Lab 1 - Revisited

• Display signals on scope

• Measure the time, frequency, voltage
visually and with the scope
• Voltage measurement*
• Build simple circuits on a protoboard.*

• Oscilloscope demo

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 1

 RMS Voltage
• 0-5v square wave (50%) duty cycle has a
rms value of 5 / 2 = 3.54v

• 5v peak-peak square wave (-2.5v to +2.5v

50% duty cycle) has a rms value of 2.5v

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 2

 General Conventions
• Wire coding
– red: positive or signal source
– black: ground or common reference point
• Circuit flow, signal flow left to right
• Higher voltage on top, ground negative
voltage on bottom

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 3

 Lab Hints & Cautions
• Current measure must be taken in series –
not parallel.
• There are tools for most situations: wire
strippers, de-soldering tool, etc..
• Power ratings of components must not be
exceeded
• Polarity of electrolytic capacitors must be
observed.
6.091 IAP Lecture 2 4
 Lab 1 Circuits

+ +
Vo R Vo
c - -

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 5

 Field Effect Transistors (FET)
• MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET
• JFET: Junction FET
• FETs are voltage controlled device with very
high input impedance (little current)

N channel JFET P channel JFET

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 6
 Simple Model of MOSFET
D ids +
G D
vds

-
S G
+
gs
v
-

MOSFET made VSLI S

(microprocessors and
memories) possible. OFF ON
Very high input resistance
Voltage controlled device Vgs < Vt Vgs ≥ Vt
~25 V max operating
6.091 IAP Lecture 2 7
 Bipolar Junction Transistors
• BJT can operate in a linear
NPN
mode (amplifier) or can
operate as a digital switch.
collector ic = β ib
• Current controlled device
base + • Two families: npn and pnp.
Vce β ~50-300
-
• BJT’s are current controlled
ib
ie = β ib +ib
devices
emitter

• NPN – 2N2222
• PNP – 2N2907
• VCE ~30V, 500 mw power
PNP

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 8

 BJT Switching Models

+15V +15V

1K 1K

100k 100k

Off On

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 9

 Light Emitting Diode
• LED’s are pn junction devices which
emit light. The frequency of the light is
determined by a combination of
gallium, arsenic and phosphorus.
• Red, yellow and green LED’s are in
the lab
• Diodes have polarity
• Typical forward current 10-20ma
6.091 IAP Lecture 2 10
 Lab Exercise
• Wire up protoboard.
+15V
• Turn on function
1K generator and using a
ramp signal try to get
100k a pulsing light
2N2222

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 11

 Optical Isolators
Pin Configurations (Top View)
TLP731 • Optical Isolators are
1: Anode 1 6
used to transmit
2: Cathode information optically
3:
4:
NC
Emitter
2 5 without physical
5:
6:
Collector
Base 3 4 contact.
• Single package with
TLP732
LED and photosensor
1:
2:
Anode
Cathode
1 6 (BJT, thyristor, etc.)
3:
4:
NC
Emitter
2 5 • Isolation up to 4000
5: Collector
3 4
Vrms
6: Base

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 12

 Proto-Board

• +5v, +15v, -15v

available
• Pins within row or
column connected
• Use bypass
capacitors liberally

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 13

 Op-Amps

• Active device: V0 = A(V+-V-); V+

note that it is the difference

Vo
of the input voltage! V-

• A=open loop gain ~ 105 – 106

• Most applications use negative feedback.
• Comparator: no feedback
• Active device requires power. No shown for
simplicity.
• Classics op-amps: 741, 357 ~ $0.20

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 14

 741 Circuit

22 transistors,
11 resistors,
1 capacitor,
1 diode

Reprinted with permission of National Semiconductor Corporation.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 15

 356 JFET Input Op-amp

Reprinted with permission of National Semiconductor Corporation.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 16

 741 Op Amp Max Ratings

Reprinted with permission of National Semiconductor Corporation.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 17

 741 Electrical Characteristics

Reprinted with permission of National Semiconductor Corporation.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 18

 Decibel (dB)

⎛ Vo ⎞ ⎛ Po ⎞
dB = 20 log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ dB = 10 log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Vi ⎠ ⎝ Pi ⎠

log10(2)=.301

3 dB point = ?

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 19

 741 Open Loop Frequency Gain

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 20

 741 vs 356 Comparison
741 356

Input device BJT JFET

Input bias current 0.5uA 0.0001uA
Input resistance 0.3 MΩ 106 MΩ
Slew rate* 0.5 v/us 7.5 v/us
Gain Bandwidth product 1 Mhz 5 Mhz
Output short circuit duration Continuous continuous
Identical pin out

* comparators have >50 v/us slew rate

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 21
 Comparator Operation
• Supply voltage = +15v, -15V
• V- = +5 V
V+
Vin
• For Vin = +4, Vo = ? Vo

• For Vin = +5.1, Vo = ?

V-
+5

• Comparators are design for

fast response time and high
slew rate.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 22

 Lab Exercise - Comparator
• Wire up a comparator on the +5 +15
proto-board using 741 op-amp. 2
Be sure to supply power 1k V- 7
and ground. 6

3
• Turn on function generator using a Vo
4
V+
ramp. Display both the input and Vin
the output on an oscilloscope. Describe
what is happening.

• What is the maximum output voltage (the plus rail)?

• What is the minimum output voltage (negative rail)?

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 23

 Lab Exercise - Oscillator
• Wire up a comparator on the
proto-board using 741 op-amp.
Be sure to supply power
and ground.

• R1=10k, R2=4.7k, R3=10K,

C=.33uf

• Display V- and Vout on the

scope. Describe what is
happening. Set R3=4.7k.
Predict what happens to the
frequency.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 24

 Lab Exercise – Inverting amplifier
• Wire up a comparator on the 10k
proto-board using 741 op-amp.
Be sure to supply power 1k
and ground. Find the pin # V-

Vin
• Turn on function generator using a Vo
ramp. Display both the input and V+

the output on an oscilloscope. How

is the output related to the input?

• What is the peak output voltage?

• What is the minimum output voltage?

• What at frequency does the gain start to

drop below ten?

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 25

 Negative Feedback

10k • Take product with

1k 100,000 gain and
V- reduce it to 10?
Vin
Vo
V+

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 26

 Lab Exercise – Integrator
• Op-amps are frequently used as
integrators. Wire up an integrator on
C
the proto-board using a 741 op-amp.
Be sure to supply power
R1 and ground. R1=47K, C=0.1uf
V-

• Input a square wave to the

Vin
Vo integrator. What is the minimum
V+ frequency for for which the
integrates? Display both the input
and the output on an oscilloscope.

• Notice that for a square wave, the

output voltage is proportional to the
“on” time.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 27

 Lab Exercise - Schmitt Trigger

• Schmitt trigger have

V-
different triggers
Vin
points for rising edge
Vo and falling edge.
V+
R2
• Can be used to
reduce false triggering
R1
• This is NOT a
negative feedback
circuit.

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 28

 Current Source
+15V

• Household application:
battery charger (car, laptop, 2N5459
mp3 players)
• Differential amplifier current
source
• Ramp waveform generator iD
• High Speed DA converter
using capacitors
• Simple circuit: 2N5459 Common Drain-Source
Nchannel JFET TYP V GS(OFF) = -1.8V
5
TA = 25o C

4
IO - Drain Current (mA)

IDSS = current with VGS=0 VGS = 0V

3
VP = pinchoff voltage VGS = -0.25V

2 VGS = -0.5V
2
⎛ vGS ⎞ 1
VGS = -0.75V

iD = I DSS ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ 0
VGS = -1V
VGS = -1.25V
⎝ VP ⎠ 0 1 2 3 4
VDS - Drain-Source Voltage
5

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 29

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
 Voltage Control Current Source*
• Feedback forces V+=V-.

RE=100 • RE=100, βF=100, Vin=5

+15 +15

R3 iE • iE ~iC
+15
V- • R1=10k, R2=4.7k,
R3=10K, C=.33uf
R2
Vo
Vin V+
ic
• R1, R2 can be replaced
R1 -15
with a pot.
RL

6.091 IAP Lecture 2

* Fall 2006 6.101 lab exercise 30
 Lecture 2 Summary

• BJT, MOSFET
• Op Amp circuits
– Comparator
– Oscillator
– Schmitt trigger
– Current Source

6.091 IAP Lecture 2 31