The “have” construction suggests that something can still be done, or is still to be done.

- Have you finished your project? You should finish it now so we can enjoy the weekend.
The deadline is still to come, and you have some scope for action.

The “did” construction suggests the incident is completely finished.

- Did you finish your project on time?
The deadline is past and you were either on time or not on time.

Rough negative prefix rules:

Words starting with ‘l’ have the prefix ‘il’ – illegal, illegible
Words starting with ‘r’ use the prefix ‘ir’ – irrelevant, irresponsible
Words starting with ‘m’, ‘b’ or ‘p’ use ‘im’ – impatient, immature, imbalance

As for dashes, there are two different types that exist. The en dash is primarily used to
indicate a span of time between numbers or dates, while the em dash indicates a break in
speech or thought:

The material is in chapters 7-9.

The day was finally over – or so she thought.

Hyphens do not have spaces around them, whereas em dashes have a space on either side of
them.

Tense: Form: Example:

Past simple: Used to describe events that occurred Past form of the He walked home.
once in the past, reoccurring events in the past, or verb (verb+ed for He went home.
something that was true for some time in the past. regular verbs) He ran every day.
Past continuous: Used to describe events that Past form of the
He was flying.
were ongoing in the past before and after another verb ‘be’ + verb in
They were singing.
action or time. its ‘ing’ form
He had swum two
laps of the pool
Past perfect: Used to describe something that
before his mother
started in the past and continued until a given time ‘had’ + the past
joined him.
in the past. Also used to illustrate how long a past participle of the
On the twentieth of
event occurred before ending at a certain point in verb.
July, I had worked at
the past.
the school for ten
years.
She had been
walking for an hour
Past perfect continuous (past perfect when her phone rang.
‘had been’ + ‘ing’
progressive): Used to express ongoing actions in I had been working
form of the verb
the past that continued until another point. at the school for a
year when I was
fired.
Tense: Form: Example:
Tense: Form: Example:
I run every day.
You eat rice for
Present simple: Used to describe facts, express Present form of the
lunch.
habitual or repeated behaviours, and emotions. verb
She/he sings in the
choir.
Present continuous: Used to describe activities I am walking.
Present form of the
that are occurring at or around the time the You are singing.
verb ‘to be’ + ‘ing’
speaker is talking. She/he is jumping.
Present perfect: Used to describe states or I have tasted tofu
‘have/has’ + past
experiences that happened in the past and before.
participle of the
continue to hold an influence or achievement in He/she has sung on a
main verb.
the present. stage before.
I have been playing
‘have/has’ + ‘been’
Present perfect continuous: Used when the piano for years.
+ present participle
something started in the past and continues to He/she has been
form of the main
the present. eating junk food for
verb.
every meal.
Form: Example:
Tense:
I will go to school
Future simple: Used to refer to specific times in ‘will’ + the present tomorrow.
the future – in two ways: to express a promise tense of the verb He/she/they will cook
or a voluntary action that will occur at some Present tense of the dinner. I am going to
specific time in the future, and to express plans verb ‘be’ and win some money.
to do something. ‘going to’ He/she is going to the
party at the weekend.
I will be going to the
Future continuous: Used to describe fixed event on Saturday.
‘will be’ + the main
events, appointments or events that will extend He/she/they will be
verb in ‘ing’ form
over time in the future. watching the news
tomorrow evening
Future perfect: Used to refer to an action in the I will have finished
‘will have’ + the
future which will be completed by a certain my assignment by
past participle
event or time. Monday.
Future perfect continuous: Used to describe ‘will have been’ In June, I will have
ongoing future actions that will be completed at with the present been living here for a
some time in the future. participle year.

Sentence: Description: Examples:

John jumped high.
Simple Consist of one independent clause.
I like apples.
Compound Two or more independent clauses joined The girl played, but the boy stayed
Sentence: Description: Examples:
inside.
together, usually by a conjunction.
The girl played, and the boy
jumped.
The girl ate an apple when she got
Contain one independent clause, which home.
Complex can stand on its own, and one or more
dependent clauses. When she got home, the girl ate an
apple.
At least two independent clauses linked
Compound- The girl ate an apple and the boy
by a conjunction as well as a dependent
complex played when they got home.
clause
If I don’t eat, I get hungry.
A clause and its result, both in the simple
Z conditional
present tense.
If you heat ice, it melts.
If you come to lunch, I will buy
you a meal.
First ‘if’+ present simple, ‘will’ with the future
Conditional tense.
If you drive too fast, you will
crash.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a
Porsche.
Second ‘if’ with the past simple, ‘would’ with
Conditional present simple tense.
If I lived in Los Angeles, I would
be a famous actor.
If I had known that she didn’t have
Third ‘If’ with the past perfect, ‘would have’
any money, I would have bought
Conditional and the past participle.
her dinner.

Punctuation: Symbol: Uses: Examples:

I like to ski.
Placed at the end of a sentence.
Mr. Mrs. Ph.D. M.D.
In abbreviations to indicate shortened
Periods .
forms.
She knocked on the
door… but no one was
In an ellipsis to show missing words.
home.
Commas , Used to indicate breaks within a sentence. I like rice, eggs, chicken,
and ham.
Separating lists of items.
Punctuation: Symbol: Uses: Examples:

Although he enjoyed the

movie, he didn’t want to
watch it again.
Question Used to indicate that the phrase is a
? Do you like carrots?
marks question and requires an answer.
Exclamation
! Used to indicate heightened emotions. I hate you!
marks
To renew your passport
Used to add additional information to a
you’ll need: 2 passport
Colons : sentence, to introduce a quote, or to
photos, your old passport,
introduce a list.
and an envelope.
I’m tired today; it was too
Semicolons ; Used to connect two independent clauses.
hot to sleep last night.
Used to indicate words that are
contracted, standing in the place of It’s hot today.
Apostrophes ‘ removed letters, and are also added onto
the end of words with an ‘s’ to indicate The dog’s bed.
possession.
Quotation Used to surround speech in creative “What are you doing?”
“”
marks writing, or to indicate direct quotes. He asked.
Used to link words or parts of words to
Hyphens – Sugar-free soda
give new meanings.
En dash is primarily used to indicate a The material is in
– span of time between numbers or dates. chapters 7-9.
Dashes
– Em dash indicates a break in speech or The day was finally over
thought, used for extra emphasis. – or so she thought.
Used primarily to indicate the word ‘or’ Someone had left his/her
Slashes /
without writing it. phone in the room.
The party (which was
Often used to add additional information
usually held every year)
Parentheses () that isn’t really vital for the sentence to be
was canceled because of
understandable.
the storm.
Usually used in technical writing or to It was the last time their
Brackets: [] add extra information that clarifies the parents saw them [the
situation. missing girls].

1. What is an affix?1
o A word used to join two parts of a sentence.
o An affix is a part added to a word to alter its meaning.
o A part of a word used to show possession or ownership.
2. Mark all of the words with prefixes:1
o Inconvenient
o Undo
 o Hopeful
o Overdo
o Quickly
3. Mark all of the words using suffixes:1
o Softly
o Appeal
o Harden
o Hurtful
o Chase
4. What is a base word?1
o A word which can't be altered.
o A word which can take both prefixes and suffixes.
o A word in its original, unaltered form.
5. Which of the following are suffixes?1
o un
o pre
o ist
o ful
6. Which of the following are prefixes?1
o ing
o dis
o ed
o un