difference in profit price and loss price : Rs. 15.
So, when the difference in profit price and loss price : Rs. 15 × 2 = Rs. 30 ,
CP : 100 × 2 = Rs. 200
M2: 15 % of CP
5% L CP 10 % P
So, the difference in profit price and Loss price = 15 % of the CP
15
So × CP = 30 ;
100
Solving , CP = 200
Ans : Rs . 200
10) The S.P. of 6 toys is equal to the C.P. of 5 toys. What will be the percent profit or
loss in the transaction?
Solution:
Let the CP of 1 toy be Re. 1
Number of toys CP SP
5 Rs 5
6 Rs 6 Rs 5
So, the transaction is a loss transaction.
𝐿 1 4 2
% Loss = × 100 = × 100 = 16 = 16 %
𝐶𝑃 6 6 3

100
= 16 .66 %
6
2
Ans: 16 % loss
3
11) By selling an article at a loss of 7% the dealer loses Rs.42. Find the cost price
of the article.
Solution:
7 % loss ≡ Rs. 42
Loss is calculated on the CP. So, 7 % of the CP = Rs 42
7
⸫ × CP = 42
100
Solving, CP = 600
Ans : Rs. 600
12) ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, each scored 75 % in their exams.
The maximum marks for the paper of ‘A’ were 20. The maximum marks for
the paper of ‘B’ were twice and that of ‘C’ were thrice of ‘A’.
Find the total of the actual scores of A,B, C
Solution:
M1:
Score of A : 20 : 75 % of 20 : 15 marks
Score of B : 40 :75% of 40 : 30 marks
Score of C : 60 : 75% of 60 : 45 marks
Total : 90 marks
M2:
Score of A : 20 : 75 % of 20 : 15 marks
Score of ‘B’ = 2 × A = 30
Score of ‘C’ = 3 × A = 45
Total : ‘Middle numbers × number of numbers’ = 30 × 3 = 90
Ans: 90
13) 40% of 400 is calculated and again 40% of that number is calculated. What is
the ratio of the number thus obtained to the original number (400)?
Solution:
40
Step 1 : 40 % of 400 = × 400 = 160
100
40
Step 2 : 40 % of 160 = × 160 = 64
100
64 4
Ratio of the original number (64 ) : 400 : = = 4 : 25
400 25
Ans: 4 : 25
14) A person spends 70% of his monthly income but saves Rs.1800 per month.
Find his monthly income
Solution:
Person spends 70% , so he saves 30 % = Rs. 1800
⸫ 30 % of the monthly income = Rs. 1800
M1:
30
⸫ × Monthly income = 1800
100
Solving : Monthly income = 6000
M 2 : Oral method :
30 % = 1800 ---- 10 % = 600 ----- 100 % = 6000 😊
Ans: Rs. 6000
15) A medical student has to secure 40% marks to pass. He scores 40 marks but
fails by 40 marks. Find the maximum marks of the question paper.
Solution:
The student scores 40 , but fails by 40 to get 40 % marks
That is 40 % of the maximum marks = 80 marks
M1:
40
⸫ × maximum marks = 80
100
Solving : maximum marks = 200
M 2 : Oral method : DO IT YOURSELF!! 😊
Ans: 200
LECTURE 11: TRIANGLE GEOMETRY (BASICS)
BEFORE LEARNING ABOUT TRIANGLES:

• GEOMETRY is the branch of Mathematics concerned with the properties and
relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids.
• POINT: is the first figure in Geometry. It has no length, breadth, height. It only
exists
• LINE: is made of a set of points which is extended in opposite directions

infinitely.
SO… IS THIS A LINE?
NO. Not as defined in Geometry.
Line is a set of points that joins two distinct points (say point A and point B here) with the
least possible points between them and then extends infinitely on both sides
• LINE – RAY – SEGMENT

• ANGLES:
< 900 = 900 > 900
THE ‘CLOCK’ GAME
We know that
The hour hand (HH) of a clock moves through 300 in one clock hour whereas
the minute hand (MH) moves through 3600 in one clock hour.
Using this try to find out:
(i) In one cycle of 12 hours, how many times and at exactly what times will
(a) the HH and MH be at right angles (900)?
(b) the HH and MH be in 1800 (straight line)?
(c) The MH crosses over the HH?
(ii) The method to find the exact angle (in degrees) in the HH and MH at any
given time. Eg: At 5.20, the angle between the HH and MH is exactly 400
Play a lot….Have fun!!

• LINE AND A POINT OUTSIDE IT : Points A lies outside the line PQ.
So, points A – P – Q are called non- collinear points
• TRIANGLE: When 3 non-collinear points are joined, we get a triangle.

A
B C
o A triangle is the first closed figure in Geometry.

o It has 3 sides joining in 3 points and making 3 angles.
o The three points are called the ‘vertices’ of the triangle.
E.g. The above triangle can be named as  ABC,  BCA or  CAB.

3 vertices : Points A, B & C;
3 sides : Segments : AB BC, & CA ;
3 angles:  ABC,  BCA,  CAB
• SOME BASIC PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE:
o Sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle is always greater than the
length of the third side.
o Angle sum property: The sum of the measure of the 3 angles of triangle is
always 1800.
CAN WE PROVE IT IN SOME OTHER WAY?

YES …. WE CAN AND
WE PROVE EACH AND EVERY PROPERTY AND RESULT
P
HW
Draw several triangles of different sizes and shapes.
Check the above two properties for each triangle.

• Types of Triangle: - Triangles may be classified based on the lengths of sides or
measures of angles.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

- Is an equilateral triangle an ‘equiangular’ triangle also?
- Can we have two right angles / obtuse angles in a triangle?
Examples :
One of the congruent angles of an isosceles triangle measures 500 . Determine

the measures of all the angles in it
• HEIGHT OF A TRIANGLE
B
F
D
C A
E
o The distance of the vertex of a triangle from the side opposite to it is

called as the height of a triangle. So,
o Every triangle has 3 heights corresponding to three bases. BE, CF, and AD
are the heights corresponding to the bases AC , AB and CB respectively .
o Note that heights BE, CF, AD are always perpendiculars (make an angle of
900) to the opposite sides.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
What can you say about the lengths of the heights of

Equilateral triangle - Isosceles triangle - Scalene triangle
What can you say about the position of the heights of

Acute angled triangle - Right angled triangle - Obtuse angled triangle
PREPARE A CHART OF DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE ABOVE PROPERETIES

• PERIMETER OF A TRIANLGE:
o The sum of the lengths of all the three sides of a triangle is called as the
perimeter of the triangle.
o Unit of perimeter is called as the linear unit. It is the same as length; like
mm, cm, m, etc.
• AREA OF A TRIANGLE:
o The area of a triangle is the measurement of the space enclosed in-side
the triangle.
o One of the formulae to find the area of any triangle =
½ × base × corresponding height of the 
o Unit of area is a square unit , like ‘square cm’ or cm2
Example: In  ABC : l (AB) 7 cm., l (AB) 15 cm, l (AC) = 10 cm. l(AD) = 4 cm
(Height of the ) . Find the perimeter and area of the triangle
7 cm. 10 cm.
4 cm.
B C
D 15 cm
Can you think “Why?”

‘the unit of perimeter is ‘linear’ and that of area ‘square’ unit?’
WE WILL DEFINITELY DISCUSS IT IN DETAIL LATER
OPENING THE MAGIC BOX :
THE THEOREM OF PYTHAGORAS
It says that ‘In any right - angled triangle,
‘Square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides
making right angle, where, the side opposite the right angle is called as the ‘hypotenuse’.’
WE PROVE THE THEOREM IN A ‘DOZEN’ WAYS!!!
For eg: In the above right- angled triangle ABC, AB2 + BC2 = AC2
All the sets of values of AB -BC- AC where AB2 + BC2 = AC2, are called ‘Pythagorean triplets’
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

- Is the theorem of Pythagoras true for every right -angled triangle?
- Can every Pythagorean triplet be drawn as a right- angled triangle?
Examples:
(1) If the sides making right angle in a right- angled triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm, find
the length of the hypotenuse.
(2) If one side of a right- angled triangle making the right angle is 6 cm and the
hypotenuse is 10 cm, find the length of the other side making right angle.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT :

OBSERVE THAT
In Example 1 : 5 = 25 = 12 + 13 and in Example 2 : 62 = 36 ÷ 2 = 18 = 8 + 10
2
WOULD YOU LIKE TO THINK MORE ON THIS?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
1) The angles of a triangle are M 0 , (M+8) 0 and 72 0 Find the smallest angle of the
triangle.
2) The angles of a triangle are 9x, 2x and 7x. What kind of triangle it will be?
3) Which of the following groups of lengths can form a right-angled triangle?

(a) 4, 5, 9 (b) 20, 25, 30 (c) 16, 63, 65 (d) 12, 16, 24
4) Determine which of the following sets cannot represent three sides of a triangle
(a) 3, 4, 5 (b) 2,3,4 (c) 2,3,5 (d) 3,5,7
5) Trees are planted at 3 m distance along the fence of a triangular garden with
sides measuring 17 m – 25 m – 30 m. Find the number of trees planted
6) A ladder 50 ft in length is kept inclined along a wall. It touches the wall at 40 ft

height from the ground. Find the distance of the base of the ladder from the wall
on the ground
LECTURE 12 : TRIANGLE GEOMETRY (BASICS) : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) What is the measure of the greatest angle in (x +15)0

the adjoining figure?
(x + 10)0
(4x +35)0
2) The following are the ratios of the 3 angles of a triangle. Which of the ratios
is that of a right- angled triangle?
1) 2:3:5 2) 3:4:5 3) 1:3:5 4) 1:2:3
3) The area of the triangle is 162 sq. cm. If the base and the height are equal
in length, find the length of the base.
4) In a right-angled triangle, one of the acute angles is 5 times the other one.
Find the measure of the smallest angle in the triangle.
5) The base of a right-angled triangle is 8 cm and hypotenuse is 10 cm. Find its

area?
6) The length of the base of an isosceles triangle is less by 3cm than twice the
length of any of its congruent sides. If the perimeter is 17 cm. Find the
length of the base in cm
7) An isosceles triangle has one side 5 cm and another side 7 cm. The third
side is not given. What are the possible perimeters of the triangle?
8) As shown in the adjoining figure, △ ADC is a right- angled triangle

Given: m∠ ADC = 900 ,
l(AC) = 5 cm , l (DC) = 4 cm , l (DB) = 1 cm
Find A ( △ ABC)
9) As shown in the adjoining figure , △ ABC is an equilateral triangle with side

6 cm . l (DE) = 4 cm. Height AH of the triangles = 3√3 cm . Find the area of
the shaded portion
6 cm 3√3cm
B D H E C
4 cm
LECTURE 11 -12 : TRIANGLE GEOMETRY (BASICS)
L 11 Examples:
(1) One of the congruent angles of an isosceles triangle measures 500 . Determine
the measures of all the angles in it
Solution:
Sum of congruent angles = 50 + 50 = 100. Third angle = 180 -100 =80
Ans : 50 -50 – 80 .
(2) In  ABC l (AB) 7 cm., l (AB) 15 cm, l (AC) = 10 cm. l(AD) = 4 cm (Height of
the). Find the perimeter and area of the triangle.
Solution:
Perimeter of  ABC =
l (AB) + l (BC) + l (AC) A
= 7cm + 15 cm + 10 cm = 32 cm
10 cm.
7 cm.
Area of  ABC
= ½ × b × ht
B C
= ½ × BC × AD 15 cm
= ½ × 15 × 4 = 30 square cm.
Ans: 32 cm and 30 sq.cm

(3) If the sides making right angle in a right- angled triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm,
find the length of the hypotenuse.
Solution:
According to theorem of Pythagoras:
52 (25) + 122 (144) = 132 (169)

⸫ Length of the hypotenuse : 13 cm
Ans: 13 cm
(4) If one side of a right- angled triangle making the right angle is 6 cm and the
hypotenuse is 10 cm, find the length of the other side making right angle.
Solution:
Let the other side be ‘x’ cm.
By theorem of Pythagoras, 62 (36) + x2 = 102 (100)
⸫ x2 = 100 -36 = 64 ; x =8
Ans: 8 cm
L 11 : PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
1) The angles of a triangle are M 0 , (M+8) 0 and 72 0 Find the smallest angle of
the triangle.
Solution:
By angle sum property : M + (M +8 ) + 72 = 180

⸫ 2M + 80 = 180 ; M = 50
Ans: 50
Tally: 50 + 58 + 72 = 180
2) The angles of a triangle are 9x, 2x and 7x. What kind of triangle it will be?
Solution:
By angle sum property , 9x + 2x + 7x = 180
⸫ 18x =180 ; x = 10 . So the angles of the triangle are : 90 -20 -70 .
Hence it is a right- angled angle
Ans: Right- angled triangle
3) Which of the following groups of lengths can form a right-angled triangle?

(a) 4, 5, 9 (b) 20, 25, 30 (c) 16, 63, 65 (d) 12, 16, 24
Solution:
Applying the theorem of Pythagoras to all the given triplets, only in option (c )
We get 162 (256) + 632 (3969) = 652 (4225).
So, length 16 -63 -65 can form a right- angled triangle
Ans : ( c )
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Note that : 162 (256) ÷ 2 = 128 = 63 + 65 .
4) Determine which of the following sets cannot represent three sides of a
triangle
(a) 3, 4, 5 (b) 2,3,4 (c) 2,3,5 (d) 3,5,7
Solution:
In option ( c ) , 2 + 3 = 5
All other options: sum of any two sides > third side
Hence 2 -3- 5 cannot be the sides of a triangle.
Ans: ( c )
5) Trees are planted at 3 m distance along the fence of a triangular garden

with sides measuring 17 m – 25 m – 30 m. Find the number of trees planted
Solution:
Perimeter of the triangle = 17 + 25 + 30 = 72 m
Trees are planted at 3 m distance .
⸫ Number of trees : 72 ÷ 3 = 24
Ans: 24
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Instead of a triangular garden, if this was a 72 m long road , 50 trees will be needed
to be planted on both sides of the road from end to end , at 3 m distance.
Is this the correct answer?
If YES, What changed when perimeter became length of the road?
6) A ladder 50 ft in length is kept inclined along a wall. It touches the wall at 40
ft height from the ground. Find the distance of the base of the ladder from
the wall on the ground
Solution:
Note that the ladder, its distance from the base of the wall
and the height of the point where it touches the wall
makes a right- angled triangle. 40 ft 50 ft
Let the distance of the base of the ladder from the wall
be ‘x’ m
So, by theorem of Pythagoras, x2 + 402 = 502
Solving, x =30
Ans : 30
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Note that 30 -40 -50 is = 10 ( 3-4-5) , the basic Pythagorean triplet
Would you like to think on this?
LECTURE 12 : TRIANGLE GEOMETRY (BASICS) : PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(x +15)0
1) What is the measure of the greatest angle in
the adjoining figure? (x + 10)0
(4x +35)0
Solution:
By angle sum property : (x + 15 ) + (4x +35 ) + (x +10) = 180

⸫ 6x + 60 = 180 ; x =20
⸫ the measures of the angles : 35 , 115, 30 ; greatest angle : 125
Ans: 115
2) The following are the ratios of the 3 angles of a triangle. Which of the ratios
is that of a right- angled triangle?
(a) 2:3:5 (b) 3:4:5 (c) 1:3:5 (d) 1:2:3
Solution:
By assuming the constant of proportion as ‘n’ in each ratio, and finding the
actual measures of the angles by applying the angle sum property, only in
option (a) and ( d ) we get one of the angles as 900, which makes it a right-
angled triangle .
[(a) 2n + 3n + 5n = 180. n = 18. So the angles are 36 – 54 – 90
(d) 1n + 2n +3n =6n = 180 ; n = 30 . So, the angles are 30 – 60 – 90 .]
Ans: (a) 2: 3; 5 and ( d ) : 1: 2 : 3
HW
Find the actual measures of angles for options b , c and the types of triangles
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

If we draw two 30 - 60 -90 triangles back-to-back as shown, such that the base
angles are 600, what type of a triangle is formed?
If the side of this triangle is ‘x’ cm, can we find the height of this triangle?
Can we find a special formula for the area of this triangle now?
3) The area of △ PQR is 162 sq. cm. If the base and the height of this triangle
are equal in length, find the length of the base.
Solution:
Let the base and height of this triangle be ‘y’ cm

1 1
Then A (△ PQR) = b × h = y × y = 162 sq.cm.
2 2
1 2
⸫ y 2
= 162 ; y = 162 × 2 = 324 ; y = √324 = 18
2
Ans: 18 cm
4) In a right-angled triangle, one of the acute angles is 5 times the other one.
Find the measure of the smallest angle in the triangle.
Solution:
In a right-angled triangle, sum of the other two acute angles = 900

Let the smallest angle be ‘a’0 . Then the other acute angle is 5a0
⸫ a + 5a = 6a = 90 ; a =150
Ans: 150
5) The base of a right-angled triangle is 8 cm and its hypotenuse is 10 cm. Find

its area.
Solution:
Let the height of the triangle be ‘h’ cm.

By Pythagoras theorem, h2 + 82 = 102 ; h = 6 cm.
1 1
Area of the triangle = b × h = 6 × 8 = 24 sq cm.
2 2
Ans: 24 sq.cm.
6) The length of the base of an isosceles triangle is less by 3cm than twice the
length of any of its congruent sides. If the perimeter is 17 cm. Find the
length of the base in cm
Solution:
Let the length of each congruent side of the triangle be ‘x’ cm .
⸫ The length of its base = 2x -3
Perimeter of the triangle = x + x + 2x -3 = 17
⸫ 4x -3 =17 ; 4x =20 ; x =5 cm
⸫ The length of its base = 2x -3 = 2 × 5 -3 = 7 cm
Ans: 7 cm
7) An isosceles triangle has one side 5 cm and another side 7 cm. The third
side is not given. What are the possible perimeters of the triangle?
Solution:
If the given triangle is isosceles , its third side is either 5 cm or 7 cm .
Possible perimeters : 5 + 5 + 7 = 17 cm OR 5 + 7 + 7 = 19 cm.
Ans: 17 cm OR 19 cm
8) As shown in the adjoining figure, △ ADC is a right- angled triangle
Given: m∠ ADC = 900 ,
l(AC) = 5 cm , l (DC) = 4 cm , l (DB) = 1 cm
Find A ( △ ABC)
Solution:
Step 1: In right -angled triangle ADC,

By Pythagoras theorem, AD2 = AC2 – DC2 = 52 (25) – 42 (16) = 9
⸫ l (AD) = 3 cm …………………………………………………………………………………..(i)
Step 2: In △ ABC ,
l(BC) = l(DC) – l(DB) = 4 -1 = 3 cm
Height of △ ABC ,corresponding to base BC = AD = 3 cm ..……….. from(i)
1 1 9 1
⸫ A ( △ ABC) = BC × AD = × 3 × 3 = = 4 sq cm
2 2 2 2
Ans: 4 sq.cm.
9) As shown in the adjoining figure , △ ABC is an equilateral triangle with side

6 cm . l (DE) = 4 cm. Height AH of the triangles = 3√3 cm . Find the area of
the shaded portion
A Solution:
Area of the shaded portion = A ( △ABC) – A (△ ADE)
1 1 1
= BC × AH - DE × AH = (BC – DE) × AH
2 2 2
1 1
6 cm 3√3cm = (6 – 4) × 3√3 = × 2 × 3√3 = 3√3 sq.cm
2 2
B D H E C Ans: 3√3 sq cm
4 cm
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

In the above sum, is the height and area of the triangle same?

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M.

 Integers - Whole Numbers with their opposites (negative numbers)

 Rational Numbers - All numbers which can be written as fractions.

 Irrational Numbers - All numbers which cannot be written as fractions.

Prime and Composite numbers

 Composite Number - A natural number greater than 1 which has more

Even and Odd numbers

 Odd numbers: Not evenly divisible by 2 ; end in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.

 Every point of a number line is assumed to correspond to a real number,

 The number associated with the point is called its ‘coordinate’

 The value of a number increases from left to right.

Can we locate the exact position of √3 on a number line??

YES… We will discuss how in the same course, later! 😊

 ‘From’ and ‘Between’ numbers:

 Subtraction : Difference in two numbers. Eg: 3 -2 =1

Symbol used : ‘-’ . Answer is called ‘Difference’

 Multiplication : Repeated addition . Eg: 2 + 2 + 2 (3 times ) = 2 x 3 =6

 Division : Repeated subtraction. Eg: 12 – 3-3-3-3 (4times) = 0 So, 12÷3 =4

Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient ) + Remainder

(2) In a bundle of notes of Rs. 50 denominations, there are notes numbered

(5) What should be added to 68 x 37 to make it divisible by 5?

(8) How many three- digit numbers are divisible by 6 in all?

(12) If a number is multiplied by 19 instead of 17, product is greater by 34. Find

Ans: Q : {-8} OR {+2}

(2) In a bundle of notes of Rs. 50 denominations, there are notes numbered

WHY THIS WORKS??

(5) What should be added to 68 x 37 to make it divisible by 5?

Tally : 17x5 (85) – 25 = 12 x 5 (60)

(7) When certain number is divided by 15, quotient is 22 and remainder is 9. If

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Number of numbers : 2x3x2 = 12 numbers

Ans: 12 (Try to list??... 😊)

Number of numbers : 2x3x2x1 = 12 numbers

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Solution : Between 0 and -1

 The meaning of the word ‘fraction’ is a part of the whole.

 In Maths, a fraction is written in the form: =

The ‘0’ – ‘1’ game

 When N > D it is called an ‘Improper fraction’. It is always greater than 1.

INTER - CONVERSION OF MIXED & IMPROPER FRACTIONS.

The same number can be expressed as improper fraction or mixed fraction.

 Fractions that are equal in values are called Equivalent Fraction.

LOWEST FORM OF A FRACTION:

 When a given fraction cannot be further reduced to smaller equivalent fraction,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Method – 1 : When N or D are equal:

HW assignment 1: Demonstrate this property by drawing suitable figures

(i) Forming equivalent fractions and comparing the ‘N’s.

Method 3 : ‘Less than half – Greater than half”

Method 4 : Constant difference in N and D

 For proper fractions- smaller pair indicates the smaller fraction

 For improper fractions, larger pair indicates the smaller fraction

For e.g. < but >

HW assignment 3: Demonstrate this property by drawing suitable figures

Addition & subtraction of fractions: -

For e.g. + = and − =

 For fractions with different Ds:

N of the answer: Sum /Difference of cross multiplications of Ns x Ds

D of the answer: Product of Ds of the two fractions.

CAN WE SEE THAT

(1) Find the value of ( + )÷ ( - )

(2) How many times be added to to get 3 ?