4/26/2021

Fully Developed Pipe Flow

Friction Factor
Moody chart was developed for circular pipes, but can
be used for non-circular pipes using hydraulic diameter
Colebrook equation is a curve-fit of the data which is
convenient for computations (e.g., using EES)

Implicit equation for f which can be solved

using the root-finding algorithm in EES

Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are accurate

to ±15% due to roughness size, experimental error,
curve fitting of data, etc.

1
 4/26/2021

2
 4/26/2021

l V2 Colebrook equation is implicit

hlf = f
d 2g

Empirical Correlations

a-Smooth pipe, Re>4000

1
f
 
= 2.0 * log Re* f − 0.8
f  f (/d)
Blasius formula f = 0.316 Re −0.25
1 
b- Rough pipe, [ (D/)/(Re√ƒ) < = −2.0 * log + 1.14
0.01], f  f (Re) f D

c -Transition function
for both smooth and 1  /D 2.51
= −2.0 * log( + )
rough pipe (Colebrook) f 3. 7 Re f

3
 4/26/2021

Explicit Equations: Swamee-Jain

Swamee-Jain in 1976: 0.25
f= 2
𝜀 5.74
log + 0.9
Limitations: 3.7𝐷 Re

0.9 −2
2
/D < 2 x 10-2 𝑄 𝐿 𝜀 𝜈𝐷
ℎ𝑓 = 1.07 ln + 4.62
𝑔𝐷5 3.7𝐷 𝑄
Re >3 x 103
0.5 0.5
𝑔𝐷5 ℎ𝑓 𝜀 3.17𝜈 2 𝐿
Easy to program for 𝑄 = −0.965 ln +
𝐿 3.7𝐷 𝑔𝐷3 ℎ𝑓
computer or calculator use
4.75 5.2 0.04
Less than 3% deviation 𝐿𝑄2 𝐿
𝐷 = 0.66 𝜀 1.25 + 𝜈𝑄9.4
from results obtained with 𝑔ℎf 𝑔ℎf
Moody diagram

S. E. Haaland in 1983 :

4
 4/26/2021

Hazen-Williams equation
◼ The Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody diagram is
considered to be the most accurate model for estimating frictional
head loss for a steady pipe flow. Since the Darcy-Weisbach
equation requires iterative calculation an alternative empirical
head loss calculation like the Hazen-Williams equation may be
preferred:

◼ Note that the Hazen-Williams formula is empirical and lacks a

theoretical basis. Be aware that the roughness constants are
based on "normal" conditions with approximately 1 m/s (3 ft/sec).
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hazen-williams-coefficients-d_798.html
5

5
 4/26/2021

Hazen-Williams equation

Limitations
The Hazen-Williams equation is assumed to be relatively accurate for water flow in
piping systems when the Reynolds Numbers is above 105 (turbulent flow) 6

6
 4/26/2021

Hazen-Williams equation

7
 4/26/2021

8
 4/26/2021

9
 4/26/2021

10

10

10
 4/26/2021

◼ NOTE:
In some cases the head loss due to friction in a
pipe is given in a simple form as loss per unit
length of the pipe ( m/100m or m/km ) for
simple calculations.

11

11

11
 4/26/2021

12

12

12
 4/26/2021

13

13

13
 4/26/2021

14

14

14
 4/26/2021

15

15

15
 4/26/2021

16

16

16
 4/26/2021

17

17

17
 4/26/2021

18

18

18
 4/26/2021

19

19

19
 4/26/2021

20

20

20
 4/26/2021

Codes and standards

To limit the risks by
Accumulating experienced mistakes
Sharing different opinions of suppliers, designers, operators, and legislators

API AGA DNV ANSI ASME

CSA DIN EN ASTM ISA

ISO MSS NEMA NFPA SSPC

IEEE SIS DEP BS NACE

21

21
 4/26/2021

Pipe’s Codes & Standards, Material and Schedule:

Codes & Standards: ANSI, ASME, ASTM, API, ……

ANSI: American National Standards Institute

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineering
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
API: American Petroleum Institute

Material: PVC, Steel, …..

Schedule (Wall Thickness): Sch. 40 , Sch. 80 , Sch. 120 , …….

https://www.pipeflowcalculations.com/tables/pvc-schedule-40.xhtml

https://www.engineersedge.com/pipe_schedules.htm 22

22

22
 4/26/2021

▪ ANSI B36.10: WROUGHT PIPES

▪ ANSI B36.19M: STAINLESS STEEL
▪ API 5L: LINE PIPES
▪ API 5L: STEEL GRADES
▪ ASTM A270: SANITARY TUBING
▪ EN 10220: EUROPEAN TUBES
▪ ASTM D1785: PVC PIPES

23

23

23
 4/26/2021

Nomenclature:
◼ NPS: Nominal Pipe Size
◼ DN: Nominal Diameter
◼ O.D.: Outer Diameter
◼ I.D.: Inner Diameter
◼ Sch.: Wall Thickness
◼ I.D. = O.D. – 2 * Wall Thickness
◼ Pressure Numbers (PN)
PN-10 is corresponding to
a maximum working pressure = 10 bar

24

24

24
 4/26/2021

Standard Pipe Schedules (40, 80, 120, …. etc.)

https://www.engineersedge.com/pipe_schedules.htm 25

25

25
 4/26/2021

Standard Pipe Schedules (40, 80, 120, …. etc.)

https://www.engineersedge.com/pipe_schedules.htm 26

26

26
 4/26/2021

Outside Outside Wall Wall

Nominal size diameter diameter thickness thickness
ASTM D1785 - [inches] [inches] [mm] [inches] [mm]
1/8" DN8 0.41 10.3 0.068 1.73
SCH 40 1/4" DN12 0.54 13.7 0.088 2.24

PVC pipes 3/8" DN10

1/2" DN15
0.68
0.84
17.1
21.3
0.091
0.109
2.31
2.77
schedule 40 3/4" DN20 1.05 26.7 0.113 2.87
1" DN25 1.32 33.4 0.133 3.38
chart 1 1/4" DN32 1.66 42.2 0.14 3.56
1 1/2" DN40 1.9 48.3 0.145 3.68
wall thickness 2" DN50 2.375 60.3 0.154 3.91
2 1/2" DN65 2.875 73.0 0.203 5.16
and outside 3" DN80 3.5 88.9 0.216 5.49

diameter 3 1/2"
4" DN100
4.0
4.5
101.6
114.3
0.226
0.237
5.74
6.02
5" DN125 5.563 141.3 0.258 6.55
6" DN150 6.625 168.3 0.28 7.11
8" DN200 8.625 219.1 0.322 8.18
https://www.pipeflowc 10" DN250 10.75 273.0 0.365 9.27
12" DN300 12.75 323.8 0.406 10.31
alculations.com/tables/
14" DN350 14.0 355.6 0.437 11.1
pvc-schedule-40.xhtml 16" DN400 16.0 406.4 0.5 12.7
18" DN450 18.0 457.0 0.562 14.27
20" DN500 20.0 508.0 0.593 15.08 27
24" DN600 24.0 610.0 0.687 17.45
27

27
 4/26/2021

Standard (STD) Steel Pipe Schedules (Pipe Size)

https://www.engineersedge.com/calculators/std_pipe_weights/std_pipe_weights.htm
28

28

28
 4/26/2021

Extra-Strong (XS) Steel Pipe Schedules (Pipe Size)

https://www.engineersedge.com/calculators/xs_pipe_weights/xs_pipe_weights_calculator.htm
29

29

29
 4/26/2021

Barlow's Formula
• Barlow’s Formula is a used to show the relationship between
internal pressure, allowable stress (also known as hoop stress),
nominal thickness, and diameter.

• It is helpful in determining the maximum pressure capacity a pipe

can safely withstand.
The formula is expressed as P=2 σ t / D, where:
P: pressure, psig
t: nominal wall thickness, in inches(i.e. .375)
D: outside Diameter in inches
σ: allowable stress in psi,

S depends on the pressure being determined utilizing Yield or

Tensile depending on what is trying to be determined
30
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/barlow-d_1003.html
30

30
 4/26/2021

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/barlow-d_1003.html 31

31

31
 4/26/2021

32

32

32
 4/26/2021

33

33
 4/26/2021

Pressure Numbers (PN)

PN-10 is corresponding to
a maximum working pressure = 10 bar

PN-16 is corresponding to
a maximum working pressure = 16 bar

34

34

34
 4/26/2021

Eddy Losses
Piping systems include fittings, valves, bends, elbows, tees,
inlets, exits, enlargements, and contractions.
These components interrupt the smooth (streamlined) flow
of fluid and cause additional losses resulting from flow
separation and mixing.
Change in Velocity Vector (Mainly direction of velocity)
(a variation in its magnitude leads to a deviation in its direction)

A relation for the minor losses associated with these

components is introduced as follows:
• KL is the loss coefficient.
• Is different for each component.
• Is assumed to be independent of Re.
• Typically provided by manufacturer or
generic table.

35

35
 4/26/2021

Equivalent Length

36

36
 4/26/2021

Equivalent Length

NOTES:
In some cases, the head loss due to presence of fittings
( minor losses ) in a pipe are given in a simple form as
an equivalent length for the pipe having same diameter.

The equivalent lengths the added the original pipe

length ( L total = L original + L equivalent ) .

The total losses then calculated as friction only and

having a total length L total
37

37

37
 4/26/2021

38

38

38
 4/26/2021

39

39

39
 4/26/2021

40

40

40
 4/26/2021

41

41

41
 4/26/2021

42

42

42
 4/26/2021

43

43

43
 4/26/2021

44

44

44
 4/26/2021

45

45

45
 4/26/2021

46

46

46
 4/26/2021

Series and Parallel Pipe System

Two general types of
networks

Pipes in series
Volume flow rate is
constant
Head loss is the
summation of parts

Pipes in parallel
Volume flow rate is the
sum of the components
Pressure loss across all
branches is the same
47

47
 4/26/2021

Pipes In Series :
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 h LA − B = h L1 + h L 2 + h L3

Pipes In Parallel:

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 h L1 = h L 2 = h L3

15/09/1442 48

48

48
 4/26/2021

◼ For parallel pipes, applying

B.E between points A and B

Since p is the same for all

branches, head loss in all
branches is the same
49

49
 4/26/2021

◼ Head loss relationship between branches allows the

following ratios to be developed

◼ Note: the analogy with electrical circuits should be

obvious:

 Flow flow rate (VA) : current (I)

 Pressure gradient (p) : electrical potential (V)

 Head loss (hL): resistance (R), however hL is very nonlinear

50

50
 4/26/2021

Branched Pipe:

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
p A VA2 p B VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + h L1 + h L 2 (1 → 2 )
 2g  2g
p A VA2 p B VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + h L1 + h L 3 (1 → 3)
 2g  2g
 h L 2 = h L3

51

51
 4/26/2021

Siphon Pipe: C

(-)
hc

X T.E.L
H
(+) E
hA H.G.L
X
F (+)
A hB

EA B
Zc
EB

ZA
ZB

Datum ( E=0 )
52

52

52