Name of Faculty : Maria Elena A. Bidar, M.Math.Ed.

Subject : AE 108 –Statistical Analysis with Software Application

Schedule : 11:00-12:30 PM Lab TTh/ 2:00 – 4:00 PM Lec T
12:30-2:00 PM Lab MW/8:00-10:00AM Lec Th
Lesson/Topic : Handout No. 1: Descriptive Statistics, Types of Data, &
Levels of Measurement

Learning Objectives:

➢ distinguish between a population and a sample;

➢ distinguish between categorical,, discrete numerical, and continuous numerical data;and
➢ construct a frequency distribution.

Some Definitions

Statistics – The science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in
making more effective decisions.

Types of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics - Method of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in
Tabular, graphical and numerical summaries of data

Inferential Statistics - Process of using data obtained from a sample to make

estimates or test hypotheses about the characteristics of a
population

Population – The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained from all
individuals or objects of interest

Sample – A portion, or part of the population of interest.

Census is the process of conducting survey to collect data for the entire population.

Sample Survey is the process of conducting a survey to collect data for a sample.

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Parameter is a numerical value from a population denoted by N
Statistic is a numerical value from a sample denoted by n

Variable- any characteristics of an individual or entity. A variable can take different values for different
individuals. Variables can be categorical or numerical
Types of Variables

Qualitative - categorical data which are usually a description or an attribute. Examples of qualitative
variables are gender, religious affiliation, type of automobile owned, state of birth, and eye color.

Quantitative - numerical data which are usually countable. Examples of quantitative variables are the
balance in your savings account, the ages of company employees, the life of automobile batteries and the
number of children in a family

Levels of Measurement

Nominal – consists of labels or names used to identify an attribute of the variable

Ordinal – data exhibit the properties of nominal data and order or rank of the data

Interval – Includes all the properties of nominal and ordinal data. It is usually expressed in terms of a fixed
unit of measure.

Ratio – Includes the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval data. This scales requires that a zero value
be included to indicate that nothing exists for the variable at the zero point.

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The Pivot Table

(A pivot table is used to summarize, sort, reorganize, group, count, total or average data stored in
a table. It allows us to transform columns into rows and rows into columns. Also, it allows grouping
by any field(columns) and using advanced calculations with them.)

Example 1

Figure 1 Figure 2

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Row Labels Average of Weight in Pounds Average of Weight in Pounds Column Labels
Female 139.8 Row Labels Married Single Widow/er Grand Total
Female 140.25 131.25 156 139.8
Male 191.9 Male 208 177.5 169 191.9
Grand Total 165.85 Grand Total 177.89 154.38 160.33 165.85

How to make the pivot table (Figure 1)

1. Go to INSERT TAB and choose pivot table.

Choose cells A1 to C21 for Table or range

Choose D3 or any cell for the location

Click OK

2. On the Table Pivot Field: Drag Sex to Rows and Weights Choose the drop down button in
in pounds to ΣValues ΣValues then choose Value
Field Setting

Choose Average to get the separate

average weight of Male and Female
OR Choose Count to get the total
number of Male or Female

Exercise 1

Try the given Steps above to generate the pivot table for Figure 2.

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Making Frequency Distribution

Step 1. Type the raw data in MS Excel.

Step 2. Find the Maximum, minimum value and class width.

In B13 type: Highest value

In B14 type: Lowest value
In C13 type: =max(A2:H11) OR click the cells containing the 80 observations then hit enter button
In C14 type: =min(A2:H11) OR click the cells containing the 80 observations then hit enter button
In B15 type: class width
In C15 type: =(B13-B14)/2

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Step 3. Set-up your class intervals. Lower and upper limits in different columns then make another
column for the upper limits.

Step 4. Use the frequency function to count for the frequency of each class intervals.
Click the cells M3 to M9
Type: =frequency(A2:H11,L3:L9)
Press down both Control and Shift buttons then hit the Enter Button. The Screen should look like
this

EVALUATION/ASSIGNMENT

A. A seven-year medical research study reported that women whose mothers took the drug
DES during pregnancy were twice as likely to develop tissue abnormalities that might lead
to cancer as were women whose mothers did not take the drug.

1. This study involved the comparison of two populations. What were the populations?

2. Do you suppose the data were obtained in a survey or an experiment?

3. For the population of women whose mothers took the drug DES during pregnancy, a
sample of 3980 women showed 63 developed tissue abnormalities that might lead to
cancer. Identify the parameter or statistic?
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 4. Cite the variable/s used in the study.

5. Identify the type of variable/s and its level of measurement for your answer in
number 4.

B. Refer to Figure 1. Identify 5 variables and classify as to types and level of measurement.

Variables Type Level

ex. Age quantitative interval
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C. Summarize the data given in page 20 number 1.25 in Introduction to Statistics & Data
Analysis. Show average percentage of households with only wireless phone service
classified according to geographical regions.

D. Set-up the Frequency Distribution Table of the following consumer holiday spending for a
sample of 75 students.

1200 850 740 590 340 690 990 330 440 760

450 890 260 610 350 570 780 440 580 2180

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 1780 180 850 2050 770 990 2300 560 870 980

800 250 510 520 220 1060 1990 670 1070

1450 1090 1120 200 350 590 770 870 2000

1320 280 970 1550 580 600 280 490 350

900 580 570 2010 970 800 540 1780 560

1020 630 980 1460 890 900 650 1650 980

References:

Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., & Williams, T. A. (2011). Statistics for Business and Economics.
2nd ed. South-Western, Cengage Learning. Available at PDFdrive.com

Ott, R.L. and Longnecker, M. (2016). 7th ed. An Introduction to Statistical Methods & Data
Analysis. Cengage Learning. Available at PDFdrive.com

Peck, R., Olsen, C., & Devore, J.L. (2016). 5th ed. Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis.
Cengage Learning. Available at PDFdrive.com

Prepared by:

Sgd.MARIA ELENA A. BIDAR, M.Math.Ed.

Faculty

Reviewed by:

Sgd.LUVY S. ASIS, M.B.A.

Chairperson, BSA