ASSESMENT OF DRAFTING TEACHER’S ON QUADRANGLE DRAINAGE

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

One of the most problem in San Pedro Relocation Center National high school is during

heavy rainfall, the water starts overflowing. Instead for the water or the storm water to be drained

through the catchments, the water tends to make up quickly which causes flood. This problem

brings hazard to students, teachers and staff especially within the quadrangle which causes the

school activities interrupts especially during flag ceremony. The incompetent flow of water, the

backflow from the most drainage source and also the capacity of the catchments are the failures

of the existing system .To address the drainage problem is to produce a decent and sufficient

drainage design and maintenance work to stop flooding which serves a lifetime purpose to the

school.

As land becomes paved and asphalt-covered, its ability to absorb rainwater is slowly and

eventually lost. The rain becomes runoff, therefore flooding rivers, drains, roads, houses and

other urban infrastructure (Minns, 2007). Urbanization often increases significantly the storm

runoff as buildings, parking lots and streets replace pastures and woods (Wurbs & James, 2002).

Drainage system could be a system of natural or artificial channel through which water

flows or drains for carrying off excess water. A drainage system is intended that the water flows

away quickly, smoothly and is disposed off in an exceedingly surface watercourse. to prevent

flooding, an efficient drainage system is therefore essential to allow water to discharge and much

from the bottom as quickly as possible. Schools adopt the drainage system so as to manage the

flow of water inside or around property and convey water to an acceptable outlet. Not
considering an efficient system may cause all forms of problems to develop. a suitable why it’s

important that each school pays attention to any drainage issues. The new drainage system is

design to supply its objectives: to stop flood, to secure long time service and to possess efficient

system. the look flows of water were obtained by accurate hydraulic computations that aims to

live the quantity of water in designing the structure for the drainage lines and a necessary

estimate were also taken into considerations. Providing proper system is an efficient technique to

redirect water. Getting a transparent understanding of how water drains on the campus area can

go an extended way in improving system and preventing issues caused by floods. By improving

works which are required to bring the drainage system up to an appropriate standard, it's

important that the explanations for the damages are fully understood before completing drainage

improvements. more practical improvements are often made by establishing the precise cause

and effect of the drainage failures. This study aims to determine the assessment of drafting

teacher’s on quadrangle drainage plan. Specifically, it answered the following questions:1. What

are the assessment of teacher’s on the drainage plan in forms of: a. Measurement b. Scaling c.

Accuracy .2.Is there a significant difference on the assessment of male and female teacher’s in

terms of the following variable: a .Realistic b. Proportionality c. Line weights. 3. What makes a

drafting teacher usually wants in assessing a finished plan in terms of the following variable:

a.manual drawing b.autocad c.design

Conceptual Framework

Scaling

Drainage
plan

Measurements Accuracy
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researchers made a review of related literature in order to conceptualize thoroughly

the research investigation about drainage system.

RELATED LITERATURE

The United Nations through the World Commission on Environment and Development

(WCED) promotes sustainable development, sustainability involves simultaneous progress in

four major areas human, economic, technological and environmental; a development that meets

the need of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs. (Dupont,et.al. 2000:240)

However, the present industrial development and urbanization have serious

environmental consequences such as waste disposal problem, in danger human health, water

pollution, radioactive and hazardous waste, depletion of natural resources, highly unpredictable

world climate and many others.

The united nations environment programs (UNEP) recommended pollution strategy such

reduction of production of waste as feasible solution to reduce environmental problem

(McGhee,1991:3)

Montoya (1987:24) found out that water discharged from storm drainage system was not

directly attributed to precipitation. Sources of some of the water can be identified and accounted

from permit for permitted industrial wastewater that discharges to the storm drainage system.

However, most of the waste comes from other sources, including illicit and or inappropriate

entries to the storm drainage system. Integrated urban drainage modeling combines the drainage

conveyance systems within an urban area including surface water and combined sewers together
with the urban land use, building distribution and infrastructure (roads, bridges, culverts, etc.),

and incorporates them into a single integrated interactive simulation for any specified set of

storm event conditions(Ellis & Viavattene, 2014). These entries can account for significant

amount of pollutants discharge from storm and domestic sewerage system (Piit and

Mclean,1996).

Waters from septic tanks are considered as entries to the storm drainage system. In cities

and huge municipalities, septic tank system discharges to storm septic tank without treatment.

The septic tank system discharges to storm drainage system without treatment. The septic water

contains micro pollutants and toxic substances that are detrimental to human, especially when

septic tank encompasses a failure. The widespread failure of septic tank system might necessitate

the development of a sanitary sewer to replace the system.

In some urban areas, sanitary sewers are wont to transport waters from septic tank while sanitary

sewers are connected to storm drainage. Connections of sanitary sewers to the storm system may

be so widespread that the storm drainage system needs to be recognized as a combined and large.

The storm system operates to a point as a combined installation, because it's wont to transport

both domestic sewage and storm water. it should be that the sanitary sewerage system isn't

capable of handling the load that will imposed on that if a whole sewer separation program were

undertaken. For a more environmentally acceptable sewerage system, the combined sewer

may be tied into a centralized treatment system so that the sewer waters will be treated before

disposal to the environment (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991:9). The identification and

decision to attach a storm drainage system into a sewer system with centralized treatment will

rely on the financial capability of the town or municipality. In essence, recognition of a system as

being a combined sewer system provides attention within the regulatory community so it should
be possible to control the system to reduce the damage to the environment. Storm-water drainage

piping is intended to convey excess groundwater to an appropriate location. a suitable location

can be a catch basin, storm sewer, or pond. Storm water drainage may never be piped into a

sanitary sewer or plumbing. When you wish to size a storm-water drainage system, you want to

have some benchmark information to figure with. One consideration is that the pitch of a

horizontal pipe. Another piece of the puzzle is that the number of square feet of area your system

are going to be required to drain. you'll also need data on the rainfall rates in your area.

When you use your codebook to size a storm-water system, you should have access to all the key

elements required to size the job except possibly for the local rainfall amounts. You should be

able to obtain rainfall figures from your state or county offices. Your codebook should provide

you with a table to use in making your sizing calculations. (McGraw-Hill companies)

of n for concrete materials)

RELATED STUDIES
The following are the conducted studies related to this research work.

A study of Perante (2001) entitled “Sewerage System in Tacloban City: Basis for a

Proposed Centralized Sewerage System” discussed about the existing sewerage system in

Tacloban City and how to develop a new system. Tacloban City experiences flooding even at

small rain and other associated environmental problems. This was because the existing drainage

system in Tacloban City doesn’t function according to its purpose. Problems were encountered in

the existing sewerage system such as the presence of solid wastes on the sewerage canal, no

monitoring and maintenance program and the people of Tacloban were not aware of the purpose

of the sewerage system. Highly felt problems by the residents of Tacloban City were the solid

wastes and its other forms being indiscriminately discharged to the canals, and the lack of
inspection and monitoring programs for household sewer to the common sewer. Moderately felt

problems encountered were the absence of city ordinance that regulates waste materials that may

be discharged to the canal, sewers were not covered which proved harmful to the health and life

of the residents, and building sewers were not connected to the common sewer. The study came

up with several recommendations to solve or minimize the problems encountered. Some of

which are:

(a) In order to solve the increasing problems associated with the poor sewerage system and to

protect the area of the future generation, the City of Tacloban should implement a centralized

sewerage system.

(b) A city ordinance should be formulated requiring all establishments to provide sewer

connections from storm sewer and septic sewers to street or secondary sewer lines.

(c) The city government should develop maintenance and monitoring program for the sewerage

system

(d) An educational and informative campaign should be established to create environmental

awareness on sewerage treatment and disposal.

Bayag (1997) conducted a study entitled “A Proposed Drainage System for the

University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus” that discussed about establishing a reasonably

adequate storm sewage drainage system at the university that will incorporate in the future

physical expansion and development of the said university. The goal was to regulate storm water

runoff that may cause flood in the university area during heavy downpour so that the safety,

health and general well-being of the students, employees and clients of the university can be

ensured, and so as not to hamper and disrupt the daily activities and services of the university
even during heavy downpour or storm. The University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus has an

existing drainage system but is inadequate to convey the rainwater into its point of discharge.

The main streamline, which is the point of discharge, is also deficient to accommodate and

convey the storm water from the university sub catchment. The sizes of the sewer pipes the

existing drainage system use are insufficient. The flooding at the two gates of the university

during heavy downpour is the evidence of this deficiency and inadequacy. Based from the

findings of the study, the researcher has derived the following recommendations:

(a) Two drainage systems should be constructed separately in the service area.

(b) The man-made retarding dam and lagoon should be improved and maintained, and an outlet

for the lagoon should be provided.

(c) The main streamline should also be corrected, which is the government’s responsibility.

(d) Information drive or proper education regarding proper waste disposal should be extended to

all residents of the campus. Garbage collection boxes for biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and

recyclable materials in strategic places should be provided by the university administration.

(e) Continuous maintenance of the sewers should be implemented.

A study by Monisit (1997) entitled “The Status of Danao City Main Drainage with its

Implications to Sewerage System of the Local Government Unit: Measures for Improvement”

discussed about the need of the existing drainage system in Danao City to be improved and

developed. Residents of the city have experienced major problems about health and water

supply. To solve the problems, the researcher came up with the following recommendations:
(a) For the implementation of infrastructure programs to conform to the plans, the progress

should be monitored and corrective actions must be taken if necessary.

(b) A comprehensive plan should be developed to solve the problems of waste management and

waste disposal.

(c) Efficient waste management system in the area should be given attention and recycling of

non-biodegradable materials should be encouraged.

(d) Formulation of drainage master plan must be done to solve the flooding in the central

business district.

(e) Strict implementation and enforcement of all existing Sanitation and Environmental laws,

rules and regulations, and ordinances.

(f) Preservation of the environmental integrity of waterways by regulating the disposal of

domestic and industrial waste.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

This part discusses the research method, research environment, research respondents,

research instruments, research procedures, and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Method

The type of research used action research design, it is based on the affected area in

quadrangle problems in drainage system .There are many cases when it comes rainy days

specially when Monday sometimes flag ceremony was postponed because the water overflows

inside the quadrangle. Action research refers to a large kind of evaluative, investigatory, and

analytical analysis methods designed to diagnose issues or weaknesses whether structure,

academic, or instructional and facilitate educators develop sensible solutions to handle them

quickly and with efficiency. Action analysis can also be applied to programs

or academic techniques that don't seem to be essentially experiencing any issues, but that

educators merely wish to learn additional concerning and improve. the overall goal is to make an

easy, practical, repeatable method of unvaried learning, evaluation, and improvement that results

in more and more higher results for faculties, teachers, or programs. The term “action research”

was coined in the 1940s by Kurt Lewin, a German-American social psychologist who is widely

considered to be the founder of his field. The basic principles of action research that were

described by Lewin are still in use to this day

Action research was exemplified by the discussion of problems followed by group decisions on

how to proceed. Action research must include the active participation by those who have to carry

out the work in the exploration of problems that they identify and anticipate. After investigation

of these problems the group makes decisions, monitoring and keeping note of the

consequences(Adelman, 1993). Regular reviews of progress follow. The group would decide on

when a particular plan or strategy had been exhausted and fulfilled, come to nothing, and would

bring to these discussions newly perceived problems.

Research Respondents

The participants of the study are students and teachers; we collected data by the use of

survey & observation. This study focus on teacher’s & students who experiencing this problems.

We gathered data by the use of checklist. Checklists are standard lists that consist of influences

associated with a certain type of project.The checklists are used for categorizing the data and to
ensure that no potential influence is overestimated. This process is a more formal version of the

methods in which special areas of influences are document and instructions are provided for

influence recognition and evaluation. Selected examples of different types of checklists follow

(Lohani., et al. 1997): Simple Checklist: A list of environmental elements with no guiding

principles on the way in which they can be estimated or translated.

Research Instruments

The main tool in gathering data will be the questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The

data will be taken from the response of the respondents, the teachers and the students. Granted,

the instrument was self-formulated by the researchers, so there’s a need for the questionnaire to

be checked by someone knowledgeable. In this study, it will be the researcher’s adviser. After

the questionnaire will checked, it will be improvise, revise and finalize. The questions dealt with

the assessment of drafting teachers regarding the schools quadrangle drainage plan of the

students in San Pedro Relocation Center National High School, Information about the

respondents and their ideas regarding the present status of the existing drainage system in San

Pedro Relocation Center National High School will indicated in the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data will be collected from the answers given by the respondents based on the

assessment of drafting teachers and actual accounts and experiences pertaining to the student’s

drainage plan. on the situations generated by the current quadrangle of the school.

First, the researchers will ask the permission of the President of the school a Letter of

Request to allow them to conduct a survey and administer questionnaires to the drafting teachers

on their assessment regarding the students drainage plan. Upon the approval of the request to
conduct the survey, the researchers will be start personally distributing the questionnaires to the

respondents. The respondents will be informed of the purpose of the research. The respondents

will personally guided by the researchers in answering the questionnaires in case of clarifications

and queries. As soon as the respondents finished answering the questionnaires, the researchers

retrieved them. The data collected will be consolidated, tabulated, analyzed and treated

statistically.

Statistical Treatment

Responses to the items in the questionnaire are measured using the 5-point Likert-scale as

Strongly Agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree.

Data Analysis

The survey will administer personally by the researchers to the target respondents of the

study regarding the assessment of drafting teachers on the quadrangle drainage plan of the

students.

To score the necessity for a new drainage plan and the present situation of the

quadrangle in San Pedro Relocation Center National High School, point values were assigned.

Table 1 shows the checklist procedure of the respondents’ ideas to the statements within

the questionnaire.
 Table 1

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MAIN CAMPUS
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional): Date:

Directions: Put a check mark ( ) on the box that best corresponds to your answer

A. PRESENT STATUS OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SPRCNHS(QUADRANGLE)

SA – Strongly Agree U - Uncertain SD – Strongly Disagree
A – Agree D – Disagree

SA A U D SD
1. It is necessary to have a new drainage system in
SPRCNHS(Quadrangle)
2. The present drainage system in
SPRCNHS(Quadrangle) needs improvement

3 .Does the drainage system plan finished properly

a. scaling
b. measurements
c. accuracy
4. The flooding at SPRCNHS(Quadrangle) affects
your comfort

5. The present drainage system in SPRCNHS(Quadrangle)

a. is realistic

b. proportion

c. can accommodate the rain water sufficiently

To quantify the response-category of the respondents as to the necessity for a new drainage plan

in San Pedro Relocation Center National High School, the scoring procedure as shown in Table 1

was used. The checked to SA means that the respondents confirm the statement to the fullest thus

it is categorized to strongly agree checked to A means that the respondents confirm the statement

but not to the fullest, thus it is categorized to agree, The checked to U means that the respondents

don’t confirm the statement but don’t disagree with it either, thus it is categorized to uncertain,

The checked to D means that the respondents don’t agree with the statement, thus it is

categorized to disagree, and The checked to SD means that the respondents have a strong

negative confirmation with the statement, thus it is categorized to strongly disagree.

INPUT

Identification of the Problem

PROCESS

Research, Survey,

Documentary

Analysis

OUTPUT

Proposed Drainage

Plan

Recommendations
References

Adelman, C. (1993). Kurt Lewin and the Origins of Action Research. Educational Action

Research, 1(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965079930010102

Ellis, J. B., & Viavattene, C. (2014). Sustainable urban drainage system modeling for managing

urban surface water flood risk. Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 42(2), 153–159.

https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300225

Wurbs, R.A., and James, W.P. 2002. Water Resources Engineering: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle

River, NJ, 828p.

Minns, A.W. 2007. Artificial neural networks as rainfall-runoff models. Hydrology Science

Journal, 399-417

Perante, Wenceslao. Nov. 2001. Sewerage System in Tacloban City: Basis for a Proposed

Centralized Sewerage System

Monisit, Cora. 1997. The Status of Danao City Main Drainage with its Implications to Sewerage

System of the Local Government Unit: Measures for Improvement.

Dayas, Lucio Pedro. Oct. 1997. A proposed Drainage System for the University of San Carlos

Talamban Campus.

Montoya, Barry L. Urban Runoff Discharges From Sacramento, California. Prepared for the

California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, CVRWQCB

Report Number 87-1SPSS. 1987.

Tchobanoglous, George and Franklin L. Burton. Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal

and Reuse. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., I991.

Pitt, R. and J. McLean. Humber River Pilot Watershed Project, Ontario Ministry of the

Environment, Toronto, Canada. 483 pgs. June 1986.

Lohani, B N, et al (editors) (1997), Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries,

vol 1 & 2 (Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines).

BESAVILLA, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (third edition)

GILLESANIA, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics