Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
C
Course ME‐
ME 523
523
IIntroduction to Refrigeration
t d ti t R f i ti
& Air Conditioning systems
g y
Objectives
Define refrigeration and air conditioning
Describe the Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Describe the Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Presents the Applications of refrigeration
Presents the Applications of air conditioning
Presents the Applications of air conditioning
Presents the components of Refrigeration system
Chapter 1 Introduction
What is Refrigeration?
Wh ti R f i ti ?
Refrigeration deals with cooling of bodies
or fluids to temperatures lower than those
or fluids to temperatures lower than those
of surroundings. This involves absorption
of heat at a lower temperature and
rejection to higher temperature of the
surroundings.
What is Air Conditioning ?
As the name implies, air conditioning is
concerned with the condition of the air in
some designated area or space This usually
i l
involves control not only of the space
t l t l f th
temperature but also of space humidity
and air motion, along with the filtering and
and air motion, along with the filtering and
cleaning of the air.
4
Chapter 1 Introduction
5
Chapter 1 Unit of Refrigeration
The Standard/Practical unit of refrigeration is ton of refrigeration (TR).
(TR)
1 TR is defined as the production of cold at the rate at which heat is to be removed
from one US tonne of water at (0o C) to freeze it to ice at (0o C) in one day or 24
hours.
hours
One tonne of water = 907.85 kg
Latent Heat of Water at 0o C = 335 kJ/kg
1 TR = 907.85 x 335/24 x 60 = 211 kJ/min = 3.5 kW
1 TR = 12000 Btu/hour
1 Btu = 1.055 KJ
7
Chapter 1 Applications of Refrigeration
For convenience of study, refrigeration applications may be grouped into four general
y, g pp y g p g
categories:
1. Domestic refrigeration.
2. Commercial refrigeration.
3. Industrial refrigeration.
4. Marine and transportation refrigeration.
8
Chapter 1 Applications of Refrigeration
For convenience of study, refrigeration applications may be grouped into four general
y, g pp y g p g
categories:
1. Domestic refrigeration.
2. Commercial refrigeration.
3. Industrial refrigeration.
4. Marine and transportation refrigeration.
9
Chapter 1 Applications of Refrigeration
For convenience of study, refrigeration applications may be grouped into four general
y, g pp y g p g
categories:
1. Domestic refrigeration.
2. Commercial refrigeration.
g
3. Industrial refrigeration.
4. Marine and transportation refrigeration.
10
Chapter 1 Air Conditioning
Comfort Air Conditioningg
Any air conditioning which has as its primary
function the conditioning of air for human
comfort is called comfort air conditioning.
Typical installations of comfort air conditioning
are in homes, schools. offices, churches,
hotels, retail stores, public buildings,
factories automobiles, buses trains, planes,
ships, etc.
The residences, offices, shopping centers,
stores large buildings theatres auditorium
stores, large buildings, theatres, auditorium
etc.
11
Chapter 1 Applications of Air Conditioning
2 Industrial Air Conditioning
2. Industrial Air Conditioning
3. Food Preservation
12
Chapter 1 Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle
The ideal basic refrigeration cycle consists of four
components, connected by piping with refrigerant
flowing through the system
flowing through the system.
Figure 1 shows the components in the cycle and
Figure 2 shows the basic cycle on the Ph diagram.
13
Chapter 1 Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle
The evaporator is between points 1 and 2. In this component, the refrigerant starts as a cold, two‐
phase substance (part liquid, part vapor) and is boiled to a saturated gas by absorbing heat from
the space/fluid/item that needs to be cooled.
The compressor is between points 2 and 3. The compressor does work on the refrigeration system
(consumes energy). It raises the pressure, temperature and enthalpy of the refrigerant by
compressing the saturated gas, in an isentropic process, to a superheated gas (i.e. entropy is
constant – reversible process).
The condenser is between
points 3 and 4. It cools the
refrigerant until it condenses
b k i t (hi h
back into a (high‐pressure) liquid
) li id
by rejecting heat from the
refrigerant to the surroundings.
When complete, the refrigerant
p , g
is a saturated liquid. The
condenser rejects not only the
heat gained in the evaporator
b t also the ork of
but also the work of
compression added by the
compressor.
The expansion device is between points 4 and 1. In an ideal cycle, it drops the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant with no heat transfer to the surroundings (adiabatically).
14
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Condenser
Classification of condensers:
Based on the external fluid, condensers can be classified as:
a) Air cooled condensers
b) Water cooled condensers,
c) Evaporative condensers Condensers
Water cooled
Air cooled condensers
Air cooled condensers Evaporative condensers
Evaporative condensers
condensers
Double pipe or
pp
Natural tube‐in‐tube
convection type type
Shell‐and‐coil
Shell and coil
Forced type
convection type
Shell‐and‐
Shell and
tube type
15
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
a) Air cooled condensers : Condenser
Based on the external fluid, Air cooled condensers can be classified as:
d h l fl d l d d b l f d
‐ Forced convection type
‐ Natural convection type Forced convection type:
Natural convection type
16
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
b) Water cooled condensers Condenser
In water cooled condensers water is the external fluid. Depending upon the
construction, water cooled condensers can be further classified into:
1. Double
Double pipe or tube
pipe or tube‐in‐tube type
tube type
2. Shell‐and‐coil type
3. Shell‐and‐tube type
17
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
b) Water cooled condensers Condenser
In water cooled condensers water is the external fluid. Depending upon the
construction, water cooled condensers can be further classified into:
1. Double pipe or tube‐in‐tube type
pp yp
2. Shell‐and‐coil type
3. Shell‐and‐tube type
18
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
b) Water cooled condensers Condenser
In water cooled condensers water is the external fluid. Depending upon the
construction, water cooled condensers can be further classified into:
1. Double pipe or tube‐in‐tube type
pp yp
2. Shell‐and‐coil type
3. Shell‐and‐tube type
19
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
c) Evaporative condensers
c) Evaporative condensers Condenser
20
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Air cooled vs water cooled condensers: Condenser
Analysis of condensers: Cond:R*L
The total heat rejected in the condenser, Q
j , Qc is given by:
g y
The required condenser area is then given by the equation:
21
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
The evaporator works the opposite of the condenser, here refrigerant liquid is Evaporator
converted to gas, absorbing heat from the air in the compartment.
Classification
22
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Evaporator
Bare tube evaporator Finned tube evaporator
23
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Evaporator
Flooded evaporator Dry expansion evaporator
24
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Evaporator
25
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Evaporator
Analysis of Evaporators:
Analysis of Evaporators:
The total heat rejected in the evaporator, QE is given by:
The required evaporator area is then given by the equation:
evaporator
26
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Expansion device
The basic functions of an expansion device used in refrigeration systems are to:
1. Reduce pressure from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure, and
2. Regulate the refrigerant flow from the high‐pressure
2. Regulate the refrigerant flow from the high pressure liquid line into the evaporator at a
liquid line into the evaporator at a
rate equal to the evaporation rate in the evaporator.
y yp g p
There are basically seven types of refrigerant expansion devices. These are:
1. Hand (manual) expansion valves
2. Capillary Tubes
3. Orifice 1‐Hand (manual) expansion valves
4. Constant pressure or Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV)
5. Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV)
6. Float type Expansion Valve
a) High Side Float Valve
b) Low Side Float Valve 2‐Capillary Tubes
7. Electronic Expansion Valve
3‐Orifice
27
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
4‐Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV)
p ( ) Evaporator
6. Float type Expansion Valve
5. Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV)
7. Electronic Expansion Valve
28
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
The purpose of the compressor is to circulate the refrigerant in the
The purpose of the compressor is to circulate the refrigerant in the Compressor
system. At the compressor, the low pressure gas is changed to high
pressure gas.
Chillers
+
home
Classification of cooling compressor types based on the theory of operation (Green
g p yp y p (
shows the compressor types commonly installed)
29
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
R i
Reciprocating
ti compressor
30
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
R t ‐vane compressor
Rotary
31
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
R t ‐scroll
Rotary ll compressor
32
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
R t ‐screw compressor
Rotary
33
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
C t if l compressor
Centrifugal
34
Chapter 1 Various Components of a Refrigeration system
Compressor
Figure shows the capacity and application comparisons between different compressor types.
35