Test 1

SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 1
(30 marks)

1. Answer the following questions briefly.

a) If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) have
opposite signs, then there is no real root between a and b. True or False?
False. If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) and if
both have different signs, then there is at least one real root between a and b. This is
because the function has to cross the x-axis at least once.
(CLO1 | 2 marks)
b) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will
diverge or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
c) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the
Newton’s method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two.
Secant has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO 1| 3 marks)

2.

Figure 1 presents a piping system

The internal flow of the piping system is important for constructing fluid mechanism. In order to
calculate the elevation difference between two reservoirs, the Colebrook equation can be used. The
Colebrook equation is used to find the Darcy friction factor of the pipe. However, the friction factor of
the Colebrook equation cannot be extracted analytically. Hence, a numerical analysis is performed to
find the Darcy friction factor from Colebrook equation.
Based on Colebrook equation, the relation of friction factor, f is given as;

1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

Where f is the Darcy friction factor, ε/D is the relative roughness of inner pipe surface and Re is the
Reynolds number.
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷

When the water is set at 10 oC, the value of density,  and dynamic viscosity, μ, of water determined
from the properties table are 999.7 kg/m3 and 1.307x10-3 kg/ms, respectively. Cast iron is used as the
material with a roughness, , of 0.26mm.

a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of g(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe at a flow rate, v of 1.5 m/s and pipe diameter of 12 cm.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

b) Use an appropriate method to determine f using the modelling equation developed in part
(a). Compute your calculation to 3 iterations. Note that based on Moody Chart, the Darcy
friction factor is within the range of 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,
 1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
Answers in excel
(CLO2 | 10 marks)

c) From Moody chart, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.026. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
Answers in excel
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

d) Determine for Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.
𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(999.7)(1.5 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.02514)
2(0.12)
𝛥𝑝  58.9 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠
(CLO 2 | 2 marks)
D 0.1 m/s fl 0.008
v 1.527887 m/s fu 0.08
r 999.7 kg/m3 g(fl) 5.129E+00
μ 1.307E-03 g(fu) -2.682E+00
e 0.00026 m/s g(fl)*g(fu) -1.376E+01
Re 116865.236
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 5.129E+00 -2.682E+00 -1.421E+00 -7.289E+00 Lower 0.008 0.044
2 0.008 0.044 0.026 5.129E+00 -1.421E+00 4.605E-02 2.362E-01 Upper 0.026 0.044 69.2307692 No
3 0.026 0.044 0.035 4.605E-02 -1.421E+00 -8.298E-01 -3.821E-02 Lower 0.026 0.035 25.7142857 No
4 0.026 0.035 0.0305 4.605E-02 -8.298E-01 -4.404E-01 -2.028E-02 Lower 0.026 0.0305 14.7540984 No
5 0.026 0.0305 0.02825 4.605E-02 -4.404E-01 -2.117E-01 -9.748E-03 Lower 0.026 0.02825 7.96460177 No
6 0.026 0.02825 0.027125 4.605E-02 -2.117E-01 -8.683E-02 -3.998E-03 Lower 0.026 0.027125 4.14746544 No
7 0.026 0.027125 0.026563 4.605E-02 -8.683E-02 -2.144E-02 -9.874E-04 Lower 0.026 0.026563 2.11764706 No
8 0.026 0.026563 0.026281 4.605E-02 -2.144E-02 1.203E-02 5.540E-04 Upper 0.026281 0.026563 1.07015458 No
9 0.02628125 0.026563 0.026422 1.203E-02 -2.144E-02 -4.773E-03 -5.743E-05 Lower 0.026281 0.026422 0.53222945 No
10 0.02628125 0.026422 0.026352 1.203E-02 -4.773E-03 3.612E-03 4.346E-05 Upper 0.026352 0.026422 0.26682479 No
11 0.026351563 0.026422 0.026387 3.612E-03 -4.773E-03 -5.847E-04 -2.112E-06 Lower 0.026352 0.026387 0.13323464 No
12 0.026351563 0.026387 0.026369 3.612E-03 -5.847E-04 1.513E-03 5.464E-06 Upper 0.026369 0.026387 0.06666173 Yes 0.026369
13 0.026369141 0.026387 0.026378 1.513E-03 -5.847E-04 4.638E-04 7.015E-07 Upper 0.026378 0.026387 0.03331976 Yes 0.026378
 Test 1
SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 2
(30 marks)

1. Answer the following question briefly.

a) The function on which we use the bisection method is not necessary to be continuous on
the interval we choose. True or false?
False. The Bisection Method states that function under Bisection Method must be
continuous on the interval on which the Bisection Method is applied. Moreover, the
function has to be a real valued to be able to find the roots by Bisection Method.
(CLO1 | 2 marks)
b) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method.
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will diverge
or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
c) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the Newton’s
method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two.
Secant has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)

2.

Figure 1
A flow of water between two reservoirs is to be maintained at v = 1.7 m/s. The two reservoirs are
connected by a steel pipe that is 0.15 m in the diameter with a pump in the middle. The configuration
is shown in Figure 1. In order to calculate the elevation difference between the two reservoirs, the
Colebrook equation can be used. The Colebrook equation is used to find the Darcy friction factor of
the pipe. However, the friction factor of the Colebrook equation cannot be extracted analytically.
Hence, a numerical analysis is performed to find the Darcy friction factor from Colebrook equation.

For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
Where  = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
2
Where μ = dynamic viscosity (N.s/m )

Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷

a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of g(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe. Given  = 0.25 mm, μ = 1.301 x 10-3 N.s/m2, and  = 998.8 kg/m3.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

b) Use an appropriate method to determine f using the modelling equation developed in part
(a). Compute your calculation to 3 iterations. Note that based on Moody Chart, the Darcy
friction factor is within the range of 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,

1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
Answers in excel.
(CLO2 | 10 marks)
c) From Moody charts, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.026. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
Answers in excel.
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

d) Determine Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(998.8)(1.7 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.02335)
2(0.15)
e) 𝛥𝑝  56.17 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠

(CLO2 | 2 marks)
 D 0.15 m fl 0.008
v 1.7 m/s fu 0.08
r 998.8 kg/m3 g(fl) 1.285E+00
μ 1.301E-03 N.s/m2 g(fu) -6.187E+00
e 0.00025 m/s g(fl)*g(fu) -7.951E+00
Re 195767.871
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 4.728E+00 -3.074E+00 -1.815E+00 -8.580E+00 Lower 0.008 0.044
2 0.008 0.044 0.026 4.728E+00 -1.815E+00 -3.498E-01 -1.654E+00 Lower 0.008 0.026 69.2307692 No
3 0.008 0.026 0.017 4.728E+00 -3.498E-01 1.148E+00 5.429E+00 Upper 0.017 0.026 52.9411765 No
4 0.017 0.026 0.0215 1.148E+00 -3.498E-01 2.813E-01 3.231E-01 Upper 0.0215 0.026 20.9302326 No
5 0.0215 0.026 0.02375 2.813E-01 -3.498E-01 -5.664E-02 -1.593E-02 Lower 0.0215 0.02375 9.47368421 No
6 0.0215 0.02375 0.022625 2.813E-01 -5.664E-02 1.061E-01 2.984E-02 Upper 0.022625 0.02375 4.97237569 No
7 0.022625 0.02375 0.023188 1.061E-01 -5.664E-02 2.323E-02 2.463E-03 Upper 0.023188 0.02375 2.42587601 No
8 0.0231875 0.02375 0.023469 2.323E-02 -5.664E-02 -1.706E-02 -3.963E-04 Lower 0.023188 0.023469 1.19840213 No
9 0.0231875 0.023469 0.023328 2.323E-02 -1.706E-02 2.992E-03 6.951E-05 Upper 0.023328 0.023469 0.60281313 No
10 0.023328125 0.023469 0.023398 2.992E-03 -1.706E-02 -7.058E-03 -2.112E-05 Lower 0.023328 0.023398 0.30050083 No
11 0.023328125 0.023398 0.023363 2.992E-03 -7.058E-03 -2.038E-03 -6.099E-06 Lower 0.023328 0.023363 0.15047651 No
12 0.023328125 0.023363 0.023346 2.992E-03 -2.038E-03 4.755E-04 1.423E-06 Upper 0.023346 0.023363 0.07529491 Yes 0.023346
13 0.023345703 0.023363 0.023354 4.755E-04 -2.038E-03 -7.818E-04 -3.717E-07 Lower 0.023346 0.023354 0.03763328 Yes 0.023354
 Test 1
SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 3
(30 marks)

1. Answers the following questions briefly

a) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method.
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will diverge
or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
b) The function on which we use the bisection method is not necessary to be continuous on the
interval we choose. True or false?
False. The Bisection Method states that function under Bisection Method must be continuous
on the interval on which the Bisection Method is applied. Moreover, the function has to be a
real valued to be able to find the roots by Bisection Method.
(CLO1 | 2 marks)
c) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the Newton’s
method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two. Secant
has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)

Figure 1
The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Major losses are
associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and roughness
of the pipe wall. Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to
overcome the frictional resistance.

The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most widely accepted formula for determining the energy loss in
pipe flow. In this equation, the friction factor, f, a dimensionless quantity, is used to describe the
friction loss in a pipe. In engineering, the friction factor can be extracted by using Moody’s chart or
Colebrook equation.
For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
Where  = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
2
Where μ = dynamic viscosity (N.s/m )

Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
As shown in Figure 1, a piping system moves water (10 oC) from a large, open, ground level reservoir
to a large open tank at v = 1.6 m/s. The piping system consists of 0.5 m of commercial steel pipe win
an inner diameter of 13 cm.

a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of g(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe. Given  = 0.24 mm, μ = 1.299 x 10-3 N.s/m2, and  = 997.8 kg/m3.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

b) Use an appropriate method to determine f using the modelling equation developed in part
(a). Compute your calculation to 3 iterations. Note that based on Moody Chart, the Darcy
friction factor is within the range of 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,

1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
 Answers in excel.
(CLO2 | 10 marks)

c) From Moody charts, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.026. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
Answers in excel.
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

d) Determine Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(998.8)(1.6 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.02408)
2(0.13)
𝛥𝑝  59.14 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠

(CLO2 | 2 marks)
 D 0.13 m fl 0.008
v 1.6 m/s fu 0.08
r 9.98E+02 kg/m3 g(fl) 4.838E+00
μ 1.299E-03 N.s/m2 g(fu) -2.977E+00
e 0.00024 m/s g(fl)*g(fu) -1.440E+01
Re 159770.901
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 4.838E+00 -2.977E+00 -1.715E+00 -8.298E+00 Lower 0.008 0.044
2 0.008 0.044 0.026 4.838E+00 -1.715E+00 -2.472E-01 -1.196E+00 Lower 0.008 0.026 69.2307692 No
3 0.008 0.026 0.017 4.838E+00 -2.472E-01 1.254E+00 6.066E+00 Upper 0.017 0.026 52.9411765 No
4 0.017 0.026 0.0215 1.254E+00 -2.472E-01 3.850E-01 4.827E-01 Upper 0.0215 0.026 20.9302326 No
5 0.0215 0.026 0.02375 3.850E-01 -2.472E-01 4.646E-02 1.789E-02 Upper 0.02375 0.026 9.47368421 No
6 0.02375 0.026 0.024875 4.646E-02 -2.472E-01 -1.053E-01 -4.895E-03 Lower 0.02375 0.024875 4.52261307 No
7 0.02375 0.024875 0.024313 4.646E-02 -1.053E-01 -3.076E-02 -1.429E-03 Lower 0.02375 0.024313 2.31362468 No
8 0.02375 0.024313 0.024031 4.646E-02 -3.076E-02 7.514E-03 3.491E-04 Upper 0.024031 0.024313 1.17035111 No
9 0.02403125 0.024313 0.024172 7.514E-03 -3.076E-02 -1.171E-02 -8.795E-05 Lower 0.024031 0.024172 0.58177117 No
10 0.02403125 0.024172 0.024102 7.514E-03 -1.171E-02 -2.117E-03 -1.591E-05 Lower 0.024031 0.024102 0.2917342 No
11 0.02403125 0.024102 0.024066 7.514E-03 -2.117E-03 2.693E-03 2.024E-05 Upper 0.024066 0.024102 0.14608018 No
12 0.024066406 0.024102 0.024084 2.693E-03 -2.117E-03 2.868E-04 7.724E-07 Upper 0.024084 0.024102 0.07298678 Yes 0.024084
13 0.024083984 0.024102 0.024093 2.868E-04 -2.117E-03 -9.153E-04 -2.625E-07 Lower 0.024084 0.024093 0.03648008 Yes 0.024093
 Test 1
SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 4
(30 marks)

1. Answers the following questions briefly

a) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will diverge
or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
b) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the Newton’s
method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two. Secant
has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
c) If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) have opposite
signs, then there is no real root between a and b. Ture or False?
False. If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) and if
both have different signs, then there is at least one real root between a and b. This is
because the function has to cross the x-axis at least once.

(CLO1 | 2 marks)

2.
 Figure 1

Determining fluid flow through pipes and tubes has great relevance in many areas of engineering and
science. Figure 1 shows a piping system for a liquid-air separation process. A flow of air inside the
pipe is to be maintained at V = 40 ms-1. The components are connected by a steel pipe that is 0.5 cm
in the diameter.
The resistance to flow in such conduits is parameterized by a dimensionless number called the friction
factor, f. Here, the Colebrook equation is used to find the Darcy friction factor of the pipe. However,
the friction factor of the Colebrook equation cannot be extracted analytically. Hence, a numerical
analysis is performed to find the Darcy friction factor from Colebrook equation.

For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
Where  = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Where μ = dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2)

Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷

a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of g(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe. Given  = 0.15 mm, μ = 1.79 x 10-5 N.s/m2, and  = 1.23 kg/m3.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

b) Use an appropriate method to determine f using the modelling equation developed in part
(a). Compute your calculation to 3 iterations. Note that based on Moody Chart, the Darcy
friction factor is within the range of 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,
 1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
Answers in excel.
(CLO2 | 10 marks)

c) From Moody charts, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.046. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
Answers in excel.
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

d) Determine for Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.
𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(1.23)(40 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.04530)
2(0.01)
𝛥𝑝  1114.38 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠

(CLO2 | 2 marks)
 D 0.01 m fl 0.008
v 40 m/s fu 0.08
r 1.23E+00 kg/m3 g(fl) 6.591E+00
μ 1.790E-05 N.s/m2 g(fu) -1.182E+00
e 0.00015 m/s g(fl)*g(fu) -7.792E+00
Re 27486.034
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 6.591E+00 -1.182E+00 7.169E-02 4.725E-01 Upper 0.044 0.08
2 0.044 0.08 0.062 7.169E-02 -1.182E+00 -6.929E-01 -4.967E-02 Lower 0.044 0.062 29.0322581 No
3 0.044 0.062 0.053 7.169E-02 -6.929E-01 -3.594E-01 -2.577E-02 Lower 0.044 0.053 16.9811321 No
4 0.044 0.053 0.0485 7.169E-02 -3.594E-01 -1.589E-01 -1.139E-02 Lower 0.044 0.0485 9.27835052 No
5 0.044 0.0485 0.04625 7.169E-02 -1.589E-01 -4.779E-02 -3.426E-03 Lower 0.044 0.04625 4.86486486 No
6 0.044 0.04625 0.045125 7.169E-02 -4.779E-02 1.083E-02 7.765E-04 Upper 0.045125 0.04625 2.49307479 No
7 0.045125 0.04625 0.045688 1.083E-02 -4.779E-02 -1.875E-02 -2.031E-04 Lower 0.045125 0.045688 1.23119015 No
8 0.045125 0.045688 0.045406 1.083E-02 -1.875E-02 -4.029E-03 -4.364E-05 Lower 0.045125 0.045406 0.61940812 No
9 0.045125 0.045406 0.045266 1.083E-02 -4.029E-03 3.384E-03 3.665E-05 Upper 0.045266 0.045406 0.31066621 No
10 0.045265625 0.045406 0.045336 3.384E-03 -4.029E-03 -3.271E-04 -1.107E-06 Lower 0.045266 0.045336 0.15509219 No
11 0.045265625 0.045336 0.045301 3.384E-03 -3.271E-04 1.527E-03 5.167E-06 Upper 0.045301 0.045336 0.07760628 Yes 0.045301
 Test 1
SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 5
(30 marks)

1. Answers the following questions briefly

a) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method.
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will diverge
or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
b) The function on which we use the bisection method is not necessary to be continuous on the
interval we choose. True or false?
False. The Bisection Method states that function under Bisection Method must be
continuous on the interval on which the Bisection Method is applied. Moreover, the function
has to be a real valued to be able to find the roots by Bisection Method.
(CLO1 | 2 marks)
c) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the Newton’s
method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two. Secant
has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)

2.

Figure 1
Determining fluid flow through pipes and tubes has great relevance in many areas of engineering and
science. In mechanical and aerospace engineering, typical applications include the flow of liquids and
gases through cooling systems as shown in Figure 1.
The resistance to flow in such conduits is parameterized by a dimensionless number called the friction
factor, f. For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
it is:
1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

Where  = the roughness [m], D = diameter [m], and Re = the Reynolds number, expressed as Re =
VD/μ, where  = fluid density [kg/m3], V = its velocity [m/s], and μ = dynamic viscosity [N.s/m2].

Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷

(a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of g(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe at a flow rate, v = 38 m/s and pipe diameter, D = 12 mm.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

(b) In the present problem, determine f for air flow through a smooth, thin tube. For this case,
the parameters are  = 1.22 kg/m3, μ = 1.81 x 10-5 N.s/m2, and  = 0.0014 m. Compute your
calculation to 3 iterations. Note that friction factors range from about 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,

1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
Answers in excel.
(CLO2 | 10 marks)

(c) From Moody chart, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.040. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
 Answers in excel.
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

(d) Determine for Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.
𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(1.22)(38 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.04146)
2(0.012)
𝛥𝑝  760.83 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠
(CLO2 | 2 marks)
 D 0.012 m fl 0.008
v 38 m/s fu 0.08
r 1.22E+00 kg/m3 g(fl) 6.399E+00
μ 1.810E-05 N.s/m2 g(fu) -1.391E+00
e 0.00014 m/s g(fl)*g(fu) -8.900E+00
Re 30735.912
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 6.399E+00 -1.391E+00 -1.341E-01 -8.579E-01 Lower 0.008 0.044
2 0.008 0.044 0.026 6.399E+00 -1.341E-01 1.329E+00 8.501E+00 Upper 0.026 0.044 69.2307692 No
3 0.026 0.044 0.035 1.329E+00 -1.341E-01 4.553E-01 6.050E-01 Upper 0.035 0.044 25.7142857 No
4 0.035 0.044 0.0395 4.553E-01 -1.341E-01 1.354E-01 6.167E-02 Upper 0.0395 0.044 11.3924051 No
5 0.0395 0.044 0.04175 1.354E-01 -1.341E-01 -4.765E-03 -6.454E-04 Lower 0.0395 0.04175 5.38922156 No
6 0.0395 0.04175 0.040625 1.354E-01 -4.765E-03 6.388E-02 8.651E-03 Upper 0.040625 0.04175 2.76923077 No
7 0.040625 0.04175 0.041188 6.388E-02 -4.765E-03 2.921E-02 1.866E-03 Upper 0.041188 0.04175 1.36570561 No
8 0.0411875 0.04175 0.041469 2.921E-02 -4.765E-03 1.213E-02 3.544E-04 Upper 0.041469 0.04175 0.67822155 No
9 0.04146875 0.04175 0.041609 1.213E-02 -4.765E-03 3.663E-03 4.444E-05 Upper 0.041609 0.04175 0.3379647 No
10 0.041609375 0.04175 0.04168 3.663E-03 -4.765E-03 -5.567E-04 -2.039E-06 Lower 0.041609 0.04168 0.16869728 No
11 0.041609375 0.04168 0.041645 3.663E-03 -5.567E-04 1.552E-03 5.683E-06 Upper 0.041645 0.04168 0.08441985 Yes 0.041645
 Test 1
SEMM3023
Roots of Equations
Set 6
(30 marks)

1. Answers the following questions briefly

a) Explain convergence and divergence in case of Newton-Raphson method.
Newton's Method converges quadratically. But if the function is not continuously
differentiable in a neighbourhood of the root, it is possible that Newton's method will diverge
or fail.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)
b) If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) have opposite
signs, then there is no real root between a and b. True or False?
False. If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) and if
both have different signs, then there is at least one real root between a and b. This is
because the function has to cross the x-axis at least once.
(CLO1 | 2 marks)
c) The rate of convergence of Secant method, when it converges, is better than the Newton’s
method. True or false? Briefly describe your answer.
True. The secant method uses one function evaluation per iteration, Newton uses two.
Secant has order of convergence about 1.6, Newton has order two.
(CLO1 | 3 marks)

Figure 1
In determining flow rates to distribute a fluid through a network of pipes, is essential to estimate
losses in kinetic energy that the flow experiences due to head loss. To do that, it is necessary to
calculate the friction factor (f). The friction factor relates to pressure drop and fluid viscous effects.
The resistance to flow in such conduits is parameterized by a dimensionless number called the friction
factor, f. For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
it is:
1  2.51
− = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

Where  = the roughness [m], D = diameter [m], and Re = the Reynolds number, expressed as Re =
VD/μ, where  = fluid density [kg/m3], V = its velocity [m/s], and μ = dynamic viscosity [N.s/m2].

Additionally, head loss equation (Pa), 𝛥𝑝, is given as;

𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷

(a) Develop a new modelling equation in the form of G(f)=0 that can be used to determine the
friction factor of the pipe at a flow rate, v = 45 m/s and pipe diameter, D = 13 mm.
1  2.51
𝑔(𝑓) = + 2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
(CLO2 | 4 marks)

(b) In the present problem, determine f for air flow through a smooth, thin tube. For this case,
the parameters are  = 1.19 kg/m3, μ = 1.78 x 10-5 N.s/m2, and  = 0.00013 m. Compute your
calculation to 3 iterations. Note that friction factors range from about 0.008 to 0.08.
For Newton-Raphson method,

1 ⎛ 2(2.51) ⎞
𝑔 (𝑓) = − 𝑓 ⎜1 + ⎟
2  2.51
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 3.7𝐷 + 𝑅𝑒
⎝ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ⎠
Answers in excel.
(CLO2 | 10 marks)

(c) From Moody chart, the true value of friction factor is equals to 0.040. Please comment your
answers in (b) in terms of their relative error.
 Answers in excel.
(CLO4 | 6 marks)

(d) Determine for Δp for 0.25 m long horizontal stretch smooth drawn tubing.
𝐿𝑉
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓
2𝐷
(0.25)(1.19)(45 )
𝛥𝑝 = (0.0394)
2(0.013)
𝛥𝑝  912.92 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 .𝑠
(CLO2 | 2 marks)
 D 0.013 m fl 0.008
v 45 m/s fu 0.08
r 1.19E+00 kg/m3 g(fl) 6.248E+00
μ 1.780E-05 N.s/m2 g(fu) -1.531E+00
e 0.00013 m g(fl)*g(fu) -9.565E+00
Re 39109.551
es 0.1 Interval Good

Iteration fl fu fr g(fl) g(fu) g(fr) g(fl)*d(fr) Root Interval new fl new fu Abs(ea)(%) Stop? Value of f
1 0.008 0.08 0.044 6.248E+00 -1.531E+00 -2.759E-01 -1.724E+00 Lower 0.008 0.044
2 0.008 0.044 0.026 6.248E+00 -2.759E-01 1.185E+00 7.402E+00 Upper 0.026 0.044 69.2307692 No
3 0.026 0.044 0.035 1.185E+00 -2.759E-01 3.126E-01 3.703E-01 Upper 0.035 0.044 25.7142857 No
4 0.035 0.044 0.0395 3.126E-01 -2.759E-01 -6.825E-03 -2.134E-03 Lower 0.035 0.0395 11.3924051 No
5 0.035 0.0395 0.03725 3.126E-01 -6.825E-03 1.457E-01 4.554E-02 Upper 0.03725 0.0395 6.04026846 No
6 0.03725 0.0395 0.038375 1.457E-01 -6.825E-03 6.774E-02 9.867E-03 Upper 0.038375 0.0395 2.93159609 No
7 0.038375 0.0395 0.038938 6.774E-02 -6.825E-03 3.006E-02 2.036E-03 Upper 0.038938 0.0395 1.44462279 No
8 0.0389375 0.0395 0.039219 3.006E-02 -6.825E-03 1.152E-02 3.461E-04 Upper 0.039219 0.0395 0.71713147 No
9 0.03921875 0.0395 0.039359 1.152E-02 -6.825E-03 2.321E-03 2.673E-05 Upper 0.039359 0.0395 0.35728464 No
10 0.039359375 0.0395 0.03943 2.321E-03 -6.825E-03 -2.258E-03 -5.241E-06 Lower 0.039359 0.03943 0.17832376 No
11 0.039359375 0.03943 0.039395 2.321E-03 -2.258E-03 2.988E-05 6.934E-08 Upper 0.039395 0.03943 0.08924145 Yes 0.039395
Gauss Elimination: It makes the matrix upper triangular and we need to do
backward substitution.
Gauss Jordan Elimination: We need to make the matrix identity matrix and
we get the results directly. Do not need any backward substitution.
( 2 marks)
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1= 18.11; C2=18.667; C3=27; C4=27
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1=7.517; C2=11.655; C3=17.517; C4=17.517
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1= 22.07; C2= 22.64; C3= 32.070; C4= 31.025
Gauss Elimination: It makes the matrix upper triangular and we need to
do backward substitution.
Gauss Jordan Elimination: We need to make the matrix identity matrix
and we get the results directly. Do not need any backward substitution.
( 2 marks)
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1= 8.923; C2= 16.667; C3= 12; C4= 12
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1= 13.389; C2= 25.296; C3= 20.0558; C4= 20.0558
Question 2:

c) Gauss Elimination Method:

C1= 19.4982; C2= 19.491; C3= 26.998; C4= 26.1641
Question 03(1)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

→ � 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 → � 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥1 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥2
𝑚𝑚1 = −2𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥2 𝑚𝑚 2 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2
𝑑𝑑2 𝑥𝑥1 𝑑𝑑2 𝑥𝑥2
𝑚𝑚1 2 + 2𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥2 = 0 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥1 + 2𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2
𝑑𝑑2 𝑥𝑥
Subs 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔, 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2𝑖𝑖 = −𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 and 𝜔𝜔2 = 𝜆𝜆 1
−𝑚𝑚1 𝐴𝐴1 𝜆𝜆 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 2𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0
1
−𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴2 𝜆𝜆 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 2𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
2𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
� − 𝜆𝜆� 𝐴𝐴1 − � � 𝐴𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚1
𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘
− � � 𝐴𝐴1 + � − 𝜆𝜆� 𝐴𝐴2 = 0
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
�[𝐴𝐴] − 𝜆𝜆[𝐼𝐼]�{𝑋𝑋} = 0
⎡⎡ 2𝑘𝑘 − ⎤
𝑘𝑘 ⎤ 1
⎢⎢ 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚1 ⎥ 1 0 ⎥ 𝐴𝐴1 0
⎢ − 𝜆𝜆 � �⎥ � � = � �
𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 0 1 𝐴𝐴 0
⎢⎢− ⎥ 2
⎥
⎣⎣ 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 ⎦ ⎦

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘𝑘 = 300 N/m, 𝑚𝑚1 = 15 kg, 𝑚𝑚2 = 10 kg. Use an initial approximation of
𝐴𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴𝐴]{𝑋𝑋} = 𝜆𝜆{𝑋𝑋}
2𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
⎡ − ⎤
⎢ 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚1 ⎥ 𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴
� � = 𝜆𝜆 � 1 �
⎢− 𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 ⎥ 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴2
⎣ 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 ⎦
Subs constants 2
40 −20 𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴
� � � � = 𝜆𝜆 � 1 �
−30 60 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴2
40𝐴𝐴1 − 20𝐴𝐴2 = 𝜆𝜆𝐴𝐴1
−30𝐴𝐴1 + 60𝐴𝐴2 = 𝜆𝜆𝐴𝐴2
1st iteration, subs 𝐴𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇𝑇 .
40 −20 1 20 0.6667 2
� � � � = � � = 30 � �
−30 60 1 30 1
 2nd iteration
40 −20 0.6667 6.668 0.1667
� �� �=� � = 40 � �
−30 60 1 40 1
3rd iteration
40 −20 0.1667 −13.332 −0.2424
� �� �=� � = 55 � �
−30 60 1 55 1
4th iteration
40 −20 −0.2424 −29.696 −0.4414
� �� �=� � = 67.273 � �
−30 60 1 67.273 1
where 𝜆𝜆 = 67.273 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴𝐴]{𝑋𝑋} = 𝜆𝜆{𝑋𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆𝜆 = 67.273
From
𝜆𝜆 = 𝜔𝜔2
So,
𝜔𝜔 = √67.273 = 8.2 rad/s 2
From
𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋/𝑇𝑇
So,
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.766 𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔 8.2
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴𝐴1 −0.4414 1
� �=� �
𝐴𝐴2 1
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 0.766 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
2𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
⎡ − ⎤
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚1 ⎥ 1 0�
��⎢ 1 − 𝜆𝜆 � � =0
⎢− 𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 ⎥ 0 1�
⎣ 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 ⎦
2𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
− 𝜆𝜆 −
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚1
�� 𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 �� = 0
− − 𝜆𝜆
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 −𝑘𝑘 −𝑘𝑘
� − 𝜆𝜆� � − 𝜆𝜆� − � � � � = 0 5
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2
2
4𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 2
− 𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆 + 𝜆𝜆2 − =0
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑘𝑘 2𝑘𝑘 3𝑘𝑘 2
𝜆𝜆2 − � + � 𝜆𝜆 + =0
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2
Subs constants
𝜆𝜆2 − 100𝜆𝜆 + 1800 = 0 3
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆𝜆1 = 76.46
2
𝜆𝜆2 = 23.54

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
76.46 − 67.273
𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 = � � 100 = 12% 2
76.46
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇𝑇 .
40 −20 0.5 10 0.6667
� � � � = � � = 15 � �
−30 60 0.5 15 1
nd
2 iteration
40 −20 0.6667 6.668 0.1667
� �� �=� � = 40 � �
−30 60 1 40 1 1
3rd iteration
40 −20 0.1667 −13.332 −0.2424
� �� �=� � = 55 � �
−30 60 1 55 1
4th iteration
40 −20 −0.2424 −29.696 −0.4414
� �� �=� � = 67.273 � �
−30 60 1 67.273 1
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2
Question 03(2)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

𝑘𝑥1
𝑘𝑥1
𝑚2 𝑘𝑥2 𝑚1 𝑘𝑥1 3
𝑘𝑥2 𝑘𝑥2

← ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ← ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑2 𝑥2 𝑑 2 𝑥1
𝑚2 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑥2 𝑚1 = −2𝑘𝑥1 + 𝑘𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥2 𝑑 2 𝑥1
𝑚2 − 𝑘𝑥1 + 2𝑘𝑥 2 = 0 𝑚1 + 2𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥
Subs 𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 2𝑖 = −𝐴𝑖 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝜔2 = 𝜆 1
−𝑚1 𝐴1 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
1
−𝑚2 𝐴2 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝑡 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
2𝑘 𝑘
( − 𝜆) 𝐴1 − ( ) 𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚1 𝑚1
𝑘 2𝑘
− ( ) 𝐴1 + ( − 𝜆) 𝐴2 = 0
𝑚2 𝑚2
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
[[𝐴] − 𝜆[𝐼]]{𝑋} = 0
2𝑘 𝑘
− 1
𝑚1 𝑚1 1 0 𝐴1 0
−𝜆[ ] { }={ }
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1 𝐴2 0
−
[[ 𝑚2 𝑚2 ] ]

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘 = 280 N/m, 𝑚1 = 14 kg, 𝑚2 = 10 kg. Use an initial approximation of
𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}
2𝑘 𝑘
−
𝑚1 𝑚1 𝐴1 𝐴
{ } = 𝜆 { 1}
𝑘 2𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴2
− 2
[ 𝑚2 𝑚2 ]
Subs constants
40 −20 𝐴1 𝐴
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−28 56 𝐴2 𝐴2
1st iteration, subs 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
40 −20 1 20 0.714
[ ] { } = { } = 28 { } 2
−28 56 1 28 1
2nd iteration
 40 −20 0.714 8.56 0.237
[ ]{ }={ } = 36 { }
−28 56 1 36 1
3rd iteration
40 −20 0.237 −10.52 −0.213
[ ]{ }={ } = 49.364 { }
−28 56 1 49.364 1
4th iteration
40 −20 −0.213 −28.52 −0.46
[ ]{ }={ } = 61.96 { }
−28 56 1 61.96 1
where 𝜆 = 61.96 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆 = 61.96
From
𝜆 = 𝜔2
So,
𝜔 = √61.96 = 7.87 rad/s 2
From
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
So,
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 0.798 𝑠
𝜔 7.87
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴1 −0.46 1
{ }={ }
𝐴2 1
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 0.798 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
2𝑘 𝑘
−
𝑚1 𝑚1 1 0|
|| −𝜆[ ] =0
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1|
−
[ 𝑚2 𝑚2 ] 2
2𝑘 𝑘
−𝜆 −
𝑚1 𝑚1
|| 𝑘 2𝑘 || = 0
− −𝜆
𝑚2 𝑚2
2𝑘 2𝑘 −𝑘 −𝑘
( − 𝜆) ( − 𝜆) − ( ) ( ) = 0
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
2
4𝑘 2𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘2
− 𝜆− 𝜆 + 𝜆2 − =0 3
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
2𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 2
𝜆2 − ( + )𝜆 + =0
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
Subs constants 𝑘 = 280 N/m, 𝑚1 = 14 kg, 𝑚2 = 10 kg
𝜆2 − 96𝜆 + 1680 = 0 1
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆1 = 72.98
4
𝜆2 = 23.02

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
72.98 − 61.96
𝜀𝑡 = | | 100 = 15.1% 2
72.98
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇 .
40 −20 0.5 10 0.714
[ ] { } = { } = 14 { }
−28 56 0.5 14 1
nd
2 iteration
40 −20 0.714 8.56 0.237
[ ]{ }={ } = 36 { }
−28 56 1 36 1 1
3rd iteration
40 −20 0.237 −10.52 −0.213
[ ]{ }={ } = 49.364 { }
−28 56 1 49.364 1
4th iteration
40 −20 −0.213 −28.52 −0.46
[ ]{ }={ } = 61.96 { }
−28 56 1 61.96 1
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2
Question 03(3)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

2𝑘𝑥1
2𝑘𝑥1
𝑚 2𝑘𝑥2 𝑚 3
2𝑘𝑥2 2𝑘𝑥2
→ ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚 = −3𝑘𝑥 1 + 2𝑘𝑥2 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑥1 − 4𝑘𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚 2 + 3𝑘𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑥2 = 0 𝑚 2 − 2𝑘𝑥1 + 4𝑘𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥𝑖
Subs 𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝐴𝑖 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝜔2 = 𝜆 1
−𝑚𝐴1 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 3𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
1
−𝑚𝐴2 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 4𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝑡 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
3𝑘 2𝑘
( − 𝜆) 𝐴1 − ( ) 𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚 𝑚
2𝑘 4𝑘
− ( ) 𝐴1 + ( − 𝜆) 𝐴2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
[[𝐴] − 𝜆[𝐼]]{𝑋} = 0
3𝑘 2𝑘
− 1
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ] − 𝜆 [1 0] {𝐴1 } = {0}
2𝑘 4𝑘 0 1 𝐴2 0
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ]

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘 = 300 N/m, 𝑚 = 20 kg. Use an initial approximation of 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}
3𝑘 2𝑘
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ] {𝐴1 } = 𝜆 {𝐴1 }
2𝑘 4𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴2
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
Subs constants
45 −30 𝐴1 𝐴
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−30 60 𝐴2 𝐴2
1st iteration, subs 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
45 −30 1 15 0.5
[ ] { } = { } = 30 { }
−30 60 1 30 1
2nd iteration 2
45 −30 0.5 −7.5 −0.1667
[ ]{ } = { } = 45 { }
−30 60 1 45 1
3rd iteration
 45 −30 −0.1667 −37.5 −0.577
[ ]{ }={ } = 65 { }
−30 60 1 65 1
4th iteration
45 −30 −0.577 −55.965 −0.724
[ ]{ }={ } = 77.31 { }
−30 60 1 77.31 1
where 𝜆 = 77.31 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆 = 77.31
From
𝜆 = 𝜔2
So,
𝜔 = √77.31 = 8.79 rad/s 2
From
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
So,
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 0.715 𝑠
𝜔 8.79
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴 −0.724 1
{ 1} = { }
𝐴2 1
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 0.715 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
3𝑘 2𝑘
−
|[ 𝑚 𝑚 ] − 𝜆 [1 0]| = 0
2𝑘 4𝑘 0 1
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
3𝑘 2𝑘
−𝜆 −
|𝑚 𝑚 |=0
2𝑘 4𝑘
− −𝜆
𝑚 𝑚
3𝑘 4𝑘 −2𝑘 −2𝑘
( − 𝜆) ( − 𝜆) − ( )( )=0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
12𝑘 2 3𝑘 4𝑘 4𝑘 2
− 𝜆 − 𝜆 + 𝜆2
− =0 3
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚2
2
7𝑘 8𝑘 2
𝜆 − ( )𝜆 + 2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Subs constants 𝑘 = 300 N/m, 𝑚 = 20 kg
𝜆2 − 105𝜆 + 1800 = 0 1
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆1 = 83.42
4
𝜆2 = 21.58

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
83.42 − 77.31
𝜀𝑡 = | | 100 = 7.3% 2
83.42
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇 .
45 −30 0.5 7.5 0.5
[ ] { } = { } = 15 { }
−30 60 0.5 15 1
2nd iteration
45 −30 0.5 −7.5 −0.1667
[ ]{ } = { } = 45 { }
−30 60 1 45 1 1
rd
3 iteration
45 −30 −0.1667 −37.5 −0.577
[ ]{ }={ } = 65 { }
−30 60 1 65 1
4th iteration
45 −30 −0.577 −55.965 −0.724
[ ]{ }={ } = 77.31 { }
−30 60 1 77.31 1
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2
Question 03(4)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

2𝑘𝑥1 𝑚 𝑚 3

→ ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚 = −3𝑘𝑥 1 + 𝑘𝑥2 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚 2 + 3𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2 = 0 𝑚 2 − 𝑘𝑥1 + 2𝑘𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥𝑖
Subs 𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝐴𝑖 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝜔2 = 𝜆 1
−𝑚𝐴1 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 3𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
1
−𝑚𝐴2 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝑡 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
3𝑘 𝑘
( − 𝜆) 𝐴1 − ( ) 𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘 2𝑘
− ( ) 𝐴1 + ( − 𝜆) 𝐴2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
[[𝐴] − 𝜆[𝐼]]{𝑋} = 0
3𝑘 𝑘
− 1
[ 𝑚 𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0] {𝐴1 } = {0}
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1 𝐴2 0
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ]

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘 = 100 N/m, 𝑚 = 15 kg. Use an initial approximation of 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}
3𝑘 𝑘
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚] {𝐴1 } = 𝜆 {𝐴1 }
𝑘 2𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴2
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
Subs constants
20 −6.667 𝐴1 𝐴
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−6.667 13.333 𝐴2 𝐴2
1st iteration, subs 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
20 −6.667 1 13.333 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 13.333 { }
−6.667 13.333 1 6.666 0.5
2nd iteration 2
20 −6.667 1 16.666 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 16.666 { }
−6.667 13.333 0.5 0 0
3rd iteration
 20 −6.667 1 20 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 20 { }
−6.667 13.333 0 −6.667 −0.333
4th iteration
20 −6.667 1 22.22 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 22.22 { }
−6.667 13.333 −0.333 −11.11 −0.5
where 𝜆 = 22.22 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆 = 22.22
From
𝜆 = 𝜔2
So,
𝜔 = √22.22 = 4.71 rad/s 2
From
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
So,
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 1.33 𝑠
𝜔 4.71
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴1 1 1
}={
{ }
𝐴2 −0.5
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 1.33 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
3𝑘 𝑘
−
|[ 𝑚 𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0]| = 0
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
3𝑘 𝑘
−𝜆 −
|𝑚 𝑚 |=0
𝑘 2𝑘
− −𝜆
𝑚 𝑚
3𝑘 2𝑘 −𝑘 −𝑘
( − 𝜆) ( − −𝜆) − ( ) ( ) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
6𝑘 2 3𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘 2
− 𝜆− 𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 2 = 0 3
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
2
5𝑘 5𝑘
𝜆2 − ( ) 𝜆 + 2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Subs constants 𝑘 = 100 N/m, 𝑚 = 15 kg
𝜆2 − 33.333𝜆 + 222.222 = 0 1
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆1 = 24.12
4
𝜆2 = 9.21

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
24.12 − 22.22
𝜀𝑡 = | | 100 = 7.88% 2
24.12
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇 .
20 −6.667 0.5 6.666 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 6.666 { }
−6.667 13.333 0.5 3.333 0.5
2nd iteration
20 −6.667 1 16.667 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 16.667 { }
−6.667 13.333 0.5 0 0 1
3rd iteration
20 −6.667 1 20 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 20 { }
−6.667 13.333 0 −6.667 −0.333
4th iteration
20 −6.667 1 22.22 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 22.22 { }
−6.667 13.333 −0.333 −11.11 −0.5
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2
Question 03(5)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

2𝑚 𝑚 3

→ ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
2𝑚 = −2𝑘𝑥 1 + 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
2𝑚 2 + 2𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2 = 0 𝑚 2 − 𝑘𝑥1 + 2𝑘𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥𝑖
Subs 𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝐴𝑖 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝜔2 = 𝜆 1
−2𝑚𝐴1 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
1
−𝑚𝐴2 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝑡 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
𝑘 𝑘
( − 𝜆) 𝐴1 − ( ) 𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚 2𝑚
𝑘 2𝑘
− ( ) 𝐴1 + ( − 𝜆) 𝐴2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
[[𝐴] − 𝜆[𝐼]]{𝑋} = 0
𝑘 𝑘
− 1
[ 𝑚 2𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0] {𝐴1 } = {0}
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1 𝐴2 0
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ]

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘 = 330 N/m, 𝑚 = 25 kg. Use an initial approximation of 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}
2𝑘 𝑘
−
[ 𝑚 2𝑚] {𝐴1 } = 𝜆 {𝐴1 }
𝑘 2𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴2
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
Subs constants
26.4 −6.6 𝐴1 𝐴
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−13.2 26.4 𝐴2 𝐴2
1st iteration, subs 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
26.4 −6.6 1 19.8 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 19.8 { }
−13.2 26.4 1 13.2 0.6667
2nd iteration 2
26.4 −6.6 1 22 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 22 { }
−13.2 26.4 0.6667 4.41 0.2
3rd iteration
 26.4 −6.6 1 25.08 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 25.08 { }
−13.2 26.4 0.2 −7.92 −0.316
4th iteration
26.4 −6.6 1 28.486 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 28.486 { }
−13.2 26.4 −0.316 −21.542 −0.756
where 𝜆 = 28.486 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆 = 28.486
From
𝜆 = 𝜔2
So,
𝜔 = √28.486 = 5.34 rad/s 2
From
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
So,
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 1.18 𝑠
𝜔 5.34
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴 1 1
{ 1} = { }
𝐴2 −0.756
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 1.18 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
2𝑘 𝑘
−
|[ 𝑚 2𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0]| = 0
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
2𝑘 𝑘
−𝜆 −
|𝑚 2𝑚 | = 0
𝑘 2𝑘
− −𝜆
𝑚 𝑚
2𝑘 2𝑘 −𝑘 −𝑘
( − 𝜆) ( − 𝜆) − ( ) ( ) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 2𝑚
4𝑘 2 2𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘2
− 𝜆 − 𝜆 + 𝜆2
− =0 3
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚 2𝑚2
2
4𝑘 7𝑘 2
𝜆 − ( )𝜆 + =0
𝑚 2𝑚2
Subs constants 𝑘 = 330 N/m, 𝑚 = 25 kg
𝜆2 − 52.8𝜆 + 609.84 = 0 1
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆1 = 35.73
4
𝜆2 = 17.07

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
35.73 − 28.486
𝜀𝑡 = | | 100 = 20.3% 2
35.73
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇 .
26.4 −6.6 0.5 9.9 1
[ ] { } = { } = 9.9 { }
−13.2 26.4 0.5 6.6 0.667
2nd iteration
26.4 −6.6 1 22 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 22 { }
−13.2 26.4 0.6667 4.41 0.2 1
3rd iteration
26.4 −6.6 1 25.08 1
[ ]{ } = { } = 25.08 { }
−13.2 26.4 0.2 −7.92 −0.316
4th iteration
26.4 −6.6 1 28.486 1
[ ]{ }={ } = 28.486 { }
−13.2 26.4 −0.316 −21.542 −0.756
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2
Question 03(6)
(a) Prove eigenvalue problem

2𝑘𝑥1 3𝑚 𝑚 3

→ ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
3𝑚 = −3𝑘𝑥 1 + 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 2𝑘𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑 2 𝑥2
3𝑚 2 + 3𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2 = 0 𝑚 2 − 𝑘𝑥1 + 2𝑘𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥𝑖
Subs 𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝐴𝑖 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝜔2 = 𝜆 1
−3𝑚𝐴1 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 3𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
1
−𝑚𝐴2 𝜆 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝑘𝐴2 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
Simplify (divide by sin 𝜔𝑡 and respective mass and merge respective amplitude
constants
𝑘 𝑘
( − 𝜆) 𝐴1 − ( ) 𝐴2 = 0 2
𝑚 3𝑚
𝑘 2𝑘
− ( ) 𝐴1 + ( − 𝜆) 𝐴2 = 0
𝑚 𝑚
Transform the equations into the form of an Eigenvalue problem
[[𝐴] − 𝜆[𝐼]]{𝑋} = 0
𝑘 𝑘
− 1
[ 𝑚 3𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0] {𝐴1 } = {0}
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1 𝐴2 0
−
[ 𝑚 𝑚 ]

(b) Estimate the largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvectors numerically up to four
iterations. Take 𝑘 = 330 N/m, 𝑚 = 10 kg. Use an initial approximation of 𝐴0 = [1 1]𝑇 .
Transform into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}
33 −11 𝐴1 𝐴
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−33 66 𝐴2 𝐴2
Subs constants
33 −11 𝐴1 𝐴 2
[ ] { } = 𝜆 { 1}
−33 66 𝐴2 𝐴2
25.5𝐴1 − 8.5𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴1
−17𝐴1 + 34𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴2
st 𝑇
1 iteration, subs 𝐴0 = [1 1] .
33 −11 1 22 0.667
[ ] { } = { } = 33 { }
−33 66 1 33 1
nd
2 iteration 2
33 −11 0.667 11.01 0.25
[ ]{ }={ } = 43.98 { }
−33 66 1 43.98 1
3rd iteration
 33 −11 0.25 −2.75 −0.048
[ ]{ }={ } = 57.75 { }
−33 66 1 57.75 1
4th iteration
33 −11 −0.048 −12.584 −0.186
[ ]{ }={ } = 67.584 { }
−33 66 1 67.584 1
where 𝜆 = 67.584 is the largest eigenvalue
Steps involve:
(1) Transform Eq. Q3a into [𝐴]{𝑋} = 𝜆{𝑋}.
(2) Subs all constants.
(3) Take the initial eigenvector (or latest normalized eigenvector) to solve LHS
6
matrix.
(4) Then, the solution of LHS matrix is normalized on the RHS such that the largest
(positive) or lowest (negative) eigenvector value is equal to 1.
(5) Repeat step (3) and (4) for 2nd and 3rd iteration.

Discuss your results in terms of vibration period and amplitude.

From eigenvalue solution
𝜆 = 67.584
From
𝜆 = 𝜔2
So,
𝜔 = √67.584 = 8.22 rad/s 2
From
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
So,
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 0.76 𝑠
𝜔 6.47
From eigenvector solution,
𝐴 −0.186 1
{ 1} = { }
𝐴2 1
With largest eigenvalue (first mode), both masses oscillates in the opposite direction
2
to each other with one period oscillation every 0.76 s.
(c) and (d) Derive the characteristic equation from Eq. Q3a and determine all eigenvalues.
Take determinant of the matrix equal to zero
𝑘 𝑘
−
|[ 𝑚 3𝑚] − 𝜆 [1 0]| = 0
𝑘 2𝑘 0 1
− 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘 𝑘
−𝜆 −
|𝑚 3𝑚 | = 0
𝑘 2𝑘
− −𝜆
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘 2𝑘 −𝑘 −𝑘
( − 𝜆) ( − 𝜆) − ( ) ( ) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 3𝑚
2𝑘 2 𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘2
− 𝜆 − 𝜆 + 𝜆2
− =0 3
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚 3𝑚2
2
3𝑘 5𝑘 2
𝜆 − ( )𝜆 + =0
𝑚 3𝑚2
Subs constants 𝑘 = 330 N/m, 𝑚 = 10 kg
𝜆2 − 99𝜆 + 1815 = 0 1
Solve simultaneous equations
𝜆1 = 74.7
4
𝜆2 = 24.29

(e) Calculate error and try other initial guesses

Error of largest eigenvalue
74.7 − 67.584
𝜀𝑡 = | | 100 = 9.5% 2
74.7
1st iteration, say we choose 𝐴0 = [0.5 0.5]𝑇 .
33 −11 0.5 11 0.667
[ ]{ } = { } = 16.5 { }
−33 66 0.5 16.5 1
2nd iteration
33 −11 0.667 11.01 0.25
[ ]{ }={ } = 43.98 { }
−33 66 1 43.98 1 1
rd
3 iteration
33 −11 0.25 −2.75 −0.048
[ ]{ }={ } = 57.75 { }
−33 66 1 57.75 1
4th iteration
33 −11 −0.048 −12.584 −0.186
[ ]{ }={ } = 67.584 { }
−33 66 1 67.584 1
Results are same, hence, we can choose any number except zeros. 2