CERTIFICATION

This Is to certify that this survay work was carried out by me, and the practical report was prepared by
me under the supervision of mrs. Fatima Ademu from the department of surveying and Geo
informatics,federal polytechnic idah

On the 1st July 2022

Name: OREWALE EMMANUEL ADEBAYO

SIGN:

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 DEDICATION
This practical field report is dedicated to my father Mr Dominic a mentor and a father,Who constantly
offer his prayers of blessing unbehave me and the people of God. May God Almighty continue to bless
and strength him for his support and word encouragement.

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 ABSTRACT
Chain (Tape) surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. In this method the lengths of lines
marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines.

By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and common method is the method
of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is
used. But where great accuracy is required a steel tape is invariably used.

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 TABE OF CONTENT
i. Certification..........................................................................................................2
ii. Dedication..............................................................................................................3
iii. Abstract..................................................................................................................4
iv. Table of content.....................................................................................................5

1. 0 .INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................6

1.1 Background: ................................................................................................................ 6

Chain surveying: ................................................................................................................. 4

Aim ........................................................................................................................................8

1.2 OBJECTIVES: ................................................................................................................ 8

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK: .................................................................................................... .....8

1.4 TERMS USED IN CHAIN SURVEY: ........................................................................ ........9

2.0. Methods ........................................................................................................................10

2.1 Instrument used: .......................................................................................................... 10

2.2 Area of project:.............................................................................................................. 12

2.3 Specification used for project: ..................................................................................... 12

2.4 Methodology: ................................................................................................................ 13

3. Output, Analysis and Discussion .................................................................................... 14

4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 15

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1.0.INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Chain surveying:
A chain survey is a simple land survey that deals with measuring and recording a series of linear
distances on the ground by using a chain or a tape measure.

The chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In this survey, only measurements are taken in the
field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation, etc. are done in the office.

This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite
accurate results.

By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and common method is the method
of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is
used. But where great accuracy is required a steel tape is invariably used. The term chaining was
originally applied to measureof distance with a chain. The term chaining is used to denote measuring
distance with either chain or tape. In the process of chaining, the survey party consists of a leader (the
surveyor at the forward end of the chain) a follower (the surveyor at the rare end of the chain) and
anassistant to establish intermediate points.The accuracy to which measurement can be made with
chain and tape varies with the methods used and precautions exercised. The precision of chaining for
ordinar ywork, ranges from 1/1,000 to 1/30,000 and precise measurement such as baseline may be of
the order of 1/1,000.In this practical we used the knowledge acquired in class and that from the
introductions made by the GEGIS practical technicians to practice and execute chain surveying on our
site. The surveyors chain, drag tape and ranging rods were themain instruments used during this
practical.

Principles of chain survey

The principle of chain survey is triangulation. This means the area to be surveyed is divided into number
of small triangles which should be well conditioned.

Purpose of chain survey

 Determine the area of a plot of land.
 Prepare an accurate plan of plot of land.
 Divide plot of land into number of small division.Secure data for executing engineering
projects.
Chain surveying is recommended when:-
 The ground surface is more or less level.
 A small area to be surveyed.
 The formation of well conditioned triangle is easy.

Types of chainTypes of Chains used in Surveying

Depending upon the length of the chain, these are divide into following types,

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  Metric chains
 Steel band or Band chain
 Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain
 Engineer’s chain
 Revenue chain

A. Metric chains:
Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in India. These types of chains comes in many lengths
such as 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters. Most commonly used is 20m chain. Tallies are provided at every 2m of
the chain for quick reading. Every link of this type of chain is 0.2m. The total length of the chain is
marked on the brass handle at the ends.

B. Steel band or Band chain:

These types of chain consist of a long narrow strip of steel of uniform width of 12 to 16 mm and
thickness of 0.3 to 0.6 mm. this chain is divides by brass studs at every 20cm or instead of brass studs,
band chain may have graduated engraving as centimeter.For easy use and workability band chains are
wound on steel crosses or metal reels from which they can be easily unrolled. These steel bands are
available in 20m and 30m length and the width of about 12-16mm.

C. Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain:

Gunter chain comes in standard 66ft. These chain consists of 100links, each link being 0.66ft or
7.92inches. The length 66ft is selected because it is convenient in land measurements.

10 square Gunter’s chains = 1 Acre

10 Gunter chains = 1 Furlong

80 Gunter chains = 1 mile

D. Engineer’s chain
This chain comes in 100ft length. Its consist of 100 links each link being 1ft long. At every 10 links a brass
ring or tags are provided for indication of 10 links. Readings are taken in feet and decimal.

E. Revenue Chain
The standard size of this type of chain is 33ft. The number of links are 16, each link being 2

ft. This chain is commonly used in cadastral survey.

Advantages of chain:
 They can be read easily and quickly.
 They can withstand wear and tear
 They can easily be repaired or rectified in the field.Chain survey is simplest and commonest
method used in surveying exercises

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Disadvantage of chain
 They are heavy and take too much time to open and fold.
 They become longer and shorter due to continuous use.
 When the measurement is taken in suspension, the chain sag excessively.Disadvantages of
Chains in Surveying

Aim: chain surveying

1.2. OBJECTIVES
 .To familiarize and be able use ranging rods.
 To familiarize and be able to use chain as a linear measuring instrument.
 To understand, appreciate and be able to apply chain survey techniques on ground.
 To prepare map of the site

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK:

The scope of this project is to prepare the plan of the area to be surveyed. Linear measurement
was made with the help of chain and tape. The details covered are based on the perpendicular
offset measurement.

1.4TERMS USED IN CHAIN SURVEY:

Main station
: A point where the two sides of a main triangle meet. Main stations are the ends of the lines which
command the Boundary of the survey, and the lines joining the main stations are called main Survey or
Chain lines.

Tie station
: A station on a survey line joining two main stations.Any Point selected on the main survey line where it
is necessary to run the auxiliary lines to locate the interior details such as fences, hedges, buildings,etc.,
when they are at some distance from the main survey lines are known as Subsidiary or Tie stations.

Main survey line

: The chain line joining two main survey stations.Which stations taken along the boundary of an area as
controlling points are known as 'main stations'. The lines joining the main stations are called 'main
survey lines'. The main survey lines should cover the whole area to be surveyed.

Tie line
: A chain line joining two tie stations.A“tie line” is that line which joins some fixed points called
“stations” on the main survey lines. The purpose of a tie line is two-fold, i.e., firstly it enables checking of
the accuracy of the network and secondly locating the interior details which are comparatively far away
from the main survey lines.

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Base line
: The longest main survey line on a fairly level ground and passing throughthe center of an area.In
surveying, a baseline is a line between two points on the earth's surface and the direction and distance
between them. In a triangulation network, at least one baseline between two stations needs to be
measured to calculate the size of the triangles by trigonometry.

Check line
: A line which is provided to check the accuracy of the field work.A check-line also termed as a proof-line
is a line joining the apex of a triangle to some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle. A check-line is
measured to check the accuracy of the framework. The length of a checking line, as measured on the
ground should agree with its length on the plan.

Offsets
: The lateral measurement from an object to chain line. line.Offset is the perpendicular distance taken
from either side of the chain line running in a particular direction. The purpose of offset is to locate the
objects which lie in the vicinity of the main survey line.

Chaining
: The process of measuring distance between two point on the ground .

Ranging
: The process of laying out straight line between two points is known asranging.Ranging is the process of
establishing many intermediate points to measure the survey lines in linear measurement. This can be
done by ranging rods, offset rods, and ranging poles. The first step in any construction work is Surveying.
Ranging is one of the important aspects of Surveying.

Perpendicular offsets
: When lateral measurement are taken perpendicular to thechain line.

Oblique offsets
: Any offsets not perpendicular to the chain

2.0.Method

2.1. Instruments used

During our practical we employed the following instruments listed below

Surveyor’s chain:
surveyor's chain, also called Gunter's chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still
widely used for surveying in English-speaking countries. Invented by the English mathematician Edmund
Gunter in the early 17th century, Gunter's chain is exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long and divided into
100 links.

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Chaining arrows:
Arrows in surveying are the marking pins that are mostly used in chain surveying. They are used to mark
the end of the chain length; if the length of the line to be measured is more than a chain length.

Surveyor’s tape (linen):

Tapes are used in surveying for measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances. Tapes are issued in
various lengths and widths and graduated in a variety of ways

Raging rods:
Ranging poles are used to mark areas and to set out straight lines on the field. They are also used to
mark points which must be seen from a distance, in which case a flag may be attached to improve the
visibility. Ranging poles are straight round stalks, 3 to 4 cm thick and about 2 m long.

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Wooden pegs:
Pegs are used when certain points on the field require more permanent marking. Pegs are generally
made of wood; sometimes pieces of tree-branches, properly sharpened, are good enough.

2.2 Area of project:

The project area is chapel of glory church in federal polytechnic idah

2.3 Specification used for project:

Type of chain: Metric chain

Number of links: 100 link's

Distance per link: 2 meters

Unit of measurement: meter

Time:1day

2.4METHODOLOGY
The following methods was used during the practical.

Reconnaissance:
The survey practical site was issued on 1st July 2022 and the group visited the site on the same day
where we:

 Identified main features on our site which were trees, walk way hedges and building

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  .Identified different kind of obstacles on site we were to encounter during survey process
which in turn we found a tree which obstructed both chaining and ranging.
 Identified the nature of our ground i.e. gentle slopped land.
 We then made a sketch of the plan containing the identified features and obstacles
 On the sketch we established a framework of triangles tied to abaseline and labeled our
apexes with capital letters.

we were not able to establish our baseline diagonally due to obstacles on site hence we adopted the
alternative longest line as our baseline as displayed on the attached sketch

Chain survey procedure (Measurements and bookings)

 The four lengths of the site were accurately measured using a drag tape and recorded. while
carrying out measurements it was ensured that the tape was straight, taut and lying on the
ground.
 The longest diagonal across the site was identified and a surveyors chain laid across this
diagonal. Ranging was done to ensure the chain running along the diagonal was straight .Once
the chain was confirmed to be straight a chaining arrow was used at its end in place of the
ranging rod.
 . Features near this diagonal were booked alternatively by ties and offsets. The optical square
was used to erect offsets from the baseline while ties were constructed from 2 different points
on the chain using the surveyors tape.many features were marked up to the end one chain
length .Distances of the features along the baseline and from the baseline was also measured
and booked appropriately.
 The chain was then dragged until the opposite corner at the end of the diagonal.Ranging was
again done with one member at the end of the chain to ensure the it was straight. Once straight
a chaining arrow was then pinned in place of the rangingrod.
 Mapping of points was resumed up to the end of the second chain length( also end of the
longest diagonal) and booked appropriately.
 .Some features were also mapped from the boundaries of our areas by erecting of offsets, the
horizontal distances between trees in organized rows was also measured and recorded.
 . A tree obstacle was encountered when measuring one of the lengths however the method of
repeated alignment was used to mitigate this error

plotting:
 An appropriate scale 1:200 was chosen and used to plot all lengths with the appropriate
dimensions as per the revised sketch.
 All features in the sketch were appropriately represented on the map ,in the case where
abbreviations and symbols were used explanation were given in the legend.

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3.0. Output, Analysis and Discussion

By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and common method is the method
of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is
used. But where great accuracy is required a steel tape is invariably used.

When measuring chainages, the length of the chain was measured using drag tape and the length was
found to be 30m.We assumed the chain had no lose in length however, sag, tension,
temperature,standardization, slope error would not be established because the relevant equipment’s
were not available.we were able to practice on the use each equipment allocated and appreciate the
importance of chain survey.

4.0 Conclusion
Following all the rules and methodology, the site was plotted on a suitable scale and the area was
computed.

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The field book and the area calculation of the site is attached in annex.

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